· Web viewExcretory, Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Endocrine & Reproductive System Packet-Body Systems #3. Page 43 (“Heart Diagram”): Follow the instructions to properly

Excretory, Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Endocrine & Reproductive System Packet-Body Systems #3

Page 43 (“Heart Diagram”): Follow the instructions to properly color the heart. Ref. pg. 9951. Label the parts of the heart: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary artery,

pulmonary vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral (bicuspid) valve, aortic valve, septum

2. Color the sections blue that transport blood carrying carbon dioxide to the lungs.3. Color the sections red that transport blood carrying a fresh supply of oxygen to the body.4. Draw arrows on the heart diagram to show the path blood takes on its journey through the heart.

Page 44 (“Heart Chart”): Fill out chart for homework. Ref. pg. 995-996.

Veins & Arteries: Blood flows in which direction Oxygen poor or rich

Superior Vena Cava

Pulmonary Veins

Inferior Vena Cava

Aorta

Pulmonary arteries

ChambersRight Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

ValvesPulmonary valve

Tricuspid valve

Aortic

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Page 45 (“Circulatory System Diagram”): Color and label the diagram Ref. pg. 996

Page 47 (“Pacemaker Diagram”): Color image

Page 46 (“Circulatory System Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

I. Function: Transports nutrients & wastes Contains cells that fight infections Helps maintain body temperature by transporting heat

All organisms must be able to transport nutrients and wastes. Smaller organisms rely on _________ for this movement; humans require an organized circulatory system for the movement of substances through the body. We have a ________________ circulatory system, which means our blood is ________________ _________________________. The human circulatory system includes the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.I. THE HEART The heart itself is mostly composed of ________________ muscle which forms a thick layer of tissueknown as the _______________________. Humans have a ______-chambered heart, divided by a _______________ into right and left sides to prevent ____________________________________. A. Structure 1. Chambers

Atria (atrium = singular) Ventricles -

2. Valves –Tricuspid valve Mitral valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve

B. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart ________________________________________________________________________________

Page 48 (“Circulatory Pathway Notes”): To be filled out in class

C. Circulatory Pathways 1. Pulmonary Circulation – The blood entering the right atrium from the body is __________ in oxygen and ________ in carbon dioxide. The flow of blood from the right side of the heart to the ____________ and back to the heart is referred to as __________________ circulation.2. Systemic Circulation – The blood entering the left atrium from the lungs is _________ in O2 and ________ in CO2. The flow of blood from the left side of the heart to the ______ and back to the heart is referred to as ____________________ circulation.

D. The Heartbeat 1. Stimulus for ContractionAlthough the brain can change the rate & force of contraction, the heart generates and maintains its own beat. There is a small cluster of cardiac muscle cells in the ____________________ referred to as the ______________________. They trigger an ________________ impulse that stimulates the contraction of cardiac muscle cells. 2. The PulseThe powerful contraction of the ________________________ causes a surge of blood to leave through the ___________. This surging action of the blood continues into the _____________that branch off from the aorta. Each contraction of the left ventricle results in another surge of blood in the arteries leading away from the heart. This surge can be felt and is known as the ____________.

Page 49 (“Blood Vessels Diagram”): Color & label Diagram. Ref. pg. 994

Page 51 (“Blood Composition Diagram”): Color diagram

Page 50 (“Blood Vessels Notes”): To be filled in class

I. Blood Vessels:1. Arteries

a. carry blood ____________ from heart b. carry oxygen ___________blood (except for________________)c. Have thick elastic walls surrounded by ____________muscled. ___________is the largest artery in the body

2. Capillaries a. ________________blood vesselsb. Walls are only 1 cell thickc. This is where the exchange of ____________ & ____________ takes place

3. Veins a. Collect blood and carry it __________ to the heartb. Carry oxygen ___________ blood (except for __________________ veins) c. Have thinner and less elastic walls d. Have __________to keep blood flowing to heart and not ____________e. Contraction of ___________ muscles help to move blood toward the heartf. The _______________________is the largest vein in the body

