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Vocabularyἄν = κέ(ν)αἰγί-οχος η ον - aegis-holdingαὖτε ndash again in turn but further(more) anew (autem αὖθις)γλαυκ-ῶπις ιδος - gleaming-eyed flashing-eyed ldquoowlrdquo-eyedἴνα ndash in order that (so) that whereλήγω λήξω ἔληξα ndash to cease from refrain slacken weakenμήδε ndash and not but not nor not even μήδεhellip μήδε ndash neitherhellipnorὄλλῡμι ὀλέσ(σ)ω ὤλεσ(σ)α ndash to destroy kill ruin lose mid perish dieὀνειδίζω - ὠνείδισα ndash to revile reproach abuse
προσ-αυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα ndash to address speak to say toπτεσόεις εσσα εν ndash winged flyingτάχα ndash quickly swiftly soonτέκος εος τό ndash child offspring descendant youngτί-πτε (τί ποτε) ndash why in the worldὕβρις ιος ἡ - hubris insolence wantonness forwardnessὑπερ-οπλίη ης ἡ ndash arrogance insulting conduct deed of insolenceφωνέω φωνήσω ἐφρώησα ndash to speak lift up the voice
Commentary203 ἴδῃ = ἴδη(σ)αι [εἶδω] 204 ἐρέω [εἴρω ἐρέω ndash to say] τό object of τελέεσθαι ὀίω ironical205 ῇς [ὅς ἥ ὅ] ὑπεροπλίῃσι dat of cause ὀλέσσῃ subjunctive for future 206 παύσουσα future indicating purpose πίθη(σ)αι [πείθομαι] 210 ἔριδος gen of separation ἔλκεο continue to draw λῆγrsquo(ε) imperative211 ie abuse him roundly only donrsquot strike him ὡς ἔσεταί περ how it shall be
ἴσχω (ἔχω) - to have hold restrain checkκουλεόν = κολεόν ndash sheath scabbordκώπη ης ἡ - hilt handleπάρ-ειμι παρέσ(σ)ομαι - to be present to be at hand to be near to be besidesσφωίτερος η ον - of you two belonging to you twoτρίς ndash thrice three timesχρή ἡ - need necessity fate destiny due dutyὠθέω ὤσω ἔωσα - to shove push strike
Commentary212 καὶ also 213 παρέσσεται neut pl subject214 ἡμῖν ie Hera and Athena ἴσχε(σ)ο middle reflexive What mood is this verb 216 χρή (ἐστίν)217 κεχολωμέον concessive (althoughhellip) καὶ even though ἄμεινον (ἐστίν) 218 ἔκλυον gnomic aorist (expresses general truth)219 ἦ he spoke σχέ-θε = ἔσχε-θε [ἔχω] keep hold The suffix -θε has no special meaning220 οὐδrsquoἀπίθησεν litotes
Vocabularyἀντίος η ον ndash in opposition opposing facing meeting to meetἀριστεύς ῆος ὁ - chief leaderἀταρτηρός ή όν - harsh bitterδημο-βόρος η ον ndash devouring the (goods of the) peopleἔλαφος ου ὁἡ - deer stag hindἐξ-αῦτις - again anew thenθωρήσσω θωρήξομαι ἐθώρηξα ἐθωρήχθην ndash to arm don the breast plateκήρ κηρός ἡ ndash death fateκραδίη ης ἡ - heart
λόχος ου ὁ - ambushλωβάομαι λωβήσομαι ἐλωβησάμην - to insult revile act arrogantly outrage ruin wrongοἰνο-βαρής ές ndash drunken wine-heavyὄμμα ατος τό ndash eye pl faceοὐ-τιδανός ή όν ndash worthless of no account cowardly feebleτλάω τλήσομαι ἔλην τέτληκα ndash to have the heart have courage endure ὕστατος η ον ndash latest last uppermost hindmost
Commentary223 ἐπέεσσιν dat means 224 χόλοιο gen of separation 225 ἐλάφοιο a type of timid cowardice κυνὸς ὄμματrsquo equivalent of κυνῶπα from line 159 227 λόχονδrsquo(ε) -δε shows place to which 228 θῡμῷ dat place where εἴδεται [εἴδω] middle ndash seem appear resemble 230 ἀποαιρεῖσθαι = ἀποαιρέεσθαι δῶρrsquo (ἀνδρός) 231 δημοβόρος βασιλεύς nom used as voc οὐτιδανοῖσι dat of disadvantage or with verb perhaps a pun ie they were not worthy of the name of Danaans228 ὕστατα adverbialIliad Βοοκ Ι 233-239
ὄρος (οὖρος) εος τό ndash mountainὅρκος ου ὁ - oath that by which one swears (as witness)παλάμη ης ἡ - palm hand fistτομή ῆς ἡ - cut(ting) stumpφλοιός οῦ ὁ - bark peel rind φορέω φορήσω ἐφόρησα - to bear carry bringφύλλον ου τό - leaf foliageφύω φύσω ἔφῡσα (ἔφῡν) - to bear produce bring forth cause to growχαλκός οῦ ὁ - bronze implement of bronze
Commentary233 ἐκ ἐπί adverbial not tmesis ὀμοῦμαι = ὀμόσομαι [ὄμνυμι] 234 μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον like the conch in Lord of the Flies the Greeks had a talking stick μὰ used in swearing 235 πρῶτα adverbial 236 περί adverbial χαλκός refers to an axe (made of bronze)236-7 ἑ φύλλα φλοιόν double acc one is acc of respect 234-9 τὸ μὲν οὔεἰρύαται forms a parenthesis describing the scepter 239 εἰρύαται 3rd pl = εἰρυνται ὁ masc where neut is expected It takes gender of the predicate (ὅρκος) by what is known as ldquoattractionrdquo πρὸς Δίος under the supervision of Zeus from Zeus
Vocabularyἀμύσσω ἀμύξω ἤμυξα ndash to gnaw tear bite scratchἀνδρο-φόνος η ον ndash man-slaying murderous
δύναμαι δυνήσομαι δεδύνημαι ndash to be able can have power Ἕκτωρ ορος ὁ - Hectorἔν-δοθι ndash within inside at home
34
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εὖτε ndash when asοὐδ-είς οὐδε-μία οὐδ-έν ndash no on not any non nothingπίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτη(κ)α - to fall drop die perish sinkποθή ῆς ἡ ndash yearning longing regretτίω τίσω ἔτῑσα τέτῑμαι ndash honor esteem
ὑπό ndash adv and prep ndash under beneath by at the hands of by means of adv under secretly behind beneath by gradually + gen (from) under by + dat (down) under + acc (down) under during towardsχραισμέω χραισμήσω ἐχραίσημα ndash to assist help avail
Commentary240 Ἀχιλλῆος objective gen with a feeling υἷας goal is expressed in accusative with verbs of motion 241 σύμπαντας modifies υἷας τι adverbial ἀχνύμενος concessive242 χραισμεῖν =χραισμέειν (Ἀχαιοῖσιν) 243 ἀμύξεις cf Eng ldquognaw onersquos heart eat out onersquos heartrdquo 244 ὅ τrsquo(ε) because in that (Ἀχιλλῆα) ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδέν adverbial not at all lit in respect to nothing in no wise
Vocabularyἀγορητής ᾶο ὁ ndash oratorἀν-ορούω - ἀνώρουσα - to jump up spring up start up αὐδή ῆς ἡ - voice speech discourse language sound cry γαῖα ης ἡ ndash earth land country
γλυκύς εῖα ύ - sweetγλῶσσα ης ἡ ndash longue language speechἑτέρωθεν ndash from the other sideἡδυ-επής ές ndash sweek-speaking sweet-toned
35
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἧλος ου ὁ - nail rivet studλιγύς εῖα ύ ndash shrill clear-tonedμέλι ιτος τό ndash honeyμηνίω μηνίσω ἐμήνῑσα ndash to rage fume be furious
Νέστωρ ορος ὁ - Nestor chieftan of Pylosπείρω - ἔπειρα πέπαρμαι ἐπάρην ndash to pierce stud rivetΠύλιος η ον ndash of Pylos Pylianῥέω ῥεύσομαι ἔρρευσα ἐρρύηκα ἐρρύην -to run flow stream pour
Commentary245 ποτί [πρός] with γαίῃ 246 ἥλοισι dat of means χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poetrsquos art He is so little touched personally by the content that he undisturbed by the strife of kings still has an eye for detail248 ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are 249 τοῦ rel pron referring to Nestor (ἔ)ῥεεν imperfect of customary or repeated action μέλιτος what case and reason is this
VocabularyἈχαιίς ιδος ndash Achaean (fem)γενεή ῆς ἡ ndash generation family stockγηθέω γηθήσω ἐγήθησα - to be glad rejoice
ἠγά-θεος η ον ndash holy sacredμάρναμαι ndash to fightμέρoψ οπος - mortal humanνέος η ον ndash young new recent
36
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
ἴσχω (ἔχω) - to have hold restrain checkκουλεόν = κολεόν ndash sheath scabbordκώπη ης ἡ - hilt handleπάρ-ειμι παρέσ(σ)ομαι - to be present to be at hand to be near to be besidesσφωίτερος η ον - of you two belonging to you twoτρίς ndash thrice three timesχρή ἡ - need necessity fate destiny due dutyὠθέω ὤσω ἔωσα - to shove push strike
