Name: Date: Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Text: Vocabulary: Acid (carboxyl) group, adenine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), alpha helix, amine group, amino acid, beta pleated sheet, carbohydrate, cellulose, complementary base pairing, cytosine, dehydration synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), deoxyribose, dipeptide, disaccharide, double helix, glucose, glycerol, guanine, glycogen, hemoglobin, hydrolysis, lipid, lubricant, maltose, monomer, monosaccharide, neutral fat, nitrogenous base, nucleic acids, nucleotide, organic, peptide bond, phosphate, phospholipid, polymer, polypeptide, polysaccharide, primary structure, protein, quaternary structure, R-group, ribonucleic acid (RNA), ribose, saturated fatty acid, secondary structure, starch, steroid, sugar-phosphate backbone, tertiary structure, thymine, unsaturated fatty acid, uracil Goals: 1. Analyse the structure and function of biological molecules in living systems, including: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids -Demonstrate a knowledge of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis as applied to organic monomers and polymers -Differentiate among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with respect to chemical structure -Recognize the following molecules in structural diagrams: adenosine triphosphate (ATP),, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), disaccharide, glucose, glycerol, hemoglobin, monosaccharide, neutral fat, phospholipid, polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, and cellulose), ribose, RNA, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, steroids -Rcognize the empirical formula of a monosaccharide as CnH2nOn -List the main functions of carbohydrates Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 1
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dowscience.weebly.com · Web view-Draw a generalized amino acid and identify the amine, acid (carboxyl), and R-groups -Identify the peptide bonds in dipeptides and polypeptides -Differentiate
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Goals:1. Analyse the structure and function of biological molecules in living systems, including: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
-Demonstrate a knowledge of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis as applied to organic monomers and polymers
-Differentiate among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with respect to chemical structure
-Recognize the following molecules in structural diagrams: adenosine triphosphate (ATP),, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), disaccharide, glucose, glycerol, hemoglobin, monosaccharide, neutral fat, phospholipid, polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, and cellulose), ribose, RNA, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, steroids
-Rcognize the empirical formula of a monosaccharide as CnH2nOn
-List the main functions of carbohydrates
-Differentiate among monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g., maltose), and polysaccharides
-Differentiate among starch, cellulose, and glycogen with respect to function, type of bonding, level of branching
-Describe the location, structure, and function of the following in the human body: neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids
-Compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in terms of molecular structure
-List the major functions of proteins
-Draw a generalized amino acid and identify the amine, acid (carboxyl), and R-groups
-Identify the peptide bonds in dipeptides and polypeptides
Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 1
-Differentiate among the following levels of protein organization with respect to structure and types of bonding: primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet), tertiary, quaternary (e.g., hemoglobin)
-List the major functions of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
-Name the four nitrogenous bases in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and describe the structure of RNA using the following terms: nucleotide (ribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine), linear, single stranded, sugar-phosphate backbone
-Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: nucleotide (deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine), complementary base pairing, double helix, hydrogen bonding, sugar-phosphate backbone
-Compare the general structural composition of DNA and RNA
-Relate the general structure of the ATP molecule to its role as the “energy currency” of cells
Part A: Organic Chemistry
-The table right discusses some of the differences between organic and organic compounds. At a basic level, what else can be used to differentiate between them?
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-Think back to Grade 10. Why is carbon such an important element in the formation of organic compounds?
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Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 2
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1. Hydrocarbons
-Hydrocarbons are compounds made solely of a carbon skeleton and hydrogen. Notice the diverse compounds and shapes produced through the versatility of carbon.
*Complete Activity: Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules (3.1)
-Do you remember your organic compound naming from Science 10? What does Butane mean? How is it different than Butene?
-The drug Thalidomide has two forms, one that has been used as a sedative and relief for nausea and one that causes birth defects. In the 1950’s, Thalidomide was prescribed to pregnant women to help with nausea. Unfortunately, doctors did not know that the benign form of Thalidomide transforms into the harmful version at pH levels that occur in the body. This resulted in many women losing their babies or the children being born with limb deformities.
Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 3
2. Functional Groups
-In addition to the size and shape of its carbon skeleton, the atoms attached to it also play a big role in determining the properties of an organic compound.
-Functional groups attach to carbon skeletons and the strong electronegativity of their O and N components make them polar. This makes compounds containing the functional groups hydrophilic.
-What would the advantage be on having hydrophilic organic compounds in living organisms?
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*Explore the chemical characteristics of each functional group through Activity: Functional Groups (3.2)
-Below is an illustration of the male and female steroid hormones. Notice the differences between their functional groups.
-Practice working with the different functional groups below!
a) Carboxylic Acids
-Organic compounds containing a COOH (Carboxyl) group. Referred to as Organic Acids.
-Some examples include:
b) Amines
Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 4
Aminoethan
-Organic compounds containing an NH2 (Amine) group.
-Amines are organic bases that raise the pH of solutions.
c) Alcohols
-Organic compounds containing an OH (Hydroxyl) group.
-The OH makes alcohol hydrophilic, which allows it to be soluble in water.
-Draw the structural formula of:
i) Ethanol (C2H5OH)
ii) Methanol (CH3OH)
iii) Make up another alcohol
d) Phosphate Group
-Phosphate groups are usually found in ADP, ATP, DNA and RNA.
e) Sulfhydryl Group
-Has an S-H (Sulfhydryl) group attached to the hydrocarbon molecule.
-The S-H group is important in stabilizing the 3-D shape of proteins.
Part B: Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Polymers)
Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 5
-What does the name macromolecule imply about carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids?
-The table below shows how serious the effects of changing just one amino acid in the primary structure can be.
ii) Secondary Structure
-Examine the image right. What is the secondary structure of a protein?
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Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 15
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iii) Tertiary Structure
-The tertiary structure is the 3-D shape of the polypeptide created through interactions between R groups: hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions, disulphide bridges (covalent) and ionic bonds.
iv) Quaternary Structure
-Many proteins are collections of polypeptide chains working as a macromolecule. They are held together by R group interactions.
-For example, haemoglobin is a cluster of 4 polypeptides that work as a transport protein in our blood.
-Summary of protein structures:
d) Protein Misfolding
-What is a consequence of the tertiary structure of proteins misfolding?
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Biology 12: Biochemistry (Chapter 3) Page 16
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-Some diseases caused by misfolded proteins include:
-Examine the diagram below. In addition to heat, what other factors do you think might cause proteins to denature?