II. Blood Pressure: the __________________________________________________1. Falls when the heart _____________2. Heart is always under pressure in order to keep blood flowing through it3. Regulated by autonomic nervous system 4. ___________ also regulate blood pressure by controlling amount of water in blood- when

blood pressure is high, more water is__________; this reduces blood volume5. High blood pressure

a. forces heart to __________________________b. people more likely to develop heart diseasec. obesity is one caused. controlled by weight control, exercise, and diet

Page 53 (“Circulatory Disorders Diagrams”): Color diagrams

Page 52 (“Blood Composition Notes”): To be filled in class

I. Blood1. Makes up 8% of body –____ to______liters2. Components of blood

a. 45% = __________ blood cells, _____________ blood cells and plateletsb. 55% = plasma

1. mostly ______________- 90%2. contains salts, sugars, and plasma proteins

3. Plasma proteins a. Several types of proteins that fight_____________, regulate osmotic pressure & help

blood _____________4. Red blood cells - erythrocyte- RBC

a. contain ______________________- iron containing protein that increases __________________ carrying ability of RBC’s

b. produced in __________bone marrowc. mature RBC’s have no nucleus so can’t divided. live about 120 days – when they die they are destroyed & recycled by spleen

5. White blood cells – leukocytes- WBCa. fewer in numbers than RBCb. produced in bone marrowc. live for many months or yearsd. more than 20 different typese. guard against________________, fight_______________, and attack

________________f. an increase in the number of WBC’s is an indication the body is fighting an

_____________________

6. Plateletsa. fragments of cells b. when blood vessel is injured, platelets become sticky; they cluster around the wound

and release a series of chemicals that start a clotting reactionc. a protein called __________forms a net that traps RBCs and forms a ______

Page 54 (“Circulatory Disorders Notes”): To be filled in class

A. ______________________ – Plaques of cholesterol build up on the wall of arteries. Restricts blood flow and creates a rough surface that may trigger clot formation.B. ______________________ – Caused by blockage of coronary artery which cuts off blood flow to the myocardium of the heart. Cells die due to lack of oxygen, glucose.C. _______________________ – Caused by either a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in RBCs. Less O2 available for cells results in a lack of energy due to decreased ATP production.D. ______________________ – High blood pressure. Called the “silent killer” because it may be fatal before noticeable symptoms appear. Risk of hypertension is increased by smoking, obesity, high salt intake, lack of exercise

Page 55 (“Respiratory System Diagrams”): Color & label diagram Ref. pg. 1003

Page 56 (“Respiratory System Notes”): To be filled in class

I. THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAY A. Airway to the Lungs

________________ - Begin the process of warming, filtering, moisturizing the air ________________ - Upper throat ________________ - Also known as the voicebox. Bands of tissue that tighten and vibrate to

create sound when air passes through. o Attached to the larynx is a flap of tissue called the _________________. The epiglottis

closes when food is swallowed to prevent food from entering the ______________ tract. __________________ - Airway supported by bands of ____________________ to prevent it

from _______________________ when air passes in and out __________________ - Trachea divides into two tubes leading to each __________

o Trachea and bronchi are lined with _________________ and cells that secrete ______________. The mucus traps _____________________ and other contaminants. The cilia beat ____________________ to sweep contaminants toward the ___________.

B. Inside the Lungs ______________________ - Smaller branches leading from bronchi. Contain _____________

muscle tissue to facilitate air flow. ______________________ - The bronchioles end in millions of tiny sacs called alveoli. Site for

the exchange of __________ and _____________. Each alveolus is surrounded by a __________________ to allow ____________ to _____________ from the lung to the blood to be delivered to cells for __________________________ and _________________ to diffuse from the blood to the lung to be exhaled.

C. Pathway of Air __________________________________________________________________________________

Page 57 (“Breathing Diagram”): Color diagram

Page 58 (“Breathing Notes”): To be filled in class

II. BREATHING A. Inhalation & Exhalation - Breathing is a ____________ response to a change in _______________ in the chest cavity. Although there are no _____________ attached to the lungs, the change in pressure is caused by the contraction of muscles involved in breathing.

Diaphragm – Dome-shaped muscle located below (but not attached to!) the __________. When the diaphragm ________________, it flattens which ________________ the volume of the chest cavity and ____________________ the pressure. Air rushes into the lungs.