Commentary212 καὶ also 213 παρέσσεται neut pl subject214 ἡμῖν ie Hera and Athena ἴσχε(σ)ο middle reflexive What mood is this verb 216 χρή (ἐστίν)217 κεχολωμέον concessive (althoughhellip) καὶ even though ἄμεινον (ἐστίν) 218 ἔκλυον gnomic aorist (expresses general truth)219 ἦ he spoke σχέ-θε = ἔσχε-θε [ἔχω] keep hold The suffix -θε has no special meaning220 οὐδrsquoἀπίθησεν litotes
Vocabularyἀντίος η ον ndash in opposition opposing facing meeting to meetἀριστεύς ῆος ὁ - chief leaderἀταρτηρός ή όν - harsh bitterδημο-βόρος η ον ndash devouring the (goods of the) peopleἔλαφος ου ὁἡ - deer stag hindἐξ-αῦτις - again anew thenθωρήσσω θωρήξομαι ἐθώρηξα ἐθωρήχθην ndash to arm don the breast plateκήρ κηρός ἡ ndash death fateκραδίη ης ἡ - heart
λόχος ου ὁ - ambushλωβάομαι λωβήσομαι ἐλωβησάμην - to insult revile act arrogantly outrage ruin wrongοἰνο-βαρής ές ndash drunken wine-heavyὄμμα ατος τό ndash eye pl faceοὐ-τιδανός ή όν ndash worthless of no account cowardly feebleτλάω τλήσομαι ἔλην τέτληκα ndash to have the heart have courage endure ὕστατος η ον ndash latest last uppermost hindmost
Commentary223 ἐπέεσσιν dat means 224 χόλοιο gen of separation 225 ἐλάφοιο a type of timid cowardice κυνὸς ὄμματrsquo equivalent of κυνῶπα from line 159 227 λόχονδrsquo(ε) -δε shows place to which 228 θῡμῷ dat place where εἴδεται [εἴδω] middle ndash seem appear resemble 230 ἀποαιρεῖσθαι = ἀποαιρέεσθαι δῶρrsquo (ἀνδρός) 231 δημοβόρος βασιλεύς nom used as voc οὐτιδανοῖσι dat of disadvantage or with verb perhaps a pun ie they were not worthy of the name of Danaans228 ὕστατα adverbialIliad Βοοκ Ι 233-239
ὄρος (οὖρος) εος τό ndash mountainὅρκος ου ὁ - oath that by which one swears (as witness)παλάμη ης ἡ - palm hand fistτομή ῆς ἡ - cut(ting) stumpφλοιός οῦ ὁ - bark peel rind φορέω φορήσω ἐφόρησα - to bear carry bringφύλλον ου τό - leaf foliageφύω φύσω ἔφῡσα (ἔφῡν) - to bear produce bring forth cause to growχαλκός οῦ ὁ - bronze implement of bronze
Commentary233 ἐκ ἐπί adverbial not tmesis ὀμοῦμαι = ὀμόσομαι [ὄμνυμι] 234 μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον like the conch in Lord of the Flies the Greeks had a talking stick μὰ used in swearing 235 πρῶτα adverbial 236 περί adverbial χαλκός refers to an axe (made of bronze)236-7 ἑ φύλλα φλοιόν double acc one is acc of respect 234-9 τὸ μὲν οὔεἰρύαται forms a parenthesis describing the scepter 239 εἰρύαται 3rd pl = εἰρυνται ὁ masc where neut is expected It takes gender of the predicate (ὅρκος) by what is known as ldquoattractionrdquo πρὸς Δίος under the supervision of Zeus from Zeus
Vocabularyἀμύσσω ἀμύξω ἤμυξα ndash to gnaw tear bite scratchἀνδρο-φόνος η ον ndash man-slaying murderous
δύναμαι δυνήσομαι δεδύνημαι ndash to be able can have power Ἕκτωρ ορος ὁ - Hectorἔν-δοθι ndash within inside at home
34
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εὖτε ndash when asοὐδ-είς οὐδε-μία οὐδ-έν ndash no on not any non nothingπίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτη(κ)α - to fall drop die perish sinkποθή ῆς ἡ ndash yearning longing regretτίω τίσω ἔτῑσα τέτῑμαι ndash honor esteem
ὑπό ndash adv and prep ndash under beneath by at the hands of by means of adv under secretly behind beneath by gradually + gen (from) under by + dat (down) under + acc (down) under during towardsχραισμέω χραισμήσω ἐχραίσημα ndash to assist help avail
Commentary240 Ἀχιλλῆος objective gen with a feeling υἷας goal is expressed in accusative with verbs of motion 241 σύμπαντας modifies υἷας τι adverbial ἀχνύμενος concessive242 χραισμεῖν =χραισμέειν (Ἀχαιοῖσιν) 243 ἀμύξεις cf Eng ldquognaw onersquos heart eat out onersquos heartrdquo 244 ὅ τrsquo(ε) because in that (Ἀχιλλῆα) ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδέν adverbial not at all lit in respect to nothing in no wise
Vocabularyἀγορητής ᾶο ὁ ndash oratorἀν-ορούω - ἀνώρουσα - to jump up spring up start up αὐδή ῆς ἡ - voice speech discourse language sound cry γαῖα ης ἡ ndash earth land country
γλυκύς εῖα ύ - sweetγλῶσσα ης ἡ ndash longue language speechἑτέρωθεν ndash from the other sideἡδυ-επής ές ndash sweek-speaking sweet-toned
35
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἧλος ου ὁ - nail rivet studλιγύς εῖα ύ ndash shrill clear-tonedμέλι ιτος τό ndash honeyμηνίω μηνίσω ἐμήνῑσα ndash to rage fume be furious
Νέστωρ ορος ὁ - Nestor chieftan of Pylosπείρω - ἔπειρα πέπαρμαι ἐπάρην ndash to pierce stud rivetΠύλιος η ον ndash of Pylos Pylianῥέω ῥεύσομαι ἔρρευσα ἐρρύηκα ἐρρύην -to run flow stream pour
Commentary245 ποτί [πρός] with γαίῃ 246 ἥλοισι dat of means χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poetrsquos art He is so little touched personally by the content that he undisturbed by the strife of kings still has an eye for detail248 ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are 249 τοῦ rel pron referring to Nestor (ἔ)ῥεεν imperfect of customary or repeated action μέλιτος what case and reason is this
VocabularyἈχαιίς ιδος ndash Achaean (fem)γενεή ῆς ἡ ndash generation family stockγηθέω γηθήσω ἐγήθησα - to be glad rejoice
ἠγά-θεος η ον ndash holy sacredμάρναμαι ndash to fightμέρoψ οπος - mortal humanνέος η ον ndash young new recent
36
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀντίος η ον ndash in opposition opposing facing meeting to meetἀριστεύς ῆος ὁ - chief leaderἀταρτηρός ή όν - harsh bitterδημο-βόρος η ον ndash devouring the (goods of the) peopleἔλαφος ου ὁἡ - deer stag hindἐξ-αῦτις - again anew thenθωρήσσω θωρήξομαι ἐθώρηξα ἐθωρήχθην ndash to arm don the breast plateκήρ κηρός ἡ ndash death fateκραδίη ης ἡ - heart
λόχος ου ὁ - ambushλωβάομαι λωβήσομαι ἐλωβησάμην - to insult revile act arrogantly outrage ruin wrongοἰνο-βαρής ές ndash drunken wine-heavyὄμμα ατος τό ndash eye pl faceοὐ-τιδανός ή όν ndash worthless of no account cowardly feebleτλάω τλήσομαι ἔλην τέτληκα ndash to have the heart have courage endure ὕστατος η ον ndash latest last uppermost hindmost
Commentary223 ἐπέεσσιν dat means 224 χόλοιο gen of separation 225 ἐλάφοιο a type of timid cowardice κυνὸς ὄμματrsquo equivalent of κυνῶπα from line 159 227 λόχονδrsquo(ε) -δε shows place to which 228 θῡμῷ dat place where εἴδεται [εἴδω] middle ndash seem appear resemble 230 ἀποαιρεῖσθαι = ἀποαιρέεσθαι δῶρrsquo (ἀνδρός) 231 δημοβόρος βασιλεύς nom used as voc οὐτιδανοῖσι dat of disadvantage or with verb perhaps a pun ie they were not worthy of the name of Danaans228 ὕστατα adverbialIliad Βοοκ Ι 233-239
ὄρος (οὖρος) εος τό ndash mountainὅρκος ου ὁ - oath that by which one swears (as witness)παλάμη ης ἡ - palm hand fistτομή ῆς ἡ - cut(ting) stumpφλοιός οῦ ὁ - bark peel rind φορέω φορήσω ἐφόρησα - to bear carry bringφύλλον ου τό - leaf foliageφύω φύσω ἔφῡσα (ἔφῡν) - to bear produce bring forth cause to growχαλκός οῦ ὁ - bronze implement of bronze
Commentary233 ἐκ ἐπί adverbial not tmesis ὀμοῦμαι = ὀμόσομαι [ὄμνυμι] 234 μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον like the conch in Lord of the Flies the Greeks had a talking stick μὰ used in swearing 235 πρῶτα adverbial 236 περί adverbial χαλκός refers to an axe (made of bronze)236-7 ἑ φύλλα φλοιόν double acc one is acc of respect 234-9 τὸ μὲν οὔεἰρύαται forms a parenthesis describing the scepter 239 εἰρύαται 3rd pl = εἰρυνται ὁ masc where neut is expected It takes gender of the predicate (ὅρκος) by what is known as ldquoattractionrdquo πρὸς Δίος under the supervision of Zeus from Zeus
