CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Digital usually refers to something using digits, particularly binary digits. (Wikipedia, 2018). There is pressing need for dentistry to move to the level of using digital devices or equipment’s to carry our oral health care services both in clinical procedures and laboratory procedures. Digital transformation is not necessarily about digital technology, but about the fact that technology, which is digital, allows people to solve their traditional problems. And the prefer this digital solution to the old solution. (Dado et al., 2014). In that case the introduction of the Digital art waxer with bursen burner can help to eradicate the conventional ways of wax pattern making during appliance or a prosthetic
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Digital usually refers to something using digits, particularly binary digits.
(Wikipedia, 2018). There is pressing need for dentistry to move to the level of
using digital devices or equipment’s to carry our oral health care services both in
clinical procedures and laboratory procedures.
Digital transformation is not necessarily about digital technology, but about the
fact that technology, which is digital, allows people to solve their traditional
problems. And the prefer this digital solution to the old solution. (Dado et al.,
2014). In that case the introduction of the Digital art waxer with bursen burner
can help to eradicate the conventional ways of wax pattern making during
appliance or a prosthetic restoration in other to achieve a well-fitting prosthesis.
The transformation stage means that digital usages inherently enable new types
of innovation and creativity in a particular domain, rather than simply enhance
and support traditional methods. (Michele et al., 2008). In a narrow sense, “digital
transformation” may refer to the concept of “going paperless”, and reaching a
“digital business maturity” (Heinze et al., 2018). This affects both individual
businesses (Keyur & Mary, 2000). And whole segments of society, such as
government, mass communications, art, medicine and science (Baker, 2014).
The use of dental technologies or devices that incorporates digital or computer-
controlled components to carry out dental procedures rather than using
mechanical or electrical tools is paramount to a successful dental restoration. The
use of digital dentistry can make carrying out dental procedures more efficient
than using mechanical tools, both for restorative as diagnostic purposes.
'Godfather' of Digital Dentistry is the French professor François Duret, who
invented dental CAD/CAM in 1973. (Wikipedia, 2018). Some of the technologies
used in digital dentistry include but not limited to;
CAD/CAM and intraoral imaging both laboratory and clinician’s controlled.
Photogrammetry based intraoral scanning (software driven)
3D printing of the digital images taken with intraoral scanner
Caries diagnosis
Computer aided implant dentistry, including design and fabrication of surgical
Digital radiography- intraoral and extra oral, including cone beam computed
tomography (CBSCT)
Occlusion and TMJ analysis and diagnosis
Photography –extra oral and intraoral
Practice and patient records management –including digital patient education.
Shade matching
3D printing to make appliance, temporaries and surgical guides
Diagnodent
Dental lasers
The wand –used to carry anesthesia
A digital art waxing device (digital wax carving pencil) is an electrically driven
device that is designed to carve and mold a variety of waxes used in the dental
laboratory. The digital art waxing device has variety of wax carving and adding tips
and easy temperature control which allows for precise waxing work. (Michelle,
2014).
A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a
single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization and combustion
(Wikipedia, 2018). The gas can be natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas, such as
propane, butane or a mixture of both. While the Bunsen burner is driven by gas,
the Bunsen burner attached to this digital art waxing device is electrically driven
to generate heat, thus it can be called an electrical Bunsen burner. Electrical
Bunsen burner combines the advantages of a regular gas burner with the clean
easy operation of the Electro mantles.
This electric Bunsen burner uses radiation to bring about heat transfer. The heater
directs radiation upwards to a focal point. This attached electrical Bunsen burner
is ideal for flaming modeling wax, heating dental hand pieces and instruments.
The heat generated from the heater is controlled by the control panel of the
digital art waxing machine since it is attached to it.
