ekrishiblog.files.wordpress.com  · Web view• Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc. Biological control: • Foliar application of neem oil

TURMERIC

Varieties

Turmeric is available in two seasons in India i.e.,February to May and August to October.

The various varieties of turmeric that are traded in India are.

Allepey Finger ( Kerala), Erode Turmeric (Tamil Nadu), Salem Turmeric (Tamil Nadu), Rajapore Turmeric (Maharashtra), Sangli Turmeric (Maharashtra), Nizamabad Bulb ( Andhra Pradesh) etc.

The major trading centers of turmeric are Nizamabad, Dugirala in Andhra Pradesh, Sangli in Maharshtra and Salem, Erode, Dharmapuri and Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu.

Some of the other popular cultivars are Duggirala, Tekkurpet, Sugandham, Amalapuram, Erode local, Salem, Alleppey, Moovattupuzha and Lakdong. The improved varieties of turmeric released from ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode.

More than 5 % curcumin content and lemon yellow, orange or orange

yellow coloured turmeric powder are preferred in the international market.

Crop Stage-wise IPM

1. Pre-sowing* 2. Planting/ seedling stage*

3. Vegetative & rhizome development stage 4. Reproductive /maturity 5. Harvesting & storage

Management Activities

1) Pre sowingPests,nematode, soil borne pathogens and other diseases

Cultural control:• Deep summer ploughing during summer.• Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil borne pests.Biological control:• At the time of planting, apply 25 g powdered neem cake and mix well with the soil in each pit taken at a spacing of 20-25 cm within and between rows or application of neem cake @ 2 t/ acre is also desirable.Cultural control:• Use of resistant varieties to rhizome wilt/ rot.• Crop rotation with maize, cotton, soybean.• Planting of disease-free seed rhizomes.• Use raised beds of 30 cm height

Bacterial wilt • Avoid crop rotation with tomato, potato, chillies, brinjal and peanut, as these plants are hosts for the wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.• Rhizome treatment with hot water 47oC for 3 minutes.• Use bio-fumigation using cabbage and mustard plant refuses.

2) Planting/ seedling stage

Rhizome rot/soft rot Cultural control:

• Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and avoiding the water stagnation• Adopt phyto sanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed.• Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc.

Biological control:• Foliar application of neem oil @ 0.5% twice at fortnightly interval.• Cow dung slurry or liquid manure may be poured on the bed after each mulching to enhance microbial activity and nutrient availability Use Fermented Plant Extract (FPE) prepared by using (garlic + onion leaves + Canabis sp + wild poisonous plant) + (cow urine) + (EM solution) + (extract after washing polished rice) + (alcohol) + (water) (1:1:1:1:1:15),

Rhizome-scale Cultural control:• Collect and destroy severely infested rhizomes.• Collect and destroy damaged leaves• Select healthy rhizomes free from scale infestation for using sowing purpose

3) Vegetative & rhizome development stage

Shoot borer Cultural control:• Plant the ecological engineering plants to attractant, augment and conserve natural enemies.• Destroy the infested shoots and destroy them to kill harbouring

caterpillars• Place light traps @ 1 /acre and operate between 6 and 10 pm to attract and trap the adult moths. Collect and kill the trapped moths.Biological control:• Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 40,000/acre.• Conserve and augment entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) such as Rhabditis /Oscheius turmerici .

Rhizome fly

Cultural control:• Destroy stray plants in off season• Select and plant healthy rhizomes.• Remove and destroy rotting rhizomes along with the maggots from the field after the harvest of the crop.• Ecological engineering in turmeric with paddy reduces pest attacks.Biological control:• Conserve and/or inundate the natural enemies such as ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Trichogrammatids etc.

Leaf roller/ Bihar hairy caterpillar

Cultural control:• Collect and destroy the egg masses and larvae• Remove alternate weed hosts near the fieldBiological control:• Conserve the natural enemies such as ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Bracon sp, fire ants, dragon fly, praying mantis, ground beetle and Trichogrammatids etc.• Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000/acre.

Leaf spot Cultural control:• Pluck and remove the infested leaf and uproot the infested plants and destroy them.• Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes.Biological control: • Use of plant

extracts such as garlic extracts is effective against foliar pathogens.• Spray of an extract of asafoetida, turmeric and water pathogens including nematodes.

Leaf blotch

Cultural control:• Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes.Biological control:• Use of plant extracts such as garlic extracts is effective against foliar pathogens.

Soft rot/ rhizome rot

Cultural control:• Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and avoiding the water stagnation• Adopt phyto sanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed.• Adopt crop rotation with non-host crops like ragi, paddy, maize, sorghum etc.

