incubus005.bizhat.comincubus005.bizhat.com/moxlai_downloads/Anglu.doc  · Web view3.1 Verbs 3.2 Verbs +..ing or the Infinitive 3.3 Nouns 3.4 Articles 3.5 Pronouns 3.6 Modifiers 3.7

3. ANGLŲ KALBA

3.1 Verbs3.2 Verbs +..ing or the Infinitive3.3 Nouns3.4 Articles3.5 Pronouns3.6 Modifiers3.7 Prepositions3.8 Syntax3.9 Vocabulary3.10 Check Your Knowledge of English 

3.1. VERBS

1. Auxiliary verbs

Do is used to form negative and question forms of the Present Tense and did is used in the Past Simple Tense:

I don’t like it. Does she go to the University? He didn’t pass the exams. Didn’t we meet at the airport?

Do is used in the positive to give emphasis to a verb:

She is very busy. She does try hard. I did try to help, but there was no need.

Do is used in tag questions and short answers:

He wrote it, didn’t he? She knows him better, doesn’t she? Who opened the window? Rose did.

Be + Present Participle (–ing) is used to form continuous tenses:

I am writing a letter now.

Be + Past Participle (–ed etc.) is used to form passive sentences:

The houses are built from bricks. It’ll be finished soon.

Have + Past Participle (–ed etc.) is used to form perfect tenses:

I have never been to London. They have already started it.

2. Modal auxiliary verbs

Unlike do, be, have (which only help to form tenses) modal auxiliaries have their own meanings. They express:

ability (can) – I can’t explain it. possibility (can, may) – Can I have my photo taken? permission (may) – May I use your book? uncertainty (may) – You may think you’re very old, but you strike me as extremely young. reproach (might) – You might come in time. obligation (must, ought to) – Children ought to respect their parents. He must earn money. advisability (should) – You should be more careful. necessity (need) – He did not need to be told twice. refusal (will not/won’t) – The car won’t start. (It “refuses” to start).

Some important modal phrases:

1. To have + Infinitive (obligation, necessity) is used as a modal expression in three tense forms: Present, Past and Future Indefinite.

I have to get up at seven every day. Did you have to get up at 7 on Sunday? She will have to come on time.

2. To be + Infinitive (rather strict obligation, a planned action) is used as a modal expression in two tenses: Present and Past Indefinite (was, were).

You are to go straight to your room. We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to seven.

Remember:

Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual; can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). Sometimes we have to use be able to:

I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently (can has no Present Perfect).

I’ll be able to help you (can has no Future Indefinite).

Could is the past of can especially with these verbs: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember and understand:

I could remember only a few words.

I could play handball very well when I was at school. (General ability to do something).

If we mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, we have to use was/were able to (not could):

He was a good runner so he was able to escape from the prison.

We sometimes use could to talk about possible future actions, especially when we make suggestions and could have (done) to say that we had the ability or the oportunity to do something but did not do it:

We could go to the theatre this evening (Present). We could have gone to the theatre but we decided to stay at home. (Past)(We had the opportunity to go out but we didn’t.)

Mainly it doesn’t matter which of must (do) or have to (do) we use:

I must / have to go.

But with must the speaker gives his own feelings:

Lina is seriously ill. I must visit her.

With have to the speaker gives facts:

I have to get up early tomorrow.

Must is only used when we talk about the present and future:

I must read it. Must you hand it in next week?

Have to can be used in all forms:

We have to write about it. We had to write about it. We’ll have to write about it.

We use do / does / did with have to in present/past questions and negative sentences:

Do you work? No, I’m extremely rich so I don’t have to work. She doesn’t have to get up so early. She gets up early because she prefers to.

Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different:

You mustn’t forget what I told you. (It is necessary that you do not forget). You don’t have to read this book. (It is not necessary to do it).

Needn’t (do) means that it is not necessary to do something:

You needn’t worry.

Instead of needn’t you can use don’t / doesn’t need to:

You don’t need to worry.