The digital art waxing machine with attached Bunsen burner will foster better
appreciation and practice of digital dental technology in the practice of digital
dentistry.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There is an increasing need to enlighten the dental professionals on the use of
advanced techniques in manipulating wax from a digital regulated heat source in
other to make precised and accurate wax patterns. The Introduction of a digital
art waxer and perhaps a Digital/ electrical bursen burner will help the dental
world to fabricate a well-fitting prosthesis. In some cases, dental professionals or
dental technologist have had cancers as a result of the inhalation of carbons and
gases using the various conventional sources of heat to make wax patterns in the
course of their work practice. In other to prevent the rate of dental professionals
suffering from these problems there is need for the invention and production of
the digital art waxing devices in the country. This will help reduce the cost of
importation of these devices which some professionals are not even able to
afford. Static and dynamic occlusal interferences frequently need to be corrected
by selective grinding of the occlusal surface of conventional cast, porcelain fused
to metal and all-ceramic restorations. Proper dimensional contours and occlusal
morphologies of these restorations is an important consideration in overall
success of the case. There are cases that some prosthesis was not properly fitted
in the patient mouth as a result of occlusal morphology discrepancies, and with
the use of the digital art waxer for wax pattern designs accurate morphology can
be achieved.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this project is the design and fabrication of a digital art waxer and
Bunsen burner.
The specific objectives are:
1. To eliminate carbon found on wax patterns prior to fabrication of
appliances.
2. To reduce the rate at which bursen burners are imported.
3. To help facilitate wax pattern making and achieve accurate occlusal
morphologies.
4. To reduce the exposure of dental professionals to gases using the
conventional ways of wax construction in the dental laboratory.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
How can this device be used in the fabrication of prostheses in the dental
laboratory?
How can effective wax manipulation be achieved better with respect to the
device?
Will this device guarantee successful fabrication of dental prosthesis?
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work covers every aspect of a digital art waxer construction, fabrication and
digital Bunsen burner production using stainless steel,
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Despite the efforts made in making this work easy, a lot of challenges were
encountered in the course of carrying out this work.
The challenges are;
Financial constraints: The needed capital to get the apparatus and the materials
needed for the design was huge and not raised on time.
Unavailability of materials: some of the materials were not found in the market
and how to be imported from foreign companies which delayed the work and also
increased cost.
Malfunctioning apparatus: In the course of the fabrication of the device, most of
the equipment’s and materials got faulty and this lead to the yield of improper
output.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
This study will significantly enlighten dental professionals on how important
a digital art waxer and Bunsen burner can help in effective wax manipulation in
the success of a dental prostheses. It will also provide and foster in-depth
knowledge on digital dental technology in the dental practice.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
DENTAL: This means pertaining or relating to the teeth in the oral cavity (Eyarefe
and Ugwuda, 2015).
FABRICATION: This is the process of creating a new material from existing
substances. It involves utilization of materials, tools and equipment to obtain a
target appliance (Eyarefe and Ugwuda, 2015).
LABORATORY: A place equipped and used for experimental study, research,
analysis, test or preparations in any branch of science.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 PRODUCTION THEORY
Production is basically an activity of transformation, which connects factor inputs
and outputs (Mishra 2014). Production makes use of resources to make provision
of service that is suitable for use, exchange in a market exchange economy. This
can include manufacturing, construction and packaging.
Some economists define production broadly as all economic activity other than
consumption. They see every commercial activity other than the final purchase as
some form of production.
Production is the process that combines various material and immaterial inputs
(plans, technical know-how) to make something for consumption (output) that
has value and contributes to the utility of an individual or group of people. This
imbibes personality trait. Coon (2004) defines personality traits as “stable
qualities that a person shows in most situations”. To the trait theorists there are
enduring inborn qualities or potentials of the individual that naturally make him
an entrepreneur.
The amounts of the various inputs used determine the quantity of output. In
relation to this study, the fabrication of these digital art waxer and Bunsen burner
has brought fort an impact in which it will be used to improve knowledge and
reduce cost for dental professionals all over Nigeria and also will improve accurate
reproduction of occlusal surfaces prior to crown and bridges construction.
Production is a process, because it is a flow concept, it is measured as a “rate of
output per period of time”.
There are three aspects to production processes:
1. The quantity of the good or service produced
2. The form of the good or service created
3. The temporal and spatial distribution of the good or service produced.
Economic study of production aims at finding an optimum between benefits and
expenditures of manufacture.