Taphrina leaf blotch Cultural control:• Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and avoiding the water stagnation• Adopt phyto sanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted and destroyed.Biological control:• Use Fermented Plant Extract (FPE) prepared by using (garlic + onion leaves + Canabis sp + wild poisonous plant) + (cow urine) + (EM solution) + (extract after washing polished rice) + (alcohol) + (water) (1:1:1:1:1:15), sufficient for 1.0 ha for seed treatment against soft rot.

Taphrina leaf blotch

Cultural control:• Field sanitation should be practiced.• Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops to reduce the inoculum build up.

Colletotrichum leaf spot

Cultural control:• Field sanitation should be practiced.• Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops to reduce the inoculum build up.

White grub**

Cultural control:• Uproot the infested plants, collect and destroy the infected plant along with larvae.• Use well decomposed FYM

Lacewing bug**

Cultural control:• Destroy all volunteer plants and old neglected plantations.• Use healthy and pest free rhizomes for planting. Apply hot water treatment prior to planting.

Nematodes**

Cultural control:• Uproot and destroy the infested plants.• Treat infested rhizomes with hot water (50 OC) for 10 minutes, using nematode free seed rhizomes and solarizing turmeric beds for 40 days.• Intercropping of marigold• Deep ploughing or solarized beds of infested fields during summer

Rodents

Cultural control:• Traps are used to catch and kill rodents.• If possible cultivate turmeric in sloping and steep areas, as the crop will be protected from grazing animals and rodent pests.

4)Reproductive /maturity

Nutrients • Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest

Weeds • Remove left over weeds to prevent weed seed spread in fi eld.

Dry rot** Cultural control:• Field sanitation should be practiced.• Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops reduce the inoculum build

up.Leaf spot/ leaf blight/ rhizome rot • Same as in vegetative stage.

5)Harvesting & storage

Cultural control:• Store the harvested rhizomes free from pest/disease in pits dug under shade, the floor of which is lined with sand or saw dust.• Cover the pits with coconut fronds.• Destroy the soft rot/ bacteria rot infected rhizomes

Insect and Nematode Pests

1. Shoot borer 2. Rhizome scale 3. Thrips 4. Bihar hairy caterpillar 5. Lacewing bug 6. Leaf roller/skipper 7. White grubs 8. Root knot, burrowing and lesion nematodes 9.

Shoot borer

The pest population is higher in the field during September-October. The pest is most active from July to October.

Favourable conditions

Temperature range 30 - 33 °C and relative humidity range 60 - 90%.

Damage symptoms

The larvae bore into pseudostems and feed on internal tissues resulting in yellowing and drying of leaves of infested pseudostems.

Rhizome scale

Occurrence: The rhizome scale infests rhizomes in the field (at later stages) and in storage.

Damage symptoms

In initial stage of infestation, the white coloured scales are seen scattered on rhizomes and later they congregate near the growing buds.

When the infestation is severe the rhizome and buds shrivel and ultimately the entire rhizome dries.

Thrips

Favourable conditions Warm and humid weather

Damage symptoms

Thrips damage the undersides of leaves by sucking their plant sap. They damage young and soft parts of plants such as new leaves and

shoots. Leaves become rolled up, and turn pale and gradually dry-u

Bihar hairy caterpillar

Damage symptoms Young larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaves and

cause loss by way of defoliation. Sometimes, after defoliated the crop larvae feed on the capsules.

Lacewing bug

The pest infestation is more common during the post monsoon period especially in drier regions of the country

Damage symptom

The foliage of infested plants turns pale or yellow and dries up.

Leaf roller/skipper

Favourable conditions

Temperature 26- 35° C, relative humidity 41 - 100%

Damage symptom:

The larvae cut and fold the leaves, remain within and feed on them, pupate inside the leaf.

White grubs

Damage symptoms

Grubs are polyphagous and both adults and larvae are damaging stages. The grubs live in soil and remain active, feed on the functional roots of

the plant, leaving behind only tap root. Grub infested plants turn pale, leaves and branches drop down, the plant

withers and can be easily uprooted.

It ultimately dies off resulting in patchy crop growth.

Favourable conditions

Warm and humid weather

Root knot, burrowing and lesion nematodes

Damage symptoms

Root-knot nematode feed on tender rhizomes, roots and base of pseudostem causing stunting, chlorosis, poor tillering and necrosis of leaves are the common aerial symptoms.

Characteristic root galls and lesions that lead to rotting are generally seen in roots.

Survival and spread

Nematodes survive in soil and infected rhizomes as primary inoculum. Therefore, tissues from infected crops remaining in the fi eld serve as a

reservoir of the fungus. It spreads from infected plants or through soil.