We use needn’t have + Past Participle (–ed etc.) to say that someone did something but it wasn’t necessary:

I needn’t have hurried because the train was late.

Didn’t need to is different from needn’t have:

I didn’t need to read, so I didn’t. (An action was unnecessary). I needn’t have taken an umbrella, it didn’t rain. (It was not known at the time that the action was not necessary.)

3. English tense usage in the Active Voice

Remember:

When you make a suggestion, you can say Why don’t you ...? :

I am hungry. Why don’t we go and have a bite?

When talking about one’s native country or city / town, we say:

“Where do you come from? Where are you from?” but not “Where are you coming from?”

We say “He comes from Germany” but not “He is coming from Germany.”

Present Simple is used when we say how often we do things (every day (week etc.), often, usually, sometimes etc.). We say:

“I go to the university every week” but not “I am going to the university every week”.

We say ”She often visits us” but not “She is often visiting us”.

We say “He usually watches TV in the evening” but not “He is usually watching TV in the evening”.

Table of Tenses ( Active )

Time

AspectPresent Past Future Future in the

Past

Indefinite I go to the club every week.

I went to the club last week.

I shall go to the club next week.

I said I should go to the club the following week.

Continuous (Don’t speak to him.) He is working.

When I came he was working.

(Don’t come at 8.) I shall be working.

He said he would be working at 8 o’clock.

Perfect1. (I can return the books to the library.) I have read them.

2. I have already known him for 2 years.

1. I had read all the books by the 1st of September.

2. By 1994 I had known him for 10 years.

1. I shall have read all the books by the 1st of May.

2. By 2000 I shall have known him for 16 years.

I said I should have read all the books by the 1st of May.

Perfect 1. I have been reading

1. I had been reading that By the 1st of I said (that) by

Continuousthis book for a week.

2. (I am very tired.) I have been reading a lot.

book for a week when you asked me for it.

2. (I was very tired.)

I had been reading a lot.

June I shall have been reading the book for a month.

the 1st of June I should have been reading the book for a month.

Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do in the nearest future:

She is going to Paris next week (but not “She will go” because she has already planned it).

When we are talking about timetables, programmes etc., we say:

“The train leaves at 7.00 p. m.” but not “The train is leaving at 7.00 p. m.”.

We say “Tomorrow is Monday” but not “Tomorrow will be Monday”.

When we offer, agree or refuse, promise and ask, we say:

“I’ll help you” but not “I help you”.

We say “I’ll bring it back as soon as possible” but not “I bring ...”

We say “I promise I’ll phone” but not “I promise I phone...”

We say “Will you lend me a book?” but not “Do you lend me a book ?”

We use shall (not will) in the questions shall I ...? and shall we ...?

Shall I read ?

We are not to mix gone to and been to:

He is away on business. He has gone to New York. (He is there now or he is on his way there.)

Lina is at home now. She has been to Belgium. (She has been there but now she has returned home.)

We often use have got / has got rather than have / has alone:

We’ve got a new house. Have you got a new house?

But in the past we do not normally use got:

When we lived in Kaunas, we had an old house. Did you have an old house when you lived in Alytus?

“Have got” is not possible in these expressions: have breakfast (lunch, dinner, a cup of coffee, etc.); have a swim (a walk, a holiday etc.); have a bath / a wash etc.; have a look (at sth.); have a baby; have a chat; have a good time.

We make questions and negative sentences with these expressions using do / does / did:

I didn’t have a good time yesterday.

We are not to confuse I used to do and I am used to doing. The structures and their meanings are different:

I used to spend a lot of money. (I spent much money but I no longer spend it.)

I am used to spending a lot of money. (I spend much money; it is like a habit because I have been spending a lot of money for some time.)

There are some verbs which are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there are exceptions): want, like, belong, know, suppose, need, love, see, realise, mean, prefer, hate, hear, believe, understand, remember, forget, seem, sound, appear, smell, taste, wish, own, think (when the meaning is “believe”), have (when it is used for actions or the meaning is “possess”).