Intercostal Muscles – Also contract to further ________________ volume of chest cavity As the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, volume of the chest cavity _________, and the

_____________________ of the lungs help force the air back out. B. Control of Breathing Breathing is controlled by the ____________, which is monitoring the concentration of ____________ in the blood.

Page 59 (“Respiratory Disorders Diagram”): Color diagram

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Page 60 (“Respiratory Disorders Notes”): To be filled in class

Emphysema – Progressive disease in which ________________________ lose their elasticity. Affected individuals cannot fully exhale which reduces ability to inhale. O2 and CO2 do not diffuse properly. All _____________________ eventually develop emphysema.

Asthma – Allergic reaction that affects ________________ muscles of ________________. They ________________________ which prevents airflow into the ____________________. Gas exchange is reduced.

Smoking – Three dangerous substances found in cigarette smoke are nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar. o Nicotine – stimulant that increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels; _____________ blood

pressure.o Carbon monoxide – binds to __________________________________; reduces oxygen-carrying

capacity of ___________ blood cells. o Also, combination of nicotine & CO paralyzes __________________ lining respiratory tract

resulting in frequent respiratory ______________________.o Tar – carcinogen; smokers have a much higher incidence of lung cancer

Page 61 (“Excretory System Diagram”): Color and label the diagrams. Ref. pg. 1005-1006

Page 62 (“Excretory System Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

Function of excretory system: The _________________________________ from the body is know as excretion For example: the lungs excretes __________________ & the skin excretes

_________________________ in sweat; therefore they are part of the excretory system. The excretory system is a system of organs that remove ____________________ from the body The main organs of excretion are the ____________, which have the following functions:

1. removal of urea- a substance the is the result of the ______________ in the body cells2. regulation of ___________ in the _____________3. maintaining _________________4. regulating ____________________

Structure of the kidneys each about the _________________ located on either side of the __________________ in the lower back blood flows into each kidney through a ________________ blood leaves through a ______________ a tube called the _____________, leaves each, carrying ____________ to the ____________ the __________________________ is a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted

through a tube called the _______________THE THREE PARTS OF THE KINDEYS:

Renal medulla-___________Renal pelvis- ____________Renal cortex- _____________

The main functional unit of the kidneys:NEPHRONS- each is a small, independent processing unit, located mostly in the ________________, each has its own blood supply and releases fluids to a collecting duct, which leads to __________

Page 63 (“Nephron Diagram”): Color the corresponding labels as indicated by the key. Ref. pg. 1006

Page 64 (“Kidney Filtration Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

Kidney Filtration: The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the part of the ___________ called the

_______________________. The nephron contains a small network of _________________ encased in the upper end of the by a

hollow, cup-shaped structure- called the _______________________. Substance such as ___________________________________________ difuse into the

_______________________ to be filtrated The kidneys filter all the ________________________________________

Kidney Reabsorption: Most material removed from the blood at the __________________ makes its way into the

_______________ ___________________________________ are reabsorbed into the capillaries by

__________________________ Water enters by _____________. _____ of the water is reabsorbed into the blood ___________ is what remains after reabsorption. It is emptied into a collecting duct, which lead to the

________________. Urine contains ______________________ among other substances _______________ blood is returned to circulation & ___________ is collected in the

_________________________.Page 65 (“Excretory Disorder Diagrams”): Color images

Page 66 (“Excretory Disorder Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

Disorder DescriptionNephritis Inflammation of the _________________ which can lead to inflammation of

the entire kidney. Can lead to kidney failure if left untreated

Kidney stones Hard ________________ in the kidneys that might pass out of the body in urine. Infection can be possible if larger stones _____________ urine flow or irritate urinary tract ____________________.

Urinary Tract Blockage _________________________ present at birth can lead to blockage of the normal flow of urine. If left untreated, can lead to permanent damage.

Polycystic kidney disease ____________ disorder distinguished by the growth of fluid-filled _________ in the kidneys. Can reduce kidney function, leading to kidney failure

Kidney Cancer Uncontrolled cell growth in the cells that line the tubules within the kidney. Can lead to ________________ in the urine, a mass in the kidney, or affect other organs if the cancer _____________________________.