Favourable condition:

Warm, moist soil are favourable conditions

Cultivation

Preparation of land

The land is prepared with the receipt of early monsoon showers. The soil is brought to a fin tilth by giving about four deep ploughings. Hydrated lime @ 500 - 1000 kg/ha has to be applied for laterite soils based on the soil pH and thoroughly ploughed. Immediately with the receipt of pre- monsoon showers, beds of 1.0 m width, 30 cm height and of convenient length are prepared with spacing of 50 cm between beds. Planting is also done by forming ridges and furrows.Seed materialWhole or split mother and finger rhizomes are used for planting and well developed healthy and disease free rhizomes are to be selected. The seed rhizomes are treated with mancozeb 0.3% (3 g/L of water) for 30 minutes, shade dried for 3-4 hours and planted. A seed rate of 2000 to 2500 kg of rhizomes is required for planting one hectare of turmeric.T ransplanting

A transplanting technique in turmeric by using single bud sprouts (about 5 g) has been standardized to produce good quality planting material with reduced cost. The technique involves raising transplants from single sprout seed rhizomes in the pro-tray and planted in the field after 30-40 days. The advantages of this technology are production of healthy planting materials and reduction in seed rhizome quantity and eventually reduced cost on seeds.

Technology Select healthy turmeric rhizomes for seed purpose

Treat the selected rhizomes with mancozeb (0.3%) and quinalphos

(0.075%) for 30 min and store in well ventilated place

One month before planting, the seed rhizomes are cut into single buds with small piece of rhizomes weighing 5-7 g.

• Treat the single bud sprouts (mancozeb 0.3%) for 30 min before planting

Fill the pro-trays (98 well) with nursery medium containing partially

decomposed coir pith and vermicompost (75:25),

• enriched with PGPR/Trichoderma 10g/kg of mixture• Plant the turmeric bud sprouts in pro-trays

• Maintain the pro-trays under shade net house (50%)• Adopt need based irrigation with rose can or by using suitable sprinklers

Seedlings will be ready withn in 30-35 days for transplanting.

Planting In Kerala and other West Coast areas where the rainfall begins early, the crop can be planted during April-May with the receipt of pre-monsoon

showers. Small pits are made with a hand hoe on the beds with a spacing of 25 cm x 30 cm. Pits are filled with well decomposed cattle manure or compost, seed rhizomes are placed over it then covered with soil. The optimum spacing in furrows and ridges is 45-60 cm between the rows and 25 cm between the plants.

Weeding and irrigation Weeding has to be done thrice at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting depending upon weed intensity. In the case of irrigated crop, depending upon the weather and the soil conditions, about 15 to 23 irrigations are to be given in clayey soils and 40 irrigations in sandy loams.

Manuring

Turmeric needs heavy manuring. Application of well rotten cow dung or compost from own farm @2-3 tonne /acre may be given as basal dose while planting rhizomes in the pits. In addition, application of neem cake @ 0.8 tonnes/ acre is also desirable.

Mixed croppingTurmeric can be grown as an intercrop in coconut and arecanut plantations. It can also be raised as a mixed crop with chillies, colocasia,

onion, brinjal and cereals like maize, ragi, etc.

Plant protection Diseases

Leaf blotch

Leaf blotch is caused by Taphrina maculans and appe ars as small, oval, rectangular or irregular brown spots on either side of the leaves soon become dirty yellow or dark brown. The leaves also turn yellow. In severe cases the plants present a scorched appearance and the rhizome yield is reduced. The disease can be controlled by spraying mancozeb 0.2%.

Leaf spot

Leaf spot is caused by Colletotrichum capsici and appears as brown spots of various sizes on the upper surface of the young leaves. The spots are irregular in shape and white or grey in the centre. Later, two or more spots may coalesce and form an irregular patch covering almost the whole leaf. The affected leaves eventually dry up. The rhizomes do not develop well. The disease can be controlled by spraying carbendazim (0.5 kg/ha) or mancozeb (0.2 %) or copper oxychloride (0.2%).

Leaf blight

Leaf blight is caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The disease is characterized by the appearance of necrotic patches with papery white centre of varying

sizes on the lamina which spread on the whole surface leaving a blighted appearance. The disease occurs during the post monsoon season. The disease can be controlled by spraying Bavistin 0.2% or Bordeaux mixture 1% with the initiation of infection.

Rhizome rot

The disease is caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. The lower leaves of the infected pseudostem show yellowing, collar region of the pseudo stem becomes soft and water soaked, resulting in collapse of the plant and decay of rhizomes. Treating the seed rhizomes with mancozeb 0.3% for 30 minutes prior to storage and at the time of sowing prevents the

disease. When the disease is noticed in the field, the beds should be drenched with COC 0.2% or Metalaxyl -mancozeb 0.125%.

Nematode pests

Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) are the two

important nematodes causing damage to turmeric. Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) are of

common occurrence in Andhra Pradesh. In places where nematode problems are common, use only healthy, nematode-free planting material. Increasing the organic content of the soil also checks the multiplication of nematodes.