Conditionals (if and wish sentences) are formed in this way:

a) Present Tense after if / Future Tense in the main clause:

If you get up earlier, we’ll be in time.

b) Past Simple after if / Future in the Past in the main clause:

If you got up earlier, we would be in time. (But we probably won’t.)

If I were you, I would go to the meeting. (But, of course, I am not you.)

c) Past Perfect after if /Future in the Past Perfect in the main clause:

If I had had enough money, I would have bought that castle.

(Hypothesis about the past. It is impossible to change what happened now.)

d) we also use the past for a present situation after wish:

I wish I knew English better. (I don’t know it very well.)

e) in if sentences and after wish we can use were instead of was:

If I were you I would phone him. = If I was you... .

I wish my dress were more beautiful. = I wish my dress was... .

f) simply, we don’t use would in the if part of the sentence or after wish:

If I were a Queen, I would travel a lot (not If I would be...).

g) we don’t use will/shall after in case, with unless, as long as, provided or providing when we are talking about the future:

He is going to take an umbrella in case it rains. We’ll be late unless we hurry. Providing he studies hard he will pass an exam.

h) in case of is different from in case:

In case of fire, please leave the building as soon as possible (if the building is on fire).

4. English tense usage in the Passive Voice

Table of Tenses (Passive)

Time

AspectPresent Past Future Future in the

Past

IndefiniteI am arrested.

He is arrested.

We are arrested.

I was arrested.

He was arrested.

We were arrested.

I shall be arrested.

He will be arrested.

We shall be arrested.

He said I should be arrested.

They said he would be arrested.

ContinuousI am being arrested.

He is being arrested.

We are being arrested.

I was being arrested.

He was being arrested.

We were being arrested.

Perfect

I have been arrested.

He has been arrested.

We have been arrested.

I had been arrested.

He had been arrested.

We had been arrested.

I shall have been arrested.

He will have been arrested.

We shall have been arrested.

He said I should have been arrested.

They said he would have been arrested.

Perfect Continuous

Remember:

Be born is a passive verb and is usually past: I was born in Vilnius. Some verbs can have two objects: They didn’t offer Andrew the job. (The two objects Andrew

and the job).

So it is possible to make two different passive sentences: Andrew wasn’t offered the job. The job wasn’t offered to Andrew.