Page 67 (“Digestive System Diagram”): Color & label image. Ref. Pg. 1021

Page 68 (“Digestive System Notes”): To be filled out in class

Mouth Digestion begins in the _______________________ . ____________________ begins the process of digestion.________________________________- is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.________________________________- large food molecules are broken down into smaller food molecules with the help of different enzymes._____________________ secrete saliva, which contains the enzyme __________________ to break the bonds in _________________ (which is what type of macromolecule: _________________________) and releases sugar. It also contains the enzyme _____________________ that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of ___________________ . The saliva also helps _____________________ the food and make it easier to chew. The release of saliva is under the control of the _______________________________ .Esophagus Your _______________ and your ________________ muscles help you swallow your food, which (after swallowing) is now called a _______________ . As you swallow, the _______________ closes over the _________________ and the bolus enters the __________________ . ______________ is not responsible for food going down into the stomach. A series of contractions of _______________ muscle squeeze the food through the ____________________ . This is called __________________ . A thick ring of muscle called the ________________________ ___________________ closes the esophagus and prevents the contents of the _____________________ from moving back into the esophagus (also known as acid ________________ ).

Page 69 (“Stomach Diagram”): Color & label image Ref. Search online

Page 70 (“Stomach Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

Stomach

Food from the esophagus empties into a large muscular sac called the _______________ . Alternating contractions of the stomach’s ___________ smooth muscle layers _____________ and mix the ___________. Chemical digestion: The stomach contains microscopic _______________ _____________ that produce and release various substances. Some of these include:_____________- a fluid that ________________ and ____________ the stomach wall._______________________- makes the contents of the stomach very _____________, & activates pepsin. _____________- an enzyme that begins the digestion of ____________ & works best under the __________ conditions.

One enzyme, ___________ , is destroyed in the stomach due to the high level of ________ . This means that digestion of ______________ stops until the food reaches the _________________ . Mechanical digestion: Stomach muscles ________ to churn and mix the food & fluids in the stomach, producing a substance called __________ . After some time, usually about ____ to ____ hours, this new substance enters the _________ ____________ through the _____________ valve.

Page 71 (“Intestine & Accessory Structure Diagrams”): Color &label diagrams. Ref. pg. 1022

Page 74 (“Digestive Disorders Notes”): Notes to be discussed in class

Disorders of the Digestive System-1. Peptic ulcers- most caused by bacterium Helicobacter pylori, infection affects the lining of the stomach

allowing the acid to produce holes in stomach wall.2. Diarrhea- not enough water is absorbed by large intestines3. Constipation- too much water is absorbed by the large intestines4. Crohn’s disease- a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal

tract. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea (could be bloody) fever, & weight loss. Other complications may occur outside the gastrointestinal tract and include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye & tiredness.

Page 73 (“Digestive Disorders Diagrams”): Color images

Page 72 (“Intestine & Accessory Structure Notes”):

Small Intestine The ________________ is the first part of the small intestine. and is where most . Most of the ______________ digestion and _______________ of the food you eat occurs here. The small intestine is specialized to absorb ______________ . The structure that aids in this absorption are the tiny folded projections called ____________ . These structures increase the _____________ ______________ for absorption. Most of the products of _____________ and ______________ digestion are absorbed into the ________________ in the villi. Molecules of undigested ___________ and some ____________ acids are absorbed by ____________ vessels. By the time food is ready to leave the small intestine, it is basically ___________ - free….. only ______________, ______________, and other indigestible substances are left. Accessory structures that aid in digestion.

Pancreas- produces:-____________- that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids-__________________- a base that neutralizes stomach acid so these enzymes can be effectiveLiver- produces __________, a fluid loaded with lipids and other salts. It helps make it easier for enzymes to break down _________ . Bile is stored in the _________________.

Large Intestine Another name is _________. When _______ leaves the small intestine, it enters the large intestine. The function of the large intestine is to remove _______ from undigested material. Colonies of _________ produce ____________ and othersubstances for the body to use. Concentrated ___________ material that remains after _________ has been removed passes through the ____________ and is eliminated from the body.