Vocabularyἀμύσσω ἀμύξω ἤμυξα ndash to gnaw tear bite scratchἀνδρο-φόνος η ον ndash man-slaying murderous
δύναμαι δυνήσομαι δεδύνημαι ndash to be able can have power Ἕκτωρ ορος ὁ - Hectorἔν-δοθι ndash within inside at home
34
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εὖτε ndash when asοὐδ-είς οὐδε-μία οὐδ-έν ndash no on not any non nothingπίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτη(κ)α - to fall drop die perish sinkποθή ῆς ἡ ndash yearning longing regretτίω τίσω ἔτῑσα τέτῑμαι ndash honor esteem
ὑπό ndash adv and prep ndash under beneath by at the hands of by means of adv under secretly behind beneath by gradually + gen (from) under by + dat (down) under + acc (down) under during towardsχραισμέω χραισμήσω ἐχραίσημα ndash to assist help avail
Commentary240 Ἀχιλλῆος objective gen with a feeling υἷας goal is expressed in accusative with verbs of motion 241 σύμπαντας modifies υἷας τι adverbial ἀχνύμενος concessive242 χραισμεῖν =χραισμέειν (Ἀχαιοῖσιν) 243 ἀμύξεις cf Eng ldquognaw onersquos heart eat out onersquos heartrdquo 244 ὅ τrsquo(ε) because in that (Ἀχιλλῆα) ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδέν adverbial not at all lit in respect to nothing in no wise
Vocabularyἀγορητής ᾶο ὁ ndash oratorἀν-ορούω - ἀνώρουσα - to jump up spring up start up αὐδή ῆς ἡ - voice speech discourse language sound cry γαῖα ης ἡ ndash earth land country
γλυκύς εῖα ύ - sweetγλῶσσα ης ἡ ndash longue language speechἑτέρωθεν ndash from the other sideἡδυ-επής ές ndash sweek-speaking sweet-toned
35
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἧλος ου ὁ - nail rivet studλιγύς εῖα ύ ndash shrill clear-tonedμέλι ιτος τό ndash honeyμηνίω μηνίσω ἐμήνῑσα ndash to rage fume be furious
Νέστωρ ορος ὁ - Nestor chieftan of Pylosπείρω - ἔπειρα πέπαρμαι ἐπάρην ndash to pierce stud rivetΠύλιος η ον ndash of Pylos Pylianῥέω ῥεύσομαι ἔρρευσα ἐρρύηκα ἐρρύην -to run flow stream pour
Commentary245 ποτί [πρός] with γαίῃ 246 ἥλοισι dat of means χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poetrsquos art He is so little touched personally by the content that he undisturbed by the strife of kings still has an eye for detail248 ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are 249 τοῦ rel pron referring to Nestor (ἔ)ῥεεν imperfect of customary or repeated action μέλιτος what case and reason is this
VocabularyἈχαιίς ιδος ndash Achaean (fem)γενεή ῆς ἡ ndash generation family stockγηθέω γηθήσω ἐγήθησα - to be glad rejoice
ἠγά-θεος η ον ndash holy sacredμάρναμαι ndash to fightμέρoψ οπος - mortal humanνέος η ον ndash young new recent
36
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
ὄρος (οὖρος) εος τό ndash mountainὅρκος ου ὁ - oath that by which one swears (as witness)παλάμη ης ἡ - palm hand fistτομή ῆς ἡ - cut(ting) stumpφλοιός οῦ ὁ - bark peel rind φορέω φορήσω ἐφόρησα - to bear carry bringφύλλον ου τό - leaf foliageφύω φύσω ἔφῡσα (ἔφῡν) - to bear produce bring forth cause to growχαλκός οῦ ὁ - bronze implement of bronze
Commentary233 ἐκ ἐπί adverbial not tmesis ὀμοῦμαι = ὀμόσομαι [ὄμνυμι] 234 μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον like the conch in Lord of the Flies the Greeks had a talking stick μὰ used in swearing 235 πρῶτα adverbial 236 περί adverbial χαλκός refers to an axe (made of bronze)236-7 ἑ φύλλα φλοιόν double acc one is acc of respect 234-9 τὸ μὲν οὔεἰρύαται forms a parenthesis describing the scepter 239 εἰρύαται 3rd pl = εἰρυνται ὁ masc where neut is expected It takes gender of the predicate (ὅρκος) by what is known as ldquoattractionrdquo πρὸς Δίος under the supervision of Zeus from Zeus
Vocabularyἀμύσσω ἀμύξω ἤμυξα ndash to gnaw tear bite scratchἀνδρο-φόνος η ον ndash man-slaying murderous
δύναμαι δυνήσομαι δεδύνημαι ndash to be able can have power Ἕκτωρ ορος ὁ - Hectorἔν-δοθι ndash within inside at home
34
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εὖτε ndash when asοὐδ-είς οὐδε-μία οὐδ-έν ndash no on not any non nothingπίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτη(κ)α - to fall drop die perish sinkποθή ῆς ἡ ndash yearning longing regretτίω τίσω ἔτῑσα τέτῑμαι ndash honor esteem
ὑπό ndash adv and prep ndash under beneath by at the hands of by means of adv under secretly behind beneath by gradually + gen (from) under by + dat (down) under + acc (down) under during towardsχραισμέω χραισμήσω ἐχραίσημα ndash to assist help avail
Commentary240 Ἀχιλλῆος objective gen with a feeling υἷας goal is expressed in accusative with verbs of motion 241 σύμπαντας modifies υἷας τι adverbial ἀχνύμενος concessive242 χραισμεῖν =χραισμέειν (Ἀχαιοῖσιν) 243 ἀμύξεις cf Eng ldquognaw onersquos heart eat out onersquos heartrdquo 244 ὅ τrsquo(ε) because in that (Ἀχιλλῆα) ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδέν adverbial not at all lit in respect to nothing in no wise
Vocabularyἀγορητής ᾶο ὁ ndash oratorἀν-ορούω - ἀνώρουσα - to jump up spring up start up αὐδή ῆς ἡ - voice speech discourse language sound cry γαῖα ης ἡ ndash earth land country
γλυκύς εῖα ύ - sweetγλῶσσα ης ἡ ndash longue language speechἑτέρωθεν ndash from the other sideἡδυ-επής ές ndash sweek-speaking sweet-toned
35
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἧλος ου ὁ - nail rivet studλιγύς εῖα ύ ndash shrill clear-tonedμέλι ιτος τό ndash honeyμηνίω μηνίσω ἐμήνῑσα ndash to rage fume be furious
Νέστωρ ορος ὁ - Nestor chieftan of Pylosπείρω - ἔπειρα πέπαρμαι ἐπάρην ndash to pierce stud rivetΠύλιος η ον ndash of Pylos Pylianῥέω ῥεύσομαι ἔρρευσα ἐρρύηκα ἐρρύην -to run flow stream pour
Commentary245 ποτί [πρός] with γαίῃ 246 ἥλοισι dat of means χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poetrsquos art He is so little touched personally by the content that he undisturbed by the strife of kings still has an eye for detail248 ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are 249 τοῦ rel pron referring to Nestor (ἔ)ῥεεν imperfect of customary or repeated action μέλιτος what case and reason is this
VocabularyἈχαιίς ιδος ndash Achaean (fem)γενεή ῆς ἡ ndash generation family stockγηθέω γηθήσω ἐγήθησα - to be glad rejoice
ἠγά-θεος η ον ndash holy sacredμάρναμαι ndash to fightμέρoψ οπος - mortal humanνέος η ον ndash young new recent
36
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εὖτε ndash when asοὐδ-είς οὐδε-μία οὐδ-έν ndash no on not any non nothingπίπτω πεσέομαι ἔπεσον πέπτη(κ)α - to fall drop die perish sinkποθή ῆς ἡ ndash yearning longing regretτίω τίσω ἔτῑσα τέτῑμαι ndash honor esteem
ὑπό ndash adv and prep ndash under beneath by at the hands of by means of adv under secretly behind beneath by gradually + gen (from) under by + dat (down) under + acc (down) under during towardsχραισμέω χραισμήσω ἐχραίσημα ndash to assist help avail
Commentary240 Ἀχιλλῆος objective gen with a feeling υἷας goal is expressed in accusative with verbs of motion 241 σύμπαντας modifies υἷας τι adverbial ἀχνύμενος concessive242 χραισμεῖν =χραισμέειν (Ἀχαιοῖσιν) 243 ἀμύξεις cf Eng ldquognaw onersquos heart eat out onersquos heartrdquo 244 ὅ τrsquo(ε) because in that (Ἀχιλλῆα) ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδέν adverbial not at all lit in respect to nothing in no wise