5. A Table of Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Past Past Participle

abide

arise

awake

be

bear

beat

become

begin

bend

bet

bid

bind

bite

bleed

blow

break

breed

abode

arose

awoke

was

bore

beat

became

began

bent

bet, betted

bade, bid

bound

bit

bled

blew

broke

bred

abode, abided

arisen

awake, awoken

been

born

beaten

become

begun

bent, bended

bet, betted

bidden, bid

bound

bitten, bit

bled

blown

broken

bred

bring

build

burn

burst

buy

cast

catch

choose

cleave

cling

clothe

come

cost

creep

cut

deal

dig

do

draw

brought

built

burnt, burned

burst

bought

cast

caught

chose

clove, cleft, cleaved

clung

clothed

came

cost

crept

cut

dealt

dug

did

drew

brought

built

burnt, burned

burst

bought

cast

caught

chosen

cloven, cleft

clung

clothed, clad

come

cost

crept

cut

dealt

dug

done

drawn

dream

drink

drive

dwell

eat

dreamt, dreamed

drank

drove

dwelt

ate

dreamt, dreamed

drunk, drunken

driven

dwelt

eaten

fall

feed

feel

fight

find

flee

fling

fly

forsake

forswear

freeze

get

gird

give

go

grind

grow

hang

have

hear

hew

hide

hit

hold

fell

fed

felt

fought

found

fled

flung

flew

forsook

forswore

froze

got

girded

gave

went

ground

grew

hung

had

heard

hewed

hid

hit

held

fallen

fed

felt

fought

found

fled

flung

flown

forsaken

forsworn

frozen

got

girded, girt

given

gone

ground

grown

hung

had

heard

hewn

hidden, hid

hit

held

hurt

keep

kneel

knit

know

lade

lay

lead

lean

leap

learn

leave

lend

let

lie

hurt

kept

knelt

knitted, knit

knew

laded

laid

led

leant, leaned

leapt, leaped

learnt, learned

left

lent

let

lay

hurt

kept

knelt

knitted, knit

known

laden

laid

led

leant, leaned

leapt, leaped

learnt, learned

left

lent

let

lain

light

lose

make

mean

meet

mow

lighted, lit

lost

made

meant

met

mowed

lit, lighted

lost

made

meant

met

mown, moved

pay

prove

put

paid

proved

put

paid

proved, proven

put

read

rend

rid

ride

ring

rise

run

saw

say

see

seek

sell

send

set

sew

shake

shave

shear

shed

shine

shoe

shoot

show

shrink

read

rent

rid, ridded

rode

rang

rose

ran

sawed

said

saw

sought

sold

sent

set

sewed

shook

shaved

sheared / shore

shed

shone

shod

shot

showed

shrank

read

rent

rid, ridded

ridden

rung

risen

run

sawn, sawed

said

seen

sought

sold

sent

set

sewn, sewed

shaken

shaved, shaven

shorn, sheared

shed

shone

shod

shot

shown, showed

shrunk, shrunken

shrive

shut

sing

sink

sit

slay

sleep

slide

slink

smell

sow

speak

speed

spell

spend

spill

spin

spit

split

spoil

spread

spring

stand

stave

shrived

shut

sang

sank

sat

slew

slept

slid

slunk

smelt, smelled

sowed

spoke

sped

spelt, spelled

spent

spilt, spilled

spun, span

spat

split

spoilt, spoiled

spread

sprang

stood

staved, stove

shriven

shut

sung

sunk, sunken

sat

slain

slept

slid, slidden

slunk

smelt, smelled

sown, sowed

spoken

sped

spelt, spelled

spent

spilt, spilled

spun

spat

split

spoilt, spoiled

spread

sprung

stood

staved, stove

steal

stick

sting

stride

strike

strive

swear

sweep

swell

swim

swing

take

teach

tear

tell

think

thrive

throw

thrust

tread

understand

upset

wake

wear

stole

stuck

stung

strode

struck

strove

swore

swept

swelled

swam

swung

took

taught

tore

told

thought

throve, thrived

threw

thrust

trod

understood

upset

woke, waked

wore

stolen

stuck

stung

stridden, strid

struck, stricken

striven

sworn

swept

swollen, swelled

swum

swung

taken

taught

torn

told

thought

thriven, thrived

thrown

thrust

trodden, trod

understood

upset

woken, waked

worn

weave

wed

weep

wet

win

wind

write

wove

wedded

wept

wet, wetted

won

wound

wrote

woven, wove

wedded, wed

wept

wet, wetted

won

wound

written

  Į pradžią

3.2. VERBS + ... ING OR THE INFINITIVE?

1. Verb + ... ing (The Gerund)

The Gerund is formed by adding the suffix – ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.

It is used:

1. After prepositions (before, after, without, by, about, at, to, of, in, with, for, in spite of, instead of): She left without saying a word.

2. After certain verbs (enjoy, avoid, admit, deny, mind, delay, stop, finish, suggest, fancy, imagine, regret, consider, involve, practise, miss): I enjoy going to the theatre.

3. As the subject or object of a sentence: Smoking is bad for your health.

4. After some idiomatic expressions (It’s no use .../ It’s no good .../ There is no point in .../ It’s (not) worth ...) : This is an excellent picture. It’s worth buying. There is no point in waiting all day.

5. After the following expressions: (give up (= stop), put off (= postpone), go on (= continue), carry on (= continue), keep or keep on (= do sth. continuously or repeatedly)): I cannot go on reading it.

Remember:

The passive form (being done / being seen / being told etc.): I don’t mind being told what to do. Many verbs have the structure verb (V) + preposition (P) + object (talk about): We talked about

the problem.

