10thgradebilingual.files.wordpress.com  · Web viewCommensalism – relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. VII. Primary and Secondary

10th grade bilingualBiology Review

Name: __________________________________ Date: __________________________I. Weather and Climate

Weather – day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, and other factors.

Climate – average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time.

Microclimate – environmental conditions within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area.

II. Factors that Affect Climate Global climate is shaped by many factors, including solar energy

trapped in the biosphere, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents.

The balance between heat that stays in the biosphere and heat lost to space determines Earth’s average temperature.

The balance’s controlled by 3 gases found in the atmosphere: carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.

Greenhouse effect – the process in which certain gases trap sunlight energy in Earth’s atmosphere as heat.

The difference in heat distribution creates 3 different climate zones: tropical, temperate, and polar.

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The unequal distribution of heat across the globe creates wind and ocean currents, which transport heat and moisture.

Earth’s rotation causes wind to blow generally from west to east over the template zones and from east to west over the tropics and the poles.

III. The Niche Tolerance – the ability to survive and reproduce under a range of

environmental circumstances. When an environmental condition extends in either direction

beyond an organism’s optimum range, the organism experiences stress.

Habitat – the place where an organism lives. Occupation – where and how species “make a living”. A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which

a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.

Resource – any necessity of life such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.

Part of an organism’s niche involves the abiotic factors it requires for survival such as water.

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Biological aspects of an organism’s niche involve the biotic factors it requires for survival.

IV. Competition When organisms attempt to use the same limited ecological

resource in the same place at the same time, competition occurs. Competitive exclusion principle – principle that states that no two

species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

Instead of competing for similar resources, species usually divide them.

By causing species to divide resources, competition helps determine the number and kinds of species in a community and the niche species occupies.

V. Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone species Predation – an interaction in which one animal, the predator,

captures and feeds on another animal, the prey. Herbivory – an interaction in which one animal, the herbivore,

feeds on producers such as plants. Keystone species – single species that’s not usually abundant in a

community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community.

VI. Symbioses Symbiosis – any relationship in which two species live closely

together.

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Biologists recognize three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature:

Mutualism – relationship between both species in which both benefit.

Parasitism – relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it.

Commensalism – relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

VII. Primary and Secondary Succession Ecological succession – series of gradual changes that occur in a

community following a disturbance. Ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as

some species die out and new species move in. Primary succession – succession that occurs in an area in which no

trace of a previous community is present.

Pioneer species – the first species to colonize barren areas.

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Secondary succession – type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances; proceeds faster than primary succession, in part because soil survives the disturbances.

Every organism changes the environment it lives in.VIII. Climax Communities

Succession doesn’t proceed through the same stages to produce a specific and stable climax community.

Secondary succession in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances often reproduces the original climax community.

Some climax communities are disturbed so often that they can’t really be called stable.

Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human-caused disturbances.

Ecologists study succession by comparing different cases and looking for similarities and differences.

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