Vocabularyἀγορητής ᾶο ὁ ndash oratorἀν-ορούω - ἀνώρουσα - to jump up spring up start up αὐδή ῆς ἡ - voice speech discourse language sound cry γαῖα ης ἡ ndash earth land country
γλυκύς εῖα ύ - sweetγλῶσσα ης ἡ ndash longue language speechἑτέρωθεν ndash from the other sideἡδυ-επής ές ndash sweek-speaking sweet-toned
35
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἧλος ου ὁ - nail rivet studλιγύς εῖα ύ ndash shrill clear-tonedμέλι ιτος τό ndash honeyμηνίω μηνίσω ἐμήνῑσα ndash to rage fume be furious
Νέστωρ ορος ὁ - Nestor chieftan of Pylosπείρω - ἔπειρα πέπαρμαι ἐπάρην ndash to pierce stud rivetΠύλιος η ον ndash of Pylos Pylianῥέω ῥεύσομαι ἔρρευσα ἐρρύηκα ἐρρύην -to run flow stream pour
Commentary245 ποτί [πρός] with γαίῃ 246 ἥλοισι dat of means χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poetrsquos art He is so little touched personally by the content that he undisturbed by the strife of kings still has an eye for detail248 ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are 249 τοῦ rel pron referring to Nestor (ἔ)ῥεεν imperfect of customary or repeated action μέλιτος what case and reason is this
VocabularyἈχαιίς ιδος ndash Achaean (fem)γενεή ῆς ἡ ndash generation family stockγηθέω γηθήσω ἐγήθησα - to be glad rejoice
ἠγά-θεος η ον ndash holy sacredμάρναμαι ndash to fightμέρoψ οπος - mortal humanνέος η ον ndash young new recent
36
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἧλος ου ὁ - nail rivet studλιγύς εῖα ύ ndash shrill clear-tonedμέλι ιτος τό ndash honeyμηνίω μηνίσω ἐμήνῑσα ndash to rage fume be furious
Νέστωρ ορος ὁ - Nestor chieftan of Pylosπείρω - ἔπειρα πέπαρμαι ἐπάρην ndash to pierce stud rivetΠύλιος η ον ndash of Pylos Pylianῥέω ῥεύσομαι ἔρρευσα ἐρρύηκα ἐρρύην -to run flow stream pour
Commentary245 ποτί [πρός] with γαίῃ 246 ἥλοισι dat of means χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poetrsquos art He is so little touched personally by the content that he undisturbed by the strife of kings still has an eye for detail248 ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are 249 τοῦ rel pron referring to Nestor (ἔ)ῥεεν imperfect of customary or repeated action μέλιτος what case and reason is this
VocabularyἈχαιίς ιδος ndash Achaean (fem)γενεή ῆς ἡ ndash generation family stockγηθέω γηθήσω ἐγήθησα - to be glad rejoice
ἠγά-θεος η ον ndash holy sacredμάρναμαι ndash to fightμέρoψ οπος - mortal humanνέος η ον ndash young new recent
36
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
πένθος εος τό ndash grief woe sadnessπεύθομαι πεύσομαι ἐπύθην ndash to learn by inquiryπόποι - alas ah me good gracious
τρέφω θρέψω ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish feed breed grow upτρίτ(ατ)ος η ον - thirdφθίνω φθίσω ἔφθῑσαndash to destroy perish die consume waste away
Commentary250 τῷ dat of interest251 ἐφθίαθrsquo=ἐφθίατο 3rd pl = ἐφθιντο οἵ οἱ first is a rel pron referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250 the second is an enclitic and dat of accompaniment with ἁμά τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο hysteron proteron ie the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο This device indicates priority of interest the main ideas is contained in the first expression the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy252 τριτάτοισιν referers to the general idea of men implied in γενεαί255 γηθήσαι optative sing ie your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy258 βουλή μάχεσθαι acc and infin of respectspecification the two prime characteristics of a leader Δαναῶν comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass be suprior259 ἐμεῖο why is this word in the genitive Iliad Βοοκ Ι 260-268
Vocabularyἀ-θάνατος η ον ndash immortal deathlessἀ-θερίζω ndash + gen to despise disregard slightΑϊγεΐδης ᾱο ὁ - son of Aegeusἀντί-θεος η ον ndash equal ot the gods god-likeἀρείων ον - comparative of ἀγαθός
Δρύᾱς αντος ὁ ndash Dryasἐκ-πάγλως - terribly horribly dreadfully awefullyἘξάδιος ου ὁ ndash Exadiusἐπι-είκελος η ον ndash like resemblingἐπι-χθόνιος η ον ndash earthly earth-bornΘησεύς ῆος ὁ - Theseus
37
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Καινεύς ῆος ὁ - Caeneusκάρτιστος = κράτιστος η ον ndash mightiestκεῖνος η ον = ἐκεῖνος η ον ndash that οἶος η ον ndash such (as) of what sort whatὁμιλέω ὁμιλήσω ὡμίλησα ndash to associate with collect
ὀρέσ-κῳος η ον ndash living in the mountains lying in mountain lairsΠειρίθοος ου ὁ - Pirithousποιμήν μένος ὁ ndash shepherd guardian protectorΠολύφημος ου ὁ ndash Polyphemusτοῖος η ον ndash such (as) of the sort thatφήρ φηρός ὁἡ ndash wild beast (feral)
Commentary260 καί even 262 ἴδον ἴδωμαι [εἴδω] aor act indic and aor mid subj with the idea of yearning for something past and gone
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Vocabularyἀντι-βίην ndash opposing might antagonisticallyἄπιος η ον ndash far distantβροτός οῦ ὁ - mortal manγείνομαι - ἐγεινάμην ndash to beget bear produce be bornἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα ndash to allowἕρκος εος τό ndash hedge fence bulkwark barrierκῦδος εος τό ndash glory
μεθ-ίημι μεθήσω μεθῆκα ndash to let go dismiss foregoμείρομαι - ἔμμορα ndash to divide share receive as a lotμοῖρα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portion suitabilityπέλω- ἔπελον ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) ndash to turn mid to becomeσημαίνω σημανέω ἐσήμηνα ndash to order commandτηλόθε(ν) ndash far from afar
269 τοῖσιν refers to the Lapithae αὐτοί they themselves 270 καλέσαντο observe force of the middle ldquofor their own sakesrdquo 271 κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν by myself alone 272 μαχέοιτο potential optative might could would273 βουλέων = βουλάων ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι] imperf 3rd pl 274 καί also ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί)275 ἐών concessive 275-7 μήτε σύμήτε σύ first refers to Agamemnon the second to Achilles 280 εἰ concessive even if 281 πλεόνεσσιν dat with verb of ruling ὅδε Agamemnon of course 283 Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι dat of advantage284 Ἀχαιοῖσιν dat of advantage or possession πολέμοιο objective gen286 κατὰ μοῖραν fittingly 287 πάντων what kind of genitive is this 288 πάντων gen with verbs of ruling πάντεσσι dat with command 289 ἅ accusative of respect τινrsquo(α) accusative subject of infin Who does this refer to
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀ-έκων ουσα ον ndash unwillingαἰέν = αἰέι - alwaysαἶμα ατος τό ndash blood goreαἶψα ndash immediately quickly ἀν -αιρέω ἀναιρήσω ἀνέελον ndash to take (up) seizeδειλός ή όν - cowardly cringing miserable pitiable δόρυ δουρ(ατ)ός τό ndash spearεἰ ndash (interj) go to up comeἐπι-τέλλω - ἐπέτειλα ἐπιτέταλμαι ndash to accomplish command
ἐχε-πευκής ές ndash sharp bitingἐρωέω ἐρωήσω ἠρώησα ndash to flow dask spurtκελαινός ή ον ndash black dark duskyμήν (μέν μά) ndash truly indeed to be sureὄνειδος εος τό ndash abuse insult revilingπειράω πειρήσα ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) ndash to try attemptπρο-τίθημι προθήσω προέθηκα ndash to add grant (in addition)ὑπ-είκω ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι) ὕπειξα ndash to yield submit weakenὑπο-βλήδην ndash interrupting breaking in
Commentary
40
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