If the object is another verb, it ends in –ing: We talked about going to Paris. (V + P + –ing).

Here are some more verbs which have the structure V + P + –ing (succeed in, think about / of, approve / disapprove of, feel like, dream of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, apologise for): She insisted on staying longer.

These verbs have the structure verb + object + preposition + –ing (accuse sb. of, congratulate sb. on, stop sb. from, suspect sb. of, prevent sb. from, thank sb. for, forgive sb. for, warn sb. against): They accused him of being rude.

2. Verbs + The Infinitive

It is used:

1. After certain verbs (agree, appear, attempt, choose, dare, decide, expect, help, learn, manage, need, offer, promise, refuse, seem, afford, hope): I hope to learn it very quickly.

2. After certain verbs followed by an object (allow, encourage, force, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn, advise, invite): I allowed them to stay longer.

3. After certain verbs which sometimes take an object and sometimes don’t (ask, expect, want, like): I want to find out the answer. I want you to find out the answer. I’d like to help you. I’d like you to give her a message.

But never say: I want that you... I’d like that you...

4. After certain adjectives: It’s difficult to understand the situation. It’s possible to enter the University.

5. After make and let: He made me believe him again. (Active – without to). I was made to believe again. (Passive – with to). I was allowed to borrow the car. (“Let” in the sense of “allow” is not possible in the passive.)

6. To express purpose: I returned here to pay the bill.

7. After certain verbs followed by question words (what, where, who, how, when, whether etc.): I didn’t know what to do. How to get to the bus–station? I don’t know where to write it.

3. Verbs + ... ing (The Gerund) or verbs + The Infinitive ?

1. With continue, start, begin either the Gerund or the Infinitive can be used: It started to rain / raining.

2. Remember, forget, stop, try (the meaning changes greatly depending on whether the Gerund or the Infinitive is used): I remember being very unhappy as a teenager. (The Gerund refers to actions and states in the past, i. e. before the remembering, etc. take place.)

Remember to put some petrol in the car! (The Infinitive refers to actions that must still be done, i. e. that happen after the remembering, etc.)

Try + infinitive is your goal; it is what you want to do. Try + gerund is the method you use to achieve that goal.

3. Prefer to do, prefer doing: I prefer doing something to (doing) something else but I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.

I prefer teaching to studying but I prefer to teach rather than learn.

4. Would prefer (to do): “Shall we go by taxi?” “Well, I’d prefer to go by bus (not going).”.

5. Would rather (do) = is used for preference – we use the Infinitive after it without to: I would rather go to work.

6. We can also use – ing after while or when: Mind your head when going upstairs(= when you are going).

7. Had better = is used for advice – and the Infinitive without to is used:

You had better stay in bed with your cold.

  Į pradžią

3.3. NOUNS

1. Count nouns and non–count nouns:

 Count Nouns Non–count Nouns

Singulara pen

one pen

money

some money

a great deal of money

a little money

much money

little money

Pluralpens, few pens

two pens, a few pens

some pens

many pens

several pens

a lot of pens

  a) take “a / an” or “one” in the singular

b) usually take a final “s / es” in the plural

a) do not take “a / an” or “one” in the singular

b) do not generally have a plural form

Remember: some count nouns are irregular:

man – men foot – feet woman – women

tooth – teeth child – children mouse – mice

A list of some non–count nouns:

advice

air

bread

butter

cheese

clothing

coffee

courage

equipment

evidence

enjoyment

food

fruit

fun

furniture

happiness

homework

honesty

housework

information

intelligence

jealousy

jewellery

knowledge

luck

luggage

machinery

meat

milk

money

music

pepper

postage

pottery

poverty

progress

rice

sadness

salt

scenery

significance

silver

sugar

tea

traffic

violence

etc.

A table of noun determiners:

Count Nouns Non–count Nouns

this, that, these, those this, that

(a) few

many

a lot of

one, two, three,...

a, the

some, any

a great number of

the number of

fewer ... than

more ... than

(a) little

much

a lot of

the

some, any

a large amount of

the amount of

less ... than

more ... than

Remember: the underlined words can be used with both count and non–count nouns.