Pochonia chlamydosporia can be applied to the beds at the

time of sowing @ 20 g/bed (106 cfu/g) for management of nematode problems.

Management Spray malathion (0.1%) or lamda-cyhalothrin (0.0125%) at 21

days intervals during July to October. Initiate spraying when the first symptom of pest attack is seen on the

inner most leaf.

Rhizome scale

The rhizome scale (Aspidiella hartii) infests rhizomes in the field (at later stages of the crop) and in storage. Management Adapt timely harvest of rhizomes Before storage, discard severely infested rhizomes Treat seed material with quinalphos (0.075%) (for 20-30 minutes)

before storage and also before sowing in case the infestation persists.

Harvesting and processing

Well managed turmeric crop is ready for harvest in seven to nine months depending on the variety and time of sowing.

The crop is generally harvested during January to March. On maturity, the leaves turn dry and are light brown to yellowish in

colour. In Kerala, turmeric is grown in raised beds and harvesting is done

either manually or by using a tractor. In case of manual harvesting, the land is ploughed, the clumps are

carefully lifted with spade and the rhizomes are gathered by hand picking.

Harvesting with a tractor attached to a turmeric harvester is followed when the raised beds are taken using a tractor.

The harvested rhizomes are collected manually and all the extraneous matter adhering to them is cleared.

Preservation of seed rhizomesRhizomes for seed purpose are generally stored by heaping in well ventilated rooms and covered with turmeric leaves. The seed rhizomes can

also be stored in pits with saw dust, sand along with leaves of Stychnos nux-vomica (Kanjiram). The pits are to be covered with wooden planks with one or two openings for aeration. The rhizomes are to be dipped in quinalphos (0.075%) solution for 20-30 minutes if scale infestations are observed and in mancozeb (0.3%) to avoid storage losses due to fungi.

Fingers: These are the lateral branches or secondary ‘daughter’ rhizomes which are detached from the central rhizome before curing. Fingers usually range in size from 2.5 to 7.5 cm in length and may be over 1 cm in diameter.Bulbs: These are central ‘mother’ rhizomes, which are ovate in shape and are of shorter length and having larger diameter than the fingers.Splits: Splits are the bulbs that have been split into halves or quarters to facilitate curing and subsequent drying.

harvest. Production of turmeric varies from 8,000 to 10,000 kg/acre, 39 ton/hectare .The fingers and bulbs (or mother rhizomes) are separated and are cured separately, since the latter take a little longer to cook. The dry recovery of the different turmeric varieties vary widely ranging from 19 to 23%.

Post harvest processing

The harvested turmeric rhizomes before entering into the market is converted into a stable commodity through a number of post harvest processing operations like.

boiling, drying and polishing.

Boiling of turmeric is taken up within 3 or 4 days after

Drying

Polishing

Cleaning, grading, packing and Storage

Although Indian turmeric is considered to be the best in the world, about 90% of the total produce is consumed internally and only a small portion of the production is exported. Turmeric of commerce is described in three ways:Steps

Clean the rhizomes thoroughly

Boil rhizomes for 45 min

Peel off the skins

Dry in shade for at least a week

Break up rhizomes with a hammer

Grind rhizomes using a mortar and pestle, or a food processor

Traditional uses

In Ayurvedic practices, turmeric has been used as an attempted treatment for a variety of internal disorders, such as indigestion, throat infections,

common colds, or liver ailments, as well as topically to cleanse wounds or treat skin sores.

Turmeric is considered auspicious and holy in India and has been used in various Hindu ceremonies for millennia. It remains popular in India for wedding and religious ceremonies.

INTRODUCTION Turmeric is the herbaceous perennial and a native of South

Asia particularly India. The plant is propagated from rhizomes. The leaves are long, broad, lanceolate and bright green. The flowers are pale yellow and borne on dense spikes. The pseudostems are shorter than leaves. The rhizomes are ready for harvesting in about 7 to 9 months after planting.

turmeric (Curcuma longa) (Family: Zingiberaceae) is used as condiment, dye, drug and cosmetic in addition to its use in religious ceremonies.

India is a leading producer and exporter of turmeric in the world. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Assam are some of the important states cultivating turmeric, of which, Andhra Pradesh alone occupies 38.0% of area and 58.5% of production. During 2013-2014

Turmeric , the ancient and sacred spice of India known as ‘Indian saffron’ is an important commercial spice crop grown in India.

It is used in diversified forms as a condiment, flavouring and colouring agent and as a principal ingredient in Indian culinary as curry powder.

It has anti cancer and anti viral activities and hence finds use in the drug industry and cosmetic industry.

'Kum-kum', popular with every house wife, is also a by-product of turmeric. It finds a place in offerings on religious and ceremonial occasions.

A type of starch is also being extracted from a particular type of turmeric.

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