Basic concepts of production theory: classifications of Inputs include;
i. Labor
ii. Capital
iii. Land
iv. Raw materials
v. Time
These variables are measured per unit of time and hence referred to as flow
variables.
An input is a good or service that goes into the production process. As economists
refer to it, an input is simply anything which a firm buy for use in its Production.
This implies that in our study different raw materials which severed as an input
was bought in other to be used for the design and production processes which
includes example.
1. At mega 250
2. Micrometer wire
3. Seven-digit display
4. Thermocouple
5. Amplifiers
6. Stainless steel
7. Acrylic casing
An output, on the other hand, is any good or service that comes out of a
production Process. The successful fabrication of the Digital art waxer and Bunsen
burner was our successful output result within the study.
2.2 ENTREPRENUAL THEORY
According to Becker (1975), education and experience are the two factors
underlying the human capital entrepreneurship theory. The knowledge gained
from education and experience represents a resource that is heterogeneously
distributed across individuals and in effect central to understanding differences in
opportunity identification and exploitation (Anderson & Miller, 2003, Chandler &
Hanks, 1998, Gartner et al, 2005, Shane & Venkataraman, 2000).
Entrepreneurship is therefore the act of bringing into innovation a business idea
and strategies to generate profit (Nicole, 2017). It involves effecting social change
to bring about a new life changing solution. Entrepreneurship is an important
factor of growth in the economy. An entrepreneur puts together a business and
accepts the associated risk to make profit.
Murphy, Liao & Welsch (2006) contend that the movement offered a logic
dynamic reality. In explaining this, they point to the fact that knowledge is
communicated throughout a market system (e.g. via price information),
innovation transpires, entrepreneurs satisfy market needs, and system-level
change occurs. If an entrepreneur knows how to create new goods or services, or
knows a better way to do so, benefits can be reaped through this knowledge.
Entrepreneurs effectuate knowledge when they believe it will procure some
individually-defined benefits.
Entrepreneurship closes the gap between the inventors and the consumers.
However, scientists are known as inventors whose inventions have economic
values that need to be commercialized lying within the realm of
entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship is also sometimes considered a factor of production combine
with the other factors: land, labor, and capital (Sullivan et al, 2003).
Through the successful local fabrication of a digital art waxer that can be used to
improve the efficiency of wax manipulation in the dental laboratory for all dental
professionals, entrepreneurship could be encouraged. Furthermore, the cost of
treatment for patients can be reduced, the rate at which m gas burners are
purchased are been reduced and then this device is promoted and patronized by
all professionals.
2.3 THEORY OF HEAT
Energy is one of the most important factors to global prosperity in which its
importance cannot be over emphasized ranging from domestic purposes (heat
energy for cooking food and heating water), for industrial use (for heating
furnaces and running electric motors) and for transport purposes which run on
fuel. It is also important because it is the cornerstone of economic and social
development (Elsaeidy, 2004).
(Maxwell, 1872) stated that the distinction between hot bodies and cold ones is
familiar to all, and is associated in our minds with the difference of the sensations
which we experience in touching various substances, according as they are hot or
cold. The intensity of these sensations is susceptible of degrees, so that we may
estimate one body to be hotter or colder than another by the touch
There are many different forms of energy – heat, light, sound, electrical, kinetic,
potential. All of these forms of energy have the ability to do work. One form of
energy may be transformed into another. For example; potential (stored
chemical) energy is converted to heat energy during combustion. Kinetic energy
(as a result of friction) and electrical energy may also be converted to heat. It is
not possible to measure heat directly, Heat is a measure of the total kinetic
energy of the atoms or molecules in a body. Because heat is a form of energy the
units it is measured in are Joules (J) or kilo Joules (kJ). The heat content of a body
will depend on its temperature, its mass, and the material it is made of. What we
experience as heat is simply the kinetic energy of the great numbers of the
particles motion, as we know, this great numbers of the particles motion now is
called as thermal motion (Maxwell, 1872).