2. Genitives: “ s ” or “ of the ” ?

We normally use ‘s when the first noun is a person or an animal:

They came to my father’s party.

Otherwise (with things) we normaly use ... of the ...

Thank goodness it’s the end of the exams.

But!.. sometimes you can use ‘s

a) when the first noun is an organization (= a group of people):

the government’s economic policy or the economic policy of the government

b) when the noun is a place:

the town’s cinema or the cinema of the town

c) with time words or periods of time:

Send me, please, last Friday’s papers.

I’ve got an hour’s work.

Nouns, which do not end in –s, form the genitive case in this way:

my neighbour’s house; a people’s problem;

Nouns ending in –s form the genitive case in two ways and the ending is pronounced [iz] whether the letter s is written or not:

my neighbours’ (neighbour’s) house;

Dickens’ (Dickens’s) novel.

Remember:

you can use ‘s after more than one noun:

Mr and Mrs Smith’s garden.

you can use ‘s without a following noun:

Mike’s report is much better than Andrew’s.

Be very careful with Double genitive:

Here’s a photo of you (you are in the picture).

Here’s a photo of yours (the photo belongs to you, but you need not be shown in it).

Look at this picture of my mother (she is the person in the picture).

Look at this picture of my mother’s (the picture belongs to her).

  Į pradžią

3.4. ARTICLES

The Indefinite Article “ a ”/ “ an ” is used:

before singular count nouns to mean one (a house, a book etc.); in a general statement (A lion is a wild animal); to introduce a new subject (She bought a new umbrella); with a complement including names of professions(a teacher, a great man); with certain numerical expressions (a couple, a dozen, a hundred, a great many, a great deal, a

lot of).

An is used before the words that begin with a vowel or a vowel sound:

an hour, an honour, an honest ..., an eye but ...a university, a universal ... , a union.

The Definite Article “ the” is used :

when both speakers have a specific thing or person in mind:

Could you shut the window?

when something is unique:

The earth is round.

when the 2nd time the speaker mentions a noun:

I saw a woman. The woman looked like your mother.

with the names of musical instruments:

He plays the piano.

with the superlative degree of adjectives:

It is the longest river in Lithuania.

when speaking about a specific noun:

The coffee we had was not good.

with the words like office, movies, theatre:

He went to the movies.

with the names of some countries (the USA, the Ukraine, the Caucasus, the United Kingdom, etc):

She lives in the USA.

with the names of island groups:

They went to the Philippines.

with the names of geographic areas:

It happened in the Middle East.

with the names of universities, colleges and schools when the name begins with “school”:

He studies at the University of Vytautas Magnus.

with the names of wars (excluding World Wars):

They participated in the Civil War.

with the names of ships, trains, aeroplanes:

We travelled by the Kaunas.

with the names of oceans, rivers, gulfs, plural lakes, seas and mountain ranges:

I like to spend time by the Neris.

The Definite Article is not used:

with the names of singular lakes, mountains, islands (Haiti, Lake Galvė); with the singular names of countries(Lithuania, Sweden); with the names of continents (Asia, Africa, Europe); with the names of states, towns, streets (Kaunas, Idaho); with the names of general subjects (History, English); with the names of people (Eve, Andrew); with the names of universities, colleges and schools beginning with a proper noun (Oxford,

Cambridge, Harward).

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3.5. PRONOUNS

Subject PronounsI

You

He, she, it

We

You

They

Object PronounsMe

You

Him, her, it

Us

You

Them

Possessive PronounsMine

Yours

His, hers, its

Ours

Yours

Theirs

Possessive AdjectivesMy

Your

His, her, its

Our

Your

Their

Reflexive PronounsMyself

Yourself

Ourselves

Yourselves

Himself, herself, Itself

Themselves

Relative PronounsWho

Whom

Whose

Which

That

Remember:

1. The subject pronoun is used:

after the verb “to be”:

It is he in the picture (formal). It is him in the picture (informal).

when the subjects of two clauses are compared:

You speak louder than I (do).

