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Construction of Epidemiology Information Interchange System

for Migratory Disease and Insect Pests in Asia Region (IPM)

The 2016 Report of Thailand

Witchuda Rattanakarn, Chairat Channoo, Kornsiri Srinil, Nootjarin Jungkhun and Suniyom Taprab

1. Introduction

Rice is a staple food and major crop of Thailand which is widely grown all year round in every regions of the country. Rice production area has an approximately 47% of agricultural land use including 4 ecosystems such as upland area (4%), deep water area (4%), rainfed lowland area (77%) and irrigated area (15%). Cropping season for growing rice are wet season which is started from July-November and dry season is started from January–May. In 2015 rice production area has a total of 10.6 million ha with total rice production of 31.4 million ton which exported quantity and value are 9.5 million ton and 4,285.71 million US$. In 2016, rice production area which is targeted to promote under the government policy is 9.56 million ha including of 8.83 million ha in wet season and 0.72 million ha in dry season with the estimated total rice yield production is 24.01 million ton. Policy to reduce rice production area which is decreased yield production according to demand of the domestic and export market.

Rice production in irrigated area has been continuously grown over the year. Such condition becomes favorable to rice pests such as insect pest outbreak and associated virus epidemic. Moreover, farmers like to use pesticide controlling pest and they are often used incorrectly. It is supporting rice pest resistance and more severe outbreak. Insect pest population builds up and migration becomes important issues to be investigated for control measures developing. AFACI initiated regional collaborated project on construction of epidemiology information interchange system for migratory disease and insect pests in Asia region (IPM) to achieve update and sharing information of insect migration, especially plant hoppers and associated virus diseases epidemic. Insect population monitoring had been applied for planthoppers migration and associated virus diseases monitoring through adapted tools for Asia countries.

In Thailand, 4 monitoring sites were conducted in Rice Research Center which are located from Eastern up to Northern regions based on the direction of the monsoon including Prachinburi Rice Research Center in Eastern region, Chainat Rice Research Center in Central region, Pitsanuloke Rice Research Center in Lower Northern region and Chiangrai Rice Research Center in Upper Northern region. (Figure 1)

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Figure 1 Four monitoring sites at Prachinburi, Chainat, Pitsanuloke And Chiangrai Rice Research Centers

Light traps with an electric light motivated insects were used to collect insect pests from paddy field during 19.00 - 21.00 pm everyday in 4 monitoring sites. Insect pests including brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal; BPH), the most important insect pest were daily counted and accumulated in monthly report. Visual count were also used to monitor insect pests in the rice field every week and verify data from local officials in charge and advises farmers.

2016 project result summary

1. Chainat Rice Research Center - Central region

Paddy field in Central region is well irrigated of the country. Most of rice varieties grown there is modern semi-dwarf and resistant or moderately resistance to brown planthopper varieties such as Phisanuloke 2, RD31, RD47 and RD61. In adjacent paddy field, farmers continuously cultivated mono-variety in large area. Pesticide application more than necessary and miss used of pesticide always happen. Such condition induced brown planthopper population build up very rapidly. Brown planthopper population was highly abundant as 14,037 and 7,725 individuals per month in wet season and dry season, respectively, in Chainat Rice Research Center. It is showed two peaks of BPH population abundance. The first peak is in mid August, 2015 and the second is in early April, 2016 since main crop started at July and second crop started at february. Each peak is reached when rice plant was in maximum tillering or about 1.5-2 months after planting. (Figure 2) In addition, the amount of other insect pests collected from light trap were also counted. Rice black bug population is higher than brown planthopper population in October 2015, December 2015 and January 2016. (Figure 3)

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Figure 2 Monthly counted BPH at Chainat Rice Research Center