290-1 A rhetorical question ἔθεσαν προθέουσιν a pun 294 πᾶν ἔργον The words ἔργον ἔπος and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words in every matter296 This line is a sneering parody of line 289299 τῳ = τινι a pun 300 μοι dat of poss 301 τῶν assumes τῶν ἄλλων a pun ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος What case and reason 302 πείρησαι issued in form of a challenge ldquojust try itrdquo 303 δουρί (ἐμῷ) Iliad Βοοκ Ι 304-314
Vocabularyἀντί-βιος η ον ndash opposing hostileἀνώγω ἀνώξω ἤνωξα ἄνωγα - to command order bidἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) ndash to purify (oneself) clean(se)ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) ndash twentyἐίση [ἶσος] ndash equal equivalent symestricalἐπι-πλέω ἐπιπλεύσομαι ἐπέπλευσα ndash to sail (upon over) navigate
κέλευθος ου ἡ ndash road way path journey routeκρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα ndash to pick out choose select discern judgeλῦμα ματος τό ndash filthΜενοιτιάδης ᾱο ὁ ndash son of Menoetius Patroclusπολύ-μητις ιος - wily rich in counselπρο-ερύω προερύω προείρυσ(σ)α ndash to draw forward drag forward launchὑγρός ή όν ndash wet moist damp watery
Commentary305 ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην 308 προέρυσσεν augment missing and has causative sense ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο ndash middle of interest 309 ἐς ἐς adverbial removed from word it modifies 310 βῆσι causative ἀνά adverbial removed from word it modifies 311 εἶσεν causative ἄγων temporal (time before) 312 κέλευθα cognate accusative
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyαἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) ndash to reverence ἀτρύγετος ον ndash barren restlessἐλίσσω ἐλίξω εἴλιξα ndash to twirl twist curl turn rollἐπ-απειλέω ἐπαπειλήσω ἐπηπείλησαndash to threaten (against) boastἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ndash to do perform sacrifice work accomplishεὑρίσκω εὑρήσω ηὕρόν ndash to come upon findΕὐρυ-βάτης ᾱο ὁ ndash Eurybatesθεράπων οντος ὁ ndash attendant squireἵκω macr ἷξον - to come go
καπνός οῦ ὁ ndash smoke vaper mist fumeκῆρυξ κήρυκος ὁ ndash heraldὀτρηρός ή όν ndash ready eager nimble swiftπέν-ομαι ndash to work be busy labor ῥῑγίων ον ndash worse more horrible Ταλθύ-βιος ου ὁ ndash Talthybiusτεληέσσεις εσσα εν ndash complete perfect finished unblemishedπροσ-φωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ndash to address accost speak toταρβέω ταρβήσω ἐτάρβησα ndash to frighten be in terror be frightened
Commentary318 τά cognate accusative319 ἔριδος gen of separation321 οἱ dative 322 ἔρχεσθον imperative κλισίην place to which323 ἀγέμεν infinitive used as imperative
42
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
329 τόν no need to say his name330 Litotes in latter part331 Observe the different participles and their effect βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα)333 ὁ no need to say his name
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀ-πείρων ον ndash boundless limitlesἀπ-αυράω (imper ἀπηύρων with aor sence) ἀπουρήσω ἀπούρᾱς (aor part) ndash to take away deprive snatch awayἄφαρ ndash immediately forthwithβένθος εος τό ndash depthἐγγυαλίζω ἐγγυαλίξω ἠγγυάλιξα ndash to grant present withλιάζομαι - ἐλίασσα ἐλιάσθην ndash to bend turn aside sink fallμινυνθάδιος η ον ndash short(lived) ephemeral briefνόσφι(ν) ndash apart away separate
ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι) ὀρέξω ὤρεξα ndash to reach forth stretch out extendὀφείλω ὀφειλήσω ὤφελον ndash to owe ought be obligated aor in wishes would thatπάροιθε(ν) ndash before formerlyπολιός ή όν ndash gray hoaryπόντος ου ὁ ndash seaπότνια ης ἡ ndash revered honored (lady)τυτθός ή όν ndash small little young brief ὐψι-βρεμέτης ες ndash thundering growlingχέω χεύω ἔχε(υ)σα ndash to pour shed (tears)
Commentary348 ἀέκουσrsquo(α)349 δακρύσας inceptive aorist he fell into weeping 350 ἔφrsquo = ἐπί ὁρόων= ὁράων 351 ματρί Thetis but no need to say it 356 αὐτός of his own arbitrary free will 358 πατρὶ γέροντι Nereus also well knownNotes
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀνα-δύω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ndash to rise emergeδια-πέρθω διαπέρσω διέπερσα ndash to sack (utterly) sack thoroughlyἑκατη-βόλος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐξ-αυδάω ἐξαυδήσω ἐξηύδησα ndash to speak out tell say declareἨετίων ωνος ὁ ndash Eёtion father of Andromacheἠύτε ndash as just as likeΘήβη ης ἡ ndashThebe city in Asia Minorκαθ-έζομαι καθέσσομαι καθεῖσα ndash to sit downκαρπαλίμως ndash quickly suddenly swiftly
κατα-ρέζω καταρέξω κατέρ(ρ)εξα ndash to caress strokeκεύθω κεύσω ἔκευσα ndash to hide concealκλαίω κλαύσομαι ἔκλαυσα ndash to cry weep ὀμίχλη ης ἡ ndash mist fog ὀνομά-ζω ὀνομάσω ὠνόμασα ndash to call addressπάροιθε(ν) ndash + gen in front of beforeστενάχω ndash to groan sob sighτέκνον ου τό ndash childχαλκο-χίτων ωνος ndash bronze tunics
Commentary359 ἁλός gen of separation 360 αὐτοῖο take with prep 362 σε φρένας double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected 363 εἴδομαι subjunctive with short vowel364 βαρύ adverbial365 τί why ταῦτα these things object of ἀγορεύω πάντrsquo(α) object of ἰδυίῃ
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
VocabularyἈτρεΐων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Atreusβρῑσεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Briseus father of Briseisἕκατος ου ὁ ndash free-shooterἐπ-ασσύτερος η ον ndash thick in quick successionἐύς ἐῆος ndash mighty valientκελαινεφής ές ndash wrapped in black cloudsΚρονίων ωνος ὁ ndash son of Kronosλαμανω λήψομαι ἔλαβον ndash to seize
μέγαρον ου ὁ ndash great hall (pl palace)ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω) ξυνδήσω ξυνέδησα ndash to bind (hand and foot) hog-tieὀνίνημι ὀνήσω ὤνησα ndash to help benefit assist profit be usefulπάτνῃ ndash everywhere throughoutπερι-έχω περιέξω περίεσχον ndash to protect defend encompass embraceπολλάκι(ς) ndash oftenΠοσειδάων ωνος ὁ ndash Poseidon
Commentary380 τοῖο gen with verb ὁ emphasizes γέρων381 ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν 382 βέλος is used collectively383 ἐπῴχετο κῆλα neut pl with sing verb τά serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows389-391 τὴν μὲντὴν δέ the one (Chryseis) hellipthe other (Briseis) νέον adverbial390 ἄνακτι king lord referring to Apollo πέμπουσι ἄγουσι actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present)393 περίσχεο hold about protect παιδός gen with compound verb394 Δία λίσαι short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ λίσαι imperat395 ἔπει (ἔπος) ἔργῳ What kind of dative is this 396 σεο dat with verb πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ) ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σ397 ἔφησθα imperfect kept κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι dat of disadvantage
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
VocabularyΑίγαίων ωνος ὁ ndash Aegaeonἀμφί ndash adv and prep about around adv around about on both sides + gen around about concerning for (the sake of) + dat around about because of concerning at by + acc around aboutἄτη ης ἡ ndash blind infatuation folly ruin misfortune hurtβριάρεως ω ὁ ndash Briareiisβίη ης ἡ ndash strength might violenceγαίω ndash to rejoice exult gloryγόνυ γουν(ατ)ός τό ndash kneeδεσμός οῦ ὁ ndash bond band fetter