2. The object pronoun is used:

when the objects of two clauses are compared:

They helped you more than me.

after prepositions:

He studies with her.

3. The possessive pronoun is used:

to replace a possessive adjective + noun.

Instead of saying “This book is my book” we say “This book is mine”.

after the preposition “of”, when it indicates “one of several”:

I saw a friend of yours yesterday.

after the verb “to be”:

This handbag is mine.

to replace the second adjective + noun when comparing two objects:

My house is bigger than yours.

4. Pronoun / adjective agreement:

singular pronoun, singular verb:

everybody

everyone

everything

somebody

someone

something

anybody

anyone

anything

nobody

no one

nothing

Everybody is present.

plural possessive adjectives, plural verb:

both ... and ...

Both Andrew and Lina are preparing for their wedding ceremony.

possessive adjectives agree with the closest subject (the adjective agrees with the subject which is closer):

either ... or

neither ... nor

not only ... but also

Neither Andrew nor his friend are going to his class. Not only the principal but also the teachers have had their pay increased.

collective nouns are the words indicating a number of people, animals or things. The following collective nouns can be either singular or plural depending on whether a singular or plural meaning is desired, i. e. if the individual members are acting as a group or separately: organisation, family, committee, class, government, crowd, assembly, team, public, crew, faculty, jury.

The team is playing its game very well (as a group). The team are returning to their families (separately).

The following nouns are used to indicate groups of animals and are considered as singular: flock of birds / sheep, herd of cattle, school of fish, swarm of bees, pack of wolves, colony of ants.

The pack of wolves attacked its prey.

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3.6. MODIFIERS

1. Adjectives:

When several adjectives modify one noun, the adjective with general meaning (opinion) comes first and the specific adjective (fact) comes last:

a pretty silk dress

An adjective is used:

after linking verbs (these verbs show no action): be, seem, appear, become, grow, stay, remain, get, go, prove, turn.

I got bored.

after sense verbs (no action): look, sound, smell, taste, feel.

I felt happy.

in special combinations: keep quiet, open wide, stand still.

But after the other verbs you must use adverbs.

The suffix –ly can be used to form both adjectives and adverbs.

Noun Adjective Adjective Adverb

world worldly slow slowly

friend friendly sad sadly

Most adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.

Adjectives form their degrees of comparison in the following way:

adjectives of one or two syllables and adjectives of two syllables which end in –y, –ow, –er, –le form their degrees by the inflexion –er, –est:

nice

quick

easy

narrow

simple

nicer

quicker

easier

narrower

simpler

(the) nicest

(the) quickest

(the) easiest

(the) narrowest

(the) simplest

complete completer (the) completest

some adjectives have irregular forms of degrees of comparison:

bad

good

many, much

little

far

worse

better

more

less

farther

further

(the) worst

(the) best

(the) most

(the) least

(the) farthest

(the) furthest

some adjectives form their degrees of comparison by placing more /most before the adjective ( there are adjectives of three and more syllables, ending in –ful, –ible, –ous, –ish, –less, –like etc.):

beautiful

harmless

difficult

more beautiful

more harmless

more difficult

(the) most beautiful

(the) most harmless

(the) most difficult

Remember :

the structure the + comparative ... the + comparative:

The more expensive the hotel, the better the service. The more you have, the more you want.

when we make a comparision of equals, we use: not as ... as, not so ... as, as ... as, twice as ... as, the same as:

She isn’t as young as she looks. He is not so rich as Lina. I’ll return as soon as possible. The house is three times as big as ours. My salary is the same as hers.

after than and as it is more usual to say me / him / her etc. when there is no verb. Compare these sentences:

You made the same mistake as I made.

You made the same mistake as me.

older / elder (we use elder when we are talking about the members of a family but before a noun):

Her elder sister is a nurse.

His brother is older than him.

comparison of health: well / ill, better / worse.