Figure 3 Monthly counted insect pest at Chainat Rice Research Center

2. Chiangrai Rice Research Center – Upper North region

1st crop 2015 2nd crop 2015 1st crop 2016

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Chiangrai is the north most province where rice is grown 2 crops a year. The Main crop is traditional variety which starts at July-August to be harvested in December. The Second crop starts at February to be harvested in June. BPH is not predominant insect pest in this area, the most abundant insect pest is white backed planthopper. However, BPH population dynamic has 2 peaks in early November and early May with actual counted of 332 and 556 individuals. (Figure 4) In addition, the amount of other insect pests collected from light trap were also counted. Zigzag leafhopper, white backed planthopper and green leafhopper population are higher than brown planthopper population in November 2015, March 2016 and May 2016. (Figure 5)

Figure 4 Monthly counted BPH at Chiangrai Rice Research Center

Figure 5 Monthly counted insect pest at Chieangrai Rice Research Center

3. Phitsanulok Rice Research Center – Lower Northern

1st crop 20152nd crop 2015 1st crop 2016

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Main crop of Lower Northern region area is photoperiod sensitive, late matured variety. It started from June–July to be harvested in October. There are 2 second crops of photoperiod insensitive varieties after Main crop. The Second crop 1 start at the end of November to early December to be harvested in March to April. The Second crop 2 is immediately grown after harvesting of Second crop 1 to be harvested in July to August. So, the Second crop 2 is overlapped by Main crop during May-July. This cropping pattern causes multiple peaks of BPH population. The most abundance can be observed in two peaks in October-November and March with actual counted of 783 and 356 BPH individuals. It was observed that while BPH population of Chainat decreased in November but BPH population of Pitsanuloke increased in November. (Figure 6)

The amount of other insect pests collected from light trap were also counted. Rice black bug was found its highest population in July 2015, December, 2015 and January, 2016. White backed planthopper and Zigzag leafhopper population are higher than BPH in September, 2015 and November, 2015. (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Monthly counted BPH at Phitsanulok Rice Research Center

Figure 7 Monthly counted insect pest at Phitsanulok Rice Research Center

4. Prachinburi Rice Research Center - Eastern region

1st crop 2015 2nd crop1 2015 2 nd crop2 2016

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Two types of rice varieties were mainly grown 2 crops a year in Eastern region of the country. Normally, main crop 1 started at the April-May or early rainy season are traditional deep water and floating rice varieties. Because of drought situation in this year, farmer did not growing rice in this period. Main crop 2 or 1 st crop in this year started at mid-July are traditional lowland varieties and will be harvested in November-December. Second crop will start in January or a month later are photoperiod insensitive varieties or modern semi-dwarf varieties.

Monthly accumulate counted data of brown planthopper in July 2015 – July 2016 at Prachinburi Rice Research Center was reported. It was found that brown planthopper population has only 1 peak of abundance BPH in February, 2016. Light trap counted brown planthopper increased from January and reached to its peak in late February where rice plants are in maximum tillering growth stage. Because of many BPH resistant varieties were registered and released by Rice Department to decrease the damage of BPH outbreak and associated virus diseases which Thailand faced in 2010-2012. Thus, the peak of abundance BPH got 403 BPH individuals. Number of brown planthopper gradually decreased after flowering stage in mid March to early April until harvesting time in April-May. (Figure 8) Such unfavorable condition and hard to find rice field, BPH population is not abundance until main crop 1, 2016 is grow in July. In early 2016, farmer did not growing rice in some irrigated area due to drought situation. Such unfavorable condition and hard to find rice field, BPH population is not abundance until main crop 1, 2016 is growed in July. BPH population will be increase where main crop 1 is at maximum tillering stage and after that it decreased until harvesting time. In addition, the amount of other insect pests collected from light trap were also counted. Green leafhopper and Zigzag leafhopper population are higher than brown planthopper population in September, 2015 and July, 2015. (Figure 9)

Figure 8 Monthly counted BPH at Prachinburi Rice Research Center

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Figure 9 Monthly counted insect pest at Prachinburi Rice Research Center