δέω δήσω ἔδησα δέδεκα δέδεμαι ndash to bind tieεἴλω (εἴλομαι) ἔελσα ἔελμαι ἐάλην ndash to crowd driveἑκατόγ-χειρος η ον ndash hundred-handed hundred-armedἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω) ἐπαυρήσομαι ἐπαῦρον ndash to enjoy reap the benefit of + genκτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα ἔκτονα ἐκτάθην ndash to kill slay murder
49
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
μι-μνήσκω μνήσω ἔμνησα μέμνημαι ndash to remind call to mind rememberπαρ-έζομαι ndash to sit beside sit nearπρύμνη ης ἡ ndash stern of a ship
ὑπο-δείδω ὑποδείσομαι ὑπέδεισα ὑποδείδοικα ndash to fear shrink before cringe beforeὑπο-λύω ὑπολύσω ὑπέλυσα ndash to looseὦκα (ὠκύς) ndash quickly swiftly suddenly
Commentary401 δεσμῶν What kind of genitive is it θεά nominative or vocative 403 βριάρεων =βριάρηον quantitative metathesis synsizesis 404 αὖτε on the other side for his side as the others were previously stronger on theirs οὖ πατρός What kind of gen is this Poseidon βίῃ dat of respect405 κύδεϊ What kind of dative is this406 ὑπέδεισαν observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τrsquoἔδησαν a pun407 τῶν with verb γούνων what kind of genitive is this μιν object of μνήσᾱσα λαβὲ γούνων a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks408 ἐπί adverbial and separated from object 409 τούς subject of infinitive κατὰ πρύμνᾱς because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land410 κτεινομένους modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς referring to the Trojans βασιλῆος gen with verb of sharing ἑπαύρωνται with bitter irony that all may reap the benefit of their king411 καί even ἄτην henceforth an important word Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀγάν-νιφος ον ndash snow-clad very snowyἀ-δάκρῡτος η ον ndash tearlessαἴθε ndash (used to introduce a wish)Αἰθιοπεύς ῆος ὁ ndash Ethiopianαἰνός ή όν ndash dread terrible awful painful sorrowfulαἶσα ης ἡ ndash fate lot portionἀ-πήμων ον ndash unharmed painlessἀπο-παύω ἀποπαύσω ἀπέπαυσα ndash to cease (from) refrain (from) stop (from) restrainδήν ndash long for a long timeΘέτις ιδος ἡ ndash Thetis a sea goddess μίνυνθος η ον ndash short brief
πάμ-παν ndash completely altogetherὀιζῡρός ή όν ndash piteous woeful miserableπάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) ndash sit besideτερπι-κέραυνος η ον ndash hurling the thunderbolt rejoicing in the thunderboltτῶ ndash therefore for this (reason)χθιζός ή όν ndash yesterday(s)Ὠκεανός οῦ ὁ ndash ocean Oceanusὠκύ-μορος η ον ndash swift-fatedὠκύ-πορος ον ndash swift-sailing swift-going crossing quickly
Commentary414 τί αἰνά adverbial αἰνὰ τέκουσα416 τοι What kind of dative is this μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν)418 αἴσῃ What kind of dative is this419 τοι What kind of dative is this ἐρέουσα participle indicating purpose420 αὐτή Thetis is indicating personal interest 421 νηυσί dat with verb
51
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
422 Ἀχαιοῖσιν What kind of dative is this πολέμου What kind of genitive is this
Vocabularyἀπο-βαίνω ἀποβήσω ἀπέβησα ndash to depart go awayαὐτοῦ ndash there at that placeγουνάζομαι νουνάσομαι ndash to embrace the knees entreet imploreδῶ ndash (neut indecl) house homeδ(υ)ω-δέκατος η ον ndash twelfthἐντός ndash + gen within insideἐρετμόν οῦ ὁ ndash oarἐύ-ζωνος ον ndash well-girded beautifully waistedίστίον ου τό ndash sailὅρμος ου ὁ ndash anchorage
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασ(σ)α ndash to bring near draw near apporachπολυ-βενθής ές ndash very deepπρο-ερέσσω - προήρεσ(σ)α ndash to row forwardπρό-τονος ου ὁ ndash fore-stay cordage (rigging on a ship)στέλλω στελέω ἔστειλα ndash to put place arrange furlὑφ-ίημι ὑφήσω ὑφῆκα ndash to let down lowerχαλκο-βατής ές ndash with bronze threshold with bronze pavement
Commentary425 δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ)426 τοι dat of disadvantage 427 ὀίω not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome428 ἀπεβήσετο a mixed aorist 429 γυναικός why is it in the genitive case430 ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω] imperf as aor ἀέκοντος gen of separation or abs (referring to Achilles) 432 ἱστία pl even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts) 434 ἱστοδόκῃ what kind of dative is this προτόνοισιν what kind of dative is this
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyβωμός οῦ ὁ ndash altar base foundationἑξείης ndash in order in turnἐύ-δμητος η ον ndash well-builtεὐνή ῆς ἡ ndash bed sleeper anchorstone lair denκῆδος εος τό ndash woe grief sufferingοὐλο-χύτη ης ἡ ndash poured-out barley cornπολύ-στονος η ον ndash causing many a groan rich in groans
ποντο-πόρος ον ndash sea-going sea-traversing corssing the seaπρυμνήσιον ου τό ndash stern-cableῥηγμίν ῖνος ἡ ndash beach strand shoreὑπέρ ὑπείρ ndash over beyond on behalf of concerning above adv above + gen (from) over for (the sake of) + acc over beyondχερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι) χερνίψω ἐχέρνιψα ndash to wash the hands pour lustral water purify with lustral water
Commentary436 κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσιrsquoἔδησαν ie the ship was rowed in close to land then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward438 βήσαν causative 439 νηός what case and reason is this word440 ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων to make the god a witness fo the transaction 441 ἐν χερσὶ τίθει may mean no more than ldquogave x(acc) into the charge ofrdquo443 ἀγέμεν infin to denote purpose444 ῥέξαι infin to denote purpose ἱλασόμεσθα short-voweled subjunctive447 τοί [ὁ ἡ τό] nom masc pl Iliad Βοοκ Ι 450-461
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀν-έχω ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω) ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον ndash to hold up raise suffer endureαὐερύω - αὐέρυσα ndash to draw upδέρω δερέω ἐδειρα ndash to skin flayδί-πτυξ υχος ndash double twofoldἐκ-τάμνω ἐξέταμον ndash cut outἐπι-κραιαίνω - ἐπεκρήηωα ndash to accomplish perform fulfill (in addition)ἠμέν ndash surly truly on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)ἴπ-τομαι ἴψομαι ἰψάημν ndash to crush overwelm punish afflict
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα ndash to cover conceal hideπάρος ndash formerly of old before thisποιέω ποιήσω ἐποίησα ndash to do make perform execute cause effect fashion buildπρο-βάλλω προβαλέω προέβαλον ndash to cast throw forwardσφάζω σφάξω ἔσφαξα ndash to cut the throat slaughter slayὠμο-θετέω- ὠμοθέτησα ndash to place raw meat upon
Commentary450 μεγάλα adverbial451 μευ gen with verb 452 Τενέδοιο What is the reason for its case 453 ἐμεῦ gen with verb 454 ἐμέ short syllable can becomes long when followed by λμωρ and occasionally σμέγα adverbial455 μοι dat of disadvantage 456 Δαναοῖσιν dat of disadvantage 457 τοῦ gen with verb Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following Moreover his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase τοῦ δrsquo ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων This is the first example of a palinode a retraction in Eurpopean literature