2. Adverbs:

They modify a verb and they are formed by adding –ly to an adjective, unless the adjective ends in “y” and has two syllables:

Adjective Adverb

slow

quick

easy

busy

slowly

quickly

easily

busily

Exceptions:

Adjective Adverb

hard

fast

late

low

hard

fast

late

low

Remember:

Adverbs never / often / usually / always / soon / sometimes / seldom are placed before the main verb except for the auxiliary verbs to be, to have, can etc. which it follows:

I always taste new dishes. I am always very careful with mushrooms.

We also use all / both in the same positions:

My parents are both teachers. They both felt ill.

Enough: adj / adv + enough; enough + noun:

She speaks well enough. It isn’t good enough. I have enough money.

Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs:

Andrew studies as seriously as Lina (a comparison of equals).

Ann studies better than her brother (the comparative degree).

He ran the fastest (the superlative degree).

One–syllable adverbs use –er and –est to form the degrees of comparison, also the adverb early:

early

hard

earlier

harder

(the) earliest

(the) hardest

Adverbs ending in –ly form the degrees by means of more / most:

beautifully

quickly

more beautifully

more quickly

(the) most beautifully

(the) most quickly

Some adverbs have irregular forms of comparison:

well

badly

better

worse

(the) best

(the) worst

Remember:

Most before an adjective or an adverb can also mean very:

The book you lent me was most interesting. (Without the)

You are most welcome. (Without the)

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3.7. PREPOSITIONS

1. According to their meaning, prepositions may be divided into:

prepositions of place/direction (in, on, below, under, between, etc.); prepositions of time (after, before, at, on, in, for, during, by, until, etc.); prepositions expressing abstract relations (by, with, because of, with a view to, etc.).

Remember:

at night at the week–end / at week–ends

at Christmas / at Easter (but on Christmas Eve) at the moment / at present at the same time at the age of ...

We do not use at / on / in before last / next:

I’ll return next month. in a few minutes in a week (in a week’s time) in six months (in six months’ time)

We say somebody is:

on a farm at work at school at a station in bed

at home at university at the seaside in hospital

in prison

We say:

to arrive in a country / town:

He arrived in Kaunas.

to arrive at with other places, buildings, events, etc.

When did you arrive at the party?

to arrive home (without a preposition):

When did he arrive home?

to travel by car, by train, by plane, by boat / ship, by bus, by bicycle; also: by road, by rail, by air, by sea, by Underground; but: in my car, in his car, in the car, in a car; in a taxi; on my bicycle, on the bus, on the 6.15 train, on a big ship; to come on time = punctual, not late; and in time = soon enough for something / soon enough to do something:

The 11.45 train left on time (= it left at 11.45).

Will you come home in time for dinner (= soon enough for dinner) ?

at the end (of something) = at the time when something ends:

at the end of the month; at the end of July; at the end of the film

in the end = finally:

We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up in the end and walked home.

2. Some nouns + preposition:

a rise / an increase / a fall / a decrease in something:

There was a fall in the number of people without jobs this year.

an advantage / a disadvantage of something:

The advantage of living in the city is ..., but There is (are) an advantage in doing something.

a photograph / a picture of somebody / something:

A photograph of his wife.

a solution to a problem / an answer to a question / a reply to a letter / a key to a door:

Give me the answer to my question.

an attitude to / towards somebody / something:

Her attitude to / towards his trips is negative.

to pay by cheque, to pay in cash or to pay cash; (to do something) by mistake, by accident, by chance; in(my) opinion; (to be) on fire:

The house was on fire.

(to be/to go) on a diet, (to be/to go) on strike, (to be/to go) on holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on an excursion/on a cruise, etc.

3. Adjectives + prepositions

delighted / pleased / satisfied / disappointed with something; bored / fed up with something; surprised / shocked / amazed / astonished at / by something; excited / worried / upset about something; afraid / frightened / terrified / scared of somebody / something; proud / ashamed of somebody / something; jealous / envious / suspicious of somebody / something