Page 75 (“Endocrine System Diagram”): Color image

Page 76 (“Endocrine System Notes”):

There are two systems that regulate the body. The nervous system relays information to the body using ____________________________ that travel very ______________, but the messages are short-lived. The endocrine system uses _________________, or _________________ messages that travel through the _________ to relay information to the body. The endocrine system is slower-acting, but the action of hormones is _______________________. The ____________________, which maintains homeostasis in the body, controls most of the glands of the endocrine system.I. ENDOCRINE GLAND FUNCTION A. Hormone Production

Hormones help regulate growth, metabolism, appearance, behavior, growth, reproduction, and fluid balance. Most hormones are produced by _______________ glands. Endocrine glands are unique because they are ductless; in other words, hormones are secreted into ____________________ and the _____________________ system transports the hormone to its destination. Its destination is known as its __________________. A hormone may have only one target, or it may have several.

B. Control of Hormone Production: Hormone release is regulated by a mechanism known as ____________________________. Information about the effect of the hormone is “fed back” to the gland. When the desired condition is reached, the gland ____________________________________

C. Types of Hormones – Hormones can be placed in two groups based on chemical structure: 1. Peptide hormones – Most hormones are composed of _________________ and are known as peptide hormones.

2. Steroids – _____________ molecules derived from _____________________. Include the sex hormones - ______________________________________________________

Page 77 (“Glands Diagram”): Color & label images. Ref. pg 1033-1034

Page 78 (“Hormones of the Endocrine System”): Notes to be filled out in class

HORMONE GLAND EFFECT

Growth HormoneStimulates ____________; undersecretion results in ________________; oversecretion results in ________________

Thyroxine Regulates _______________; requires __________ for normal function

Insulin________________ blood ______________ concentration by stimulating cells to take up glucose; triggers storage of glucose as __________________; not produced in individuals with _________________

Glucagon ____________________ blood glucose concentration by breaking down ________________ stored in liver to glucose

Epinephrine

(________________)

Known as ________________________ hormone _______________ dilate to increase air flow for

________________________ ________________ in the liver is broken down to glucose for

__________________ _____________ rate is increased Blood flow to the __________________ muscles increases Blood flow to the ________________ system is decreased

Testosterone Triggers development of secondary sex characteristics; __________________ to produce _____________ sperm cells.

Estrogen/Progesterone

Triggers development of secondary sex characteristics; __________________ to produce _____________ egg cells.

Page 79 (“Male Reproductive System Diagrams”): Color & label images Ref. pg 1048

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Page 80 (“Male Reproductive System Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

The purpose of the reproductive system is to produce _______________ and allow for _____________________ to take place. Although a healthy reproductive system is not a requirement for an individual _______________, it is essential for continuation of a ___________.

Male Reproductive System Scrotum – Contains _________________; allows for _____________ temperature needed for sperm

production Testes – Site of _________________ production. Specialized ______________ cells undergo

__________________ to produce ______________ sperm cells.o Meiosis begins at _________________ and continues until ____________o Each meiotic division produces ______ sperm cells with _______ chromosomes

Vas Deferens – Tubes that transport sperm to ______________. Glands

o Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles – Produce _______________ to provide _________________, protect sperm from acidic vagina

o Bulbourethral Gland – Produces acid neutralizer to protect sperm from any residual ______________ in urethra

Penis – Means for sperm delivery via ______________ during ______________________.

Page 81 (“Female Reproductive System Diagrams”): Color & label images. Ref. pg 1050

Page 82 (“Female Reproductive System Notes”): Notes to be filled out in class

The female reproductive system is designed for ______________ production and development of the __________________ following fertilization.

Ovary – Site of meiosis and gamete production; however there are three ways oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis:

o Meiosis begins _________________, but it is paused until puberty so females are born with total set of immature egg cells. During the female menstrual cycle, one egg cell or _______________ completes meiosis.

o Meiosis stops when a female is 45-55 years old. Known as __________________; menstruation ceases

o Meiosis produces only ______ egg cell. The other 3 cells disintegrate so that the single egg cell contains all the ___________________.

Oviduct – Also known as the _____________________________________. Passageway for egg cell during ovulation. Site of _____________________. When sperm and egg cell fuse, a ____________ ___________________ is created with ______ chromosomes. Development of the zygote to an ______________ → _____________________ → ____________ is carried out through _______________________.

Uterus – Site of ___________________ development. o Implantation takes place approximately 5-7 days following fertilization.o If fertilization does not occur, lining of uterus is sloughed off during

_________________________. Vagina – Also known as “__________________________”; passageway for ____________ in and

_________ out