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
ἔρος ου ὁ ndash love desire passionκοῦρος ου ὁ ndash young man nobleκρητήρ ῆρος ὁ ndash mixing bowl punch bowlλείβω - ἔλειψα ndash pour a libationμῆρος ου τό ndash thigh piece thigh-boneμιστύλλω ndash to slice cut into bitsὀβελός οῦ ὁ ndash spitὀπτάω - ὤπτησα ὠπτήθην ndash to cook roast bake
Commentary464 κατὰ μῆρα κάη were consumed465 τἆλλα crasis ndash a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word467 πόνου what case and reason is this word 468 δαιτός gen with verb of fullness469 πόσιος ἐδητύος objective genitives 470 ποτοῖο gen with verb of fullness
Vocabularyἀν-άγω ἀνάξω ἀνήγαγον ndash to lead forth set out go forth drive carryδέπας αος τό ndash cup gobletἐπ-άρχω ἐπάρξω ἐπῆρξα ndash to begin perform initiation ritesἡέλιος ου ὁ ndash sunἦμος ndash when
ἠρι-γένειος η ον ndash early-bornἨώς Ἠόος ἡ ndash Eos dawnἴκμενος η ον ndash favorable welcomeκατα-δύω καταδύσω κατέδυσα ndash to go down sink set κνέφας αος τό ndash darkness night gloom
57
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κοιμάω κοιμήσω ἐκοίμησα ndash (lull) to sleep slumber lie downμέλπω μέλψω ἔμελψα ndash to sing dance chantμολπή ῆς ἡ ndash song dance singingνωμάω νωμήσω ἐνώμησα ndash to distribute apportion handle easily brandish
οὖρος ου ὁ ndash breeze windπαιήων ονος ὁ ndash paean song of praiseπαν-ημέριος η ον ndash all day longῥοδο-δάκτυλος ον ndash rosy-fingeredτέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ndash to please delight satisfy sate charm rejoice
Commentary471 Which words are dative and why are they in that case 472 μολπῇ with song and dance 473 παιήονα cognate accusative originally an epithet of Apollo ldquostrikerrdquo ldquobeaterrdquo474 φρένα What is the reason for this accusative
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
στεῖρα ης ἡ ndash cut-water stemτα-νύω τανύσω ἐτάνυσ(σ)α ndash to stretch place along
Commentary478 κατά over against off482 νηὸς ἰούσης in the transitional stage between a dependent gen (of possession in this case) and absolute 483 κέλευθον cognate acc485-6 Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses 489 υἱός the diphthong is short This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488
Vocabularyἄκρος η ον ndash sharp high utterἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα ndash to begin lead rule be first αὖθι ndash here there in the same placeἀῡτή ῆς ἡ ndash battle cry war-whoopεὐρύ-οψ οπος ndash far-thunderingἐφετμή ῆς ἡ ndash command request behestἠέριος η ον ndash early (in the morning)κορυφή ῆς ἡ ndash peak summit crestΚρονίδης ᾶο ὁ ndash son of Kronos Zeus
κῡδι-άνειρα ndash bringing glory to men (fem adj)λήθω ndash + gen escape the notice of be hidden mid to forgetποθέω ποθήσω ἐπόθηεσα ndash to yearn to long for (what is lacking) desire lack missπολυ-δειράς άδος ndash many ridged with many cliftsπωλέομαι πωλήσομαι ndash to go attend frequent come return φθι-νύθω ndash to destroy perish waste away pine
59
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
Commentary490 What does the epithet κῡδιάνειραν tell us about ancient Greek society πωλέσκετο iterative 491 ἀῡτήν notice the accent marks on this word which shows it is is three syllables and do not confuse with the two syllable αὐτήν 491-2 φθινύθσκε ποθέεσκε iteratives 493 ἐκ τοῖο from that (most important) time495 ἐφετμέων gen with verb ἦρχε as lord he led the way498 ἄλλων take with adverb
Vocabularyἀνθερεών ῶνος ὁ ndash beard chinἀπο-εῖπον ndash to speak outἄπτω ἅψω ἧψα ndash + gen to touch lay hold of attach attachδεξιτερός ή όν ndash right(hand) luckyδεύτερος η ον ndash second succeeding later
εἴρομαι εἰρήσομαι ndash to ask inquire question seekἐμ-φύω ἐμφύσω ἐνέφῡσα ἐμπέφυκα ndash to grow into to cling very closelyκατα-νεύω κατανεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down) assent
60
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
κράτος κράτεος τό ndash power might rule victory strengthνεφελ-ηγερέτα ᾱο ὁ ndash cloud-gatherer wrapped in cloudνημερτής ές ndash unerring true truthful reliable infalliable certainὀφέλλω ndash to increase magnify exalt swell
σκαιός ή όν ndash left(hand) unluckyτόφρα ndash so long meanwhileπτολίεθρον ου τό ndash cityὑπ-ίσχομαι ὑποσχήσομαι ὑπεσχόμην ndash to undertake promise assure
Commentary500 αὐτοῖο gen with adverb γούνων gen with verb 501 σκαιῇ (χειρί) δεξιτερῇ (χειρί) 505 ἄλλων ablatival genitive505-7 τίμησον ἠτίμησεν emphatic and in strong contrast 509 τίθει imperative512-3 ὡςὡς ashellipso514 κατανεῦσον negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head while affirmation was denoted by downward motion515 ἔπι = ἔπεστι ablatival genitive
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀπατηλός ή όν ndashdeceitful falseἀποστ(ε)ίχω - ἀπέστιχον ndash to depart step off march awayἀρήγω ἀρήξω ἤρηξα ndashto help assist succorἐφίημι ἐφήσω ἐφέηκα ndash to send upon shoot against hurl uponἐχθο-δοπέω - ἠχθοδόπησα ndash to engage in hostility with be hatefulκατα-νεύω κατακνεύσω κατένευσα ndash to nod (down assent)λοίγιος η ον ndash dreadful accursed horrible nasty deadly
νεικέω νεικέσ(σ)ω ἐνείκεσ(σ)αndash to struggle cotnend revile quarrel fightνοέω νοήσω ἐνοήσα νενόηκα ndash to preceive consider plan thinkὀνείδειος ον ndash reviling abusive slanderousὀχθέω- ὤχθησα ndash to be vexed to be displeassed to be worriedπαλιν-άγρετος ον ndash revocable to be taken backτέκμωρ τό ndash (indecl) surety pledge sign goal limit
Commentary518 λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται) 520 καὶ αὔτως ldquoeven as it isrdquo without special occasion526 τέκμωρ (ἐστί) παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν)527 κατανεύσω aorist subjunctive
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyαἰγλήεις εσσα εν ndash bright shining gleamingἅλλομαι ἁλέομαι ἄλμην ndash to jump leapἀμβρόσιος η ον ndash ambrosial immortal divine deathless heavenlyἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν ndash all whole entireβαθύς εῖα ύ ndash deep profoundβουλεύω βουλεύσω ἐβούλευσα ndash to plan counsel adviseδια-τμήγω διατμήξω διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) ndash to separate part divide cut apartἕδος εος τό ndash seat abode homeἐλ-ελίζω - ἐλέλιξα ndash to shake twist coil tremble drandish
ἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeἐπ-έρχομαι ἐπελεύσομαι ἐπῆλθον ndash to come upon attackἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι - ἐπερρωσάμην ndash to flow down to fall downἐν-αντίος η ον ndash opposite facing beforeκάρη κρᾱτός (κάρητος) τό ndash head peak summitκῡάνεος η ον ndash dark (blue) black duskyνεύω νεύσω ἔνευσα ndash to nodὀφρύς ύος ἡ ndash (eye)browσφός ή όν ndash onersquos own their(own)lsquoχαίτη ης ἡ ndash hair lock tresses mane
Commentary528 ἦ [ἠμί] he spoke 531 διέταγεν = διετάγησαν ἡ μὲνΖεὺς δέ Zeugma 534 πατρός take with adverb
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀ-γνοιέω - ἠγνοίησα ndash to not knowἅλιος η ον ndash of the sea marineἀπο-πόσφι(ν) ndash apart away (from)ἀγρυρό-πεζος α ον ndash silver-footedαὖ ndash again anew a second time but nowδι-είρομαι διειρήσομαι ndash to inquire into ask about item by itemδικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα ndash to judge decideδολο-μήτης ᾱο ὁ ndash deceiver crafty-mindedἕκαστος η ον ndash each everyἐπι-εικής ές ndash suitable proper becoming decent fitting