5. All sites

When all sites data was overlay in the same level, it was found that BPH population of Chainat RRC is more abundant with 2 peaks of 14,037 and 7,725 individuals. Chiangrai RRC has lowest population density with 2 peaks of 332 and 556 individauls. BPH population at Phisanuloke RRC has 2 peaks of 6,975 and 5,849 individuals. BPH population at Prachinburi RRC also gets 2 peaks of 403 and 230 individuals. BPH population of both Chainat RRC and Phisanuloke RRC reached their first and second peaks in August and November while BPH of Chiangrai RRC and Prachinburi RRC reached its first peak in May and February, 2016. The second peak of Chiangrai BPH population are in November,2015 and April, 2016 whilst the second peak of Prachinburi is in March, 2016. (Figure 10) This population dynamics difference from last year (Figure 11) it seem like no BPH migration from Lower Eastern region to the Central plain and then move upward to Lower Northern and Upper Northern region like population dynamics of 2014-2015. Because of low density of BPH population in all 4 monitoring sites and when there is high population density BPH population dynamics might be local population motivated by rice varieties, planting time, various growth stages of rice plant and environmental situation.

Figure 10 BPH population caught by light trap at Chainat RRC, Chiangrai RRC, Pitsanuloke RRC and Prachinburi RRC in 2015- 2016.

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Figure 11 BPH population caught by light trap at Chainat RRC, Chiangrai RRC,

Pitsanuloke RRC and Prachinburi RRC in 2014- 2015.

Table 1 BPH population caught by light trap at Prachinburi, Chainat,

Pitsanuloke and Chiangrai Rice Research Centre, in 2014-2015.

Month Chainat RRC

Chiangrai RRC

Pisanuloke RRC

Prachinburi RRC

July 2015 1591 3 47 84

August 14037 52 6975 61

September 5007 230 213 123

October 47 286 166 61

November 1424 332 5849 58

December 815 95 569 99

January 2016 159 34 39 49

February 953 28 28 403

March 3855 223 270 230

April 7725 332 0 21

May 3 556 0 13

June 7 28 0 4

July 1155 28 10 18

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2. 2016 field survey results for Rice planthoppers, rice virus and plant species

Monitoring DateRice

PlanthoppersRice varieties Method

Geographic regions

20 April 2015 BPH Khao dawk mali 105 Visual count Northeastern10 August 2016 BPH Khao dawk mali 105 Visual count Central17 August 2016 BPH Khao dawk mali 105 Visual count Eastern18 August 2016 BPH Prathunthani 1 Visual count Lower

northern

BPH = Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugen Stal) Rice Virus = not detected

Area affected by Brown planthopper, 2015-2016

Month Area affected (ha) Geographic regions

July 2015 19.34 Northeast, Central, South

August 2015 225.54 North, Northeast, South

September 2015 814.92 North, Northeast, South

October 2015 248.92 North, Northeast, South

November 2015 43.69 North, Central, South

January 2016 8.15 South

April 2016 150.77 North, Northeast

3. 2016 Project outcomes

- The annual monitoring information of RPH and rice viruses in member countries could be accumulated and shared among collaboration countries through the AMIVS platform.

- Farmer’s paddy field where our 4 monitoring sites have been visited for field survey know about rice pest situation early before their field were destroyed or rice pest outbreak happened.

- Farmer were warned before the outbreak. It can be safely protect rice yield or reduce losses of rice production.

- Rice pests data and environment situation in 2014-2015 from this project could be our advantage information in early warning or other research.

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- There are alternatives for monitoring rice pest and supporting early warning system.

4. 2016 Propject plan

4.1 Survey plan for rice insect pests and associated viruses

* Light trap - monitoring rice insect pest everyday

4.2 Monitoring rice field in 4 RRC every 7 days

: visual count, sweep net , sticky trap

4.3 Field survey in 3 farmer fields every 15 days

: visual count, sweep net and collect rice virus infected plant.

4.4 Sharing information among country in IPM project participants and coordinators.

5. Discussion and suggestion

5.1 Plant health and farmer practices data should be collected including pest population. Pest outbreak often occurred in some area because of farmer practices such as chemical misused or overdoses application.

5.2 AFACI IPM project should produce an application on mobile phone as a tool for identification, monitoring rice pest and including recommendation for management to reduce or end of rice pest epidemic including their outbreak.

5.3 We could learn, gain and sharing experience among participants and coordinators.

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