However, in thermodynamics, heat only denotes heat exchange or a form of
energy transfer between different temperatures, we don’t know which state
function can denote the energy of thermal motion because the concept of the
heat energy is ill-defined, the major reason for this issue is that the equation of
the first law is an equation of energy exchange
Transmission of Heat: Heat may be transferred from one place to another in three
ways:
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
Often a combination of all four processes takes place at the same time, especially
in a fire situation. If we wish to contain heat, then these processes must be
prevented.
Conduction: conduction is most obvious in solids. All liquids (except mercury) and
gases are very poor conductors of heat. When a solid heat up, its particles gain
kinetic energy and increase the energy with which they vibrate. Conduction
occurs when heat energy travels through a body, passing from particle to particle
as they vibrate against each other. A good conductor must have particles which
are close enough together to collide with sufficient force for energy to be
transferred. Metals are all good conductors of heat especially copper, aluminum
and silver, because they have “free” electrons which are easily able to transfer
heat energy. the energy
Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of the heated
particles themselves. This can only take place in liquids and gases because in
solids the particles are not able to move from their fixed positions. When a liquid
or gas is heated, it expands and becomes less dense. The lighter liquid or gas rises
allowing a flow of cooler material to take its place. This in turn becomes heated
and so a current is set up. Heat will continue to be transferred through the
available space in this way until it is evenly distributed conversion has not been
explicitly considered in this fundamental equation (Feynman, 1963).
Radiation: Radiation is the way we receive heat energy from the sun. It does not
require a medium for its transmission (i.e. it can travel through empty space) and
is in the form of electromagnetic energy waves which travel in the same way as
light or radio waves. When these energy waves fall on a body, the energy may be
absorbed, transmitted or reflected.
When radiant energy is absorbed the body will rise in temperature. A rack of
clothes left in front of a radiant heater will continue to absorb heat until it reaches
ignition temperature. Black and dull surfaces absorb (and radiate) heat much
more efficiently than white shiny surface The amount of heat energy received
decreases with the square of the distance from a radiant source, for example, if
an object is moved to twice the distance from a source, it will only receive a
quarter of the heat energy it would have received at the original distance. Radiant
energy is transmitted through clear materials such as glass. The glass does not
heat up. Radiant heat from the sun may be concentrated by means of a
magnifying glass, sufficient to ignite flammable material. Shiny, silver surfaces will
reflect radiant energy and not heat up. This is the reason for the silver coating on
a fire-fighter’s jacket.
Usually heat is transferred by each of these processes at the same time. It is the
fire-fighter's task to prevent this transfer taking place, if possible.
Therefore, the knowledge of the theories of heat energy and its application/ use
in wax pattern making is paramount in Dental technology prior to any denture,
crowns, bridges, skeletal plates fabrication is being carried out. Since the use of
acrylic resin as a denture base material in the fabrication of dentures, wax pattern
making is inevitable during heat cure denture fabrication process.
2.4 THEORY OF TEMPERATURE
Temperature is not the same as heat, Temperature measures the degree of
hotness of a body (“how hot”). It doesn’t depend on the mass or the material of
an object. It can be thought of as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
atoms or molecules in a body. As the temperature decreases, the kinetic energy
of the particles will decrease. At some point the kinetic energy of the particles
will reach zero. The temperature at which this would occur is known as “absolute
zero”. Temperature is measured using a variety of temperature scales. The most
commonly used are described in the next two sections. The Celsius Scale (°C) This
scale puts the freezing point of water at 0oC and the boiling point of water at 100 oC. The temperatures in between are divided up into 100 units (degrees).
The disadvantages of this scale are:
There may be temperatures below 0oC. The pressures and volumes of gases do
not change in proportion to Celsius temperature. The Kelvin Scale (K)
This scale has absolute zero as the zero point on its scale. The size of the degree
is the same as a Celsius degree.
Advantages:
• There are no negative temperatures
• Pressures and volumes of gases will change in proportion to Kelvin temperature.
Absolute zero is 273 degrees below OoC. To convert from Celsius degrees to
Kelvin degrees: add 273. To convert from Kelvin degrees to Celsius degrees:
subtract 273. For example:
K 0 273 373 oC -273 0 100 There are many different types of thermometer used
for measuring temperature e.g. mercury, alcohol, bi-metallic strip, thermocouple,