1 Begging the Question Loading the conclusion in the claim; assuming that something is true before it’s proven ⦁ “The antiwar demonstrators of the 1970s should be remembered as the cowards that they were.” ⦁ “Your arguments against Freud are due to your unresolved unconscious conflicts.” 2 Ad Hominem –Personal Attack An attack on the character of the individual rather than his/her actual arguments or qualifications ⦁ “Rudy Giuliani divorced his loving wife of many years. How could he possibly be qualified to be mayor?” ⦁ “How can you trust Freud—he himself was bipolar!” 3 Ad Populum –Bandwagon Appealing to prejudices or inclinations. If a majority of people believe or do something, everyone else should, too. “Over 70 percent of Americans favor the adoption of a national sky marshal program; what’s your problem?”
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1 Begging the Question Loading the conclusion in the claim; assuming that something is true before it’s proven
⦁ “The antiwar demonstrators of the 1970s should be remembered as the cowards that they were.”⦁ “Your arguments against Freud are due to your unresolved unconscious conflicts.”
2 Ad Hominem–Personal Attack
An attack on the character of the individual rather than his/her actual arguments or qualifications
⦁ “Rudy Giuliani divorced his loving wife of many years. How could he possibly be qualified to be mayor?”⦁ “How can you trust Freud—he himself was bipolar!”
3 Ad Populum–Bandwagon
Appealing to prejudices or inclinations.If a majority of people believe or do something, everyone else should, too.
“Over 70 percent of Americans favor the adoption of a national sky marshal program; what’s your problem?”
4 Red Herring Avoiding countering an opposing argument
directly by introducing a new or non-issue to the argument
“Equal pay for women is an important issue, but I wonder whether women really want to take the responsibility that comes with higher-paying jobs.”
http://crooksandliars.com/heather/michele-bachmann-announces-her-presidentia5 Complex Question
–Loaded QuestionAn unanswerable, biased question —sometimes allowing only two possible answers: yes or no.
“Hey, Frank, have you quit hanging around crack addicts yet?”
6 Appeal to False Auth.
–Association FallacyIdeas or actions are (un)acceptable because of people associated with them
⦁ “The hijackers were Egyptian; obviously Egyptians support terrorism.”⦁ “All those who can afford it prefer Freudian therapy.”
7 Non Sequitur Any illogical conclusion (usually reached
from faulty premises or poor evidence)“Japanese children spend 40% more time in the classroom than U.S. children. American parents should take more interest in the kids’ education.”
8 Appeal to Ignorance– Shifting Burden of Proof
Whatever has not been proven false must necessarily be true; whatever has not been proven true must necessarily be false. Absence of evidence is evidence.
⦁ “There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth; therefore, UFOs exist.”⦁ “In its 30+ years, SETI hasn’t ever detected signals from an ET, so neither aliens nor their UFOs exist.”
9 Circular Argument A sentence or argument that restates
rather than proves⦁ “President Reagan was a great communicator because he had that knack of talking effectively to the people.”⦁ “Plagiarism is dishonest because it is deceitful.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcU4t6zRAKg10 Genetic Fallacy Arguing that the origins of a person, object,
or institution determine its worth⦁ “He speaks with a German accent. He must be a Nazi.”⦁ “Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?” (John 1:46).⦁ “Is not this the carpenter’s son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas?” (Matthew 13:55).
11 Faulty Generalization
–Hasty Generalization–Stereotyping
Conclusion is unjustified due to insufficient/biased evidence
⦁ “Professor Brugger is a hard grader because he gave my roommate a D- last year.”⦁ “The majority of people in the United States die in hospitals, so stay out of them.”⦁ “I got bitten by a bunny once. I think they should all be slaughtered. What biological purpose do they serve?”
12 Oversimplification Ignores an issue’s complexities, variations,
or exceptions“The influx of foreign cars almost destroyed the American auto industry.”
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