ἐπι-έλκω- ἐπέολπα ndash to hope for desire expect wish forθρόνος ου ὁ ndash thrown seat armchairκερτόμιος η ον ndash biting cutting sharpμετ-αλλάω μεταλλήσω μετάλλησα ndash to inquire after seek to know search afterμηδέ ndash andhellipnot neitherhellipnorπρότερος η ον ndash earlier former older beforeσυμ-φράζομαι συμφράσ(σ)ομαι συνεφρασ(σ)άμην ndash to devise plans with counsel togetherχαλεπός ή όν ndash difficult hard harsh severe stern cruel
Commentary537 οἱ dat of with compound 538 ie Nereus ldquothe old man of the seardquo 539 κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν)540 τοι What kind of dative is this αὖ may indicate impatience what now but means more again once more 541 ἐμεῦ gen with adverb ἐόντα accusative to agree with subject of infin δικαζέμεν546 ἐούσῃ concessive χαλεποί positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration eg μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους
64
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
εἰδήσειν χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ do not hope to know all my plans they will be too hard for you to understand 547 θεῶν gen with adverb ἐθέλω(μι) subjunctive
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἄαπτος ον ndash untouchable invincibleαἰνῶς ndash terribly awefully dreadfullyβο-ῶπις ιδος ndash ox-eyed large-eyedδαιμόνιος η ον ndash possessed by a daemon good friend crazy foolish wretchἔμ-πηςndash nevertheless for all that by all means absolutely completelyἐπι-γνάμπτω ἐπιγνάμψω ἐπέγναμψα ndash to bend curb subdue win overἐτ-ήτυμος η ον ndash true real unfailing actual sureεὔκηλος η ον ndash undisturbed in peace in calm quietἦρα ndash (indecl neut pl) favor benefit pleasure kindess protection
Ἥφαιστος ου ὁ ndash Hephaestusκαθ-ῆμαι ndash to sit down be seatedκλυτο-τέχνης ες ndash reknowned for skill in handicraft of reknowned skillλίην ndash exceedingly especiallyμᾶλλον ndash rather more preferrablyμέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα ndash to be about to to be destinedΟὐρανίων ονος ὁἡ ndash dweller of heaven divinity god(dess)παρ-εῖπον ndash to persuade conjole win over urge outwit delude beguile talk overποῖος η ον ndash what (sort) what kindπρήσσω πρήξω ἔπρηξα ndash to carry through accomplish act perform
Commentary552 Not a question but an indignant exclamation 557 σοι dat with compound γούνων gen with verb 561 ὀίεαι echoes ὀίω in line 558 in which Hera says ldquoI imaginerdquo562 ἀπὸ θυμοῦ further fromhellip
66
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
565 ἀκέουσα translate with another imperative ldquoBut shut up and sit downrdquo 567 ἰόνθrsquo=ἰόντα (με)
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀμφι-κύπελλον ου τό ndash double cup (it may be turned upside down)ἀν -ᾱίσσω ἀνᾱίξω ἀνήιξα ndash to start up spring up dart upἀν-εκτός ή όν ndash endurable tolerableἀντι-φέρω ἀντοίσω ndash to bear against opposeἀργαλέος η ον ndash horrible terrible awful cruel difficultἀστεροπητής ᾱο ὁ ndash hurler of lightningἐλαύνω ndash to drive carry on strike push pressἐριδαίνω ndash to quarrel bickerἦδος εος τό ndash use utility advantage superiority
θείνω θενέω ἔθεινα ndash to strike hit beatἵλᾱος η ον ndash propitious kindly favorableκαθ-άπτω καθάψω καθῆψα ndash to attack lay hold accost addressκολῳός οῦ ὁ ndash brawl quarrelμαλακός ή όν ndash soft gentle mildνικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα ndash to conquer prevail surpassὀφθαλμός οῦ ὁ ndash eye sightπαρά-φημι παραφήσω παρέφησα ndash to advise persuade urge counselστυφελίζω - ἐστυφέλιξαndash to strike thrust hurlταράσσω ταράξω ἐτάραξα ndash to disturb violently to throw into confusion perf to be disturbed
Commentary573 τάδrsquo(ε) ἔσσεται574 ἕνεκα θνητῶν contemptuously 575 δαιτός objective genitive 576 τά said with a deprecating gesture νικᾷ = νικάει577 νοεούσῃ concessive578 ἦρα φέρειν show kindness towards φίλῳ not taken seriously579 νεικείῃσι ταράξῃ What kind of clause are these verbs in ταράξῃ should be taken literally580 ἐθέλῃσιν What kind of conditional is this 582 καθάπτεσθαι infinitive used as imperative 587 ἴδωμαι What kind of clause is this in 588 τι adverbial 578 Ὀλύμπιος (ἐστίν)
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
Vocabularyἀλέξω ἀλεξήσω ἠλέξησα ndash to ward off defend protectἄλλο-τε ndash at another timeβηλός οῦ ὁ ndash thresholdἐν-δέξιος η ον ndash to(wards) the rightἔν-ειμι ἐνέσ(σ)ομαι ndash to be inἦμαρ ἤματος τό ndash dayθε-σπέσιος η ον ndash divine marvelous divinely sounding
κατα-πίπτω καταπεσέομαι κατέπεσον ndash to fall dropκομίζω κομιῶ ἐκόμισ(σ)α ndash to bear care fore attend accompanyκύπελλον ου τό ndash cup gobletΛῆμνος ου ἡ ndash Lemnos (an island in the Aegan located Troy)μειδάω ἐμείδησα ndash to smile laughμέ-μονα ndash (perf only) to be eager desire greatly strive zealously intend plan
69
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
νέκταρ αρος τό ndash nectar drink of the godsοἰνο-χοέω οἰνοχοήσω ᾠνοχόησα ndash to pour wine pour drink(s)
ῥίπτω ῥίψω ἔρριψα ndash to hurl dask throw with a twirl brandishΣίντιες ων οἱ ndash Sinthiansτε-ταγ-ών ndash (2nd aor part only) to touch lay hold of seize
Commentary590 μεμαῶτα modifies με subject of ἀλεξέμεναι 591 ποδός with verb ἀπὸ βηλοῦ from the threashold (of the palace in heaven) 592 ἦμαρ What is the reason for this accusative 593 κάππεσον = κατα-πεσον = κατ-πεσον complete assimulation θῡμός breath soul life 594 Σίντιες literally ldquobrigandsrdquo a piratical folk596 παιδός gen of separation χειρί given the case and reason of παιδός what is this wordrsquos case and reason597 θεοῖς dat of disadvantange
Vocabularyἀμφι-γυήεις εσσα εν ndash wobbly-kneed bow-legged (possibly ndash ambidextrous)ἄ-σβεστος η ον ndash inextinguishableγέλος ου ὁ ndash laughterἐν-όρ-νῡμι ἐνόρσω ἐνῶρσα ndash to rouse among kindle among exciteἧχι ndash whereκαθ-εύδω καθευδήσω ndash to sleep slumber rest (in bed) lie (in bed)
κατα-κείω ndash to desire to lie down (rest repose slumber)λαμπρός ή όν ndash bright brilliant shining gleamingΜοῦσα ης ἡ ndash Museὄψ ὀπός ἡ ndash voice word speech languageπερι-καλλής ές ndash very beautiful charming
70
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case
71
Greek II Iliad Book I σὸν ὄνομα
περ-κλυτός ή όν ndash famous very charmingποι-πνύω - ἐποίπνῡσα ndash to bustle hurry puff pantπραπίς ίδος ἡ ndash heart mind soul diaphragmπρό-πᾱς ᾱσα αν ndash all entire whole
ὕπνος ου ὁ ndash sleep slumberφάος ου ὁ ndash light gleam luminaryφόρμιγξ ιγγος ἡ ndash lyre harbχρῡσό-θρονος ον ndash golden-throned (possibly- with robes embroidered with golden flowers θρόνα)
Commentary599 Pharr suggestion one think of Hephaestus as a Charlie Chaplin like character here 600 ποιπνύοντα onomatopoeia Notice how well the meter of this sponaic line reflects the action 602-4 δαιτός φόρμιγγος Μουσάων genitive of material ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπί ldquoantiphoniallyrdquo606 κακκείοντες = κατακαίοντες assimulation 607 ἑκάστῳ dat of disadvantage608 παπίδεσσιν What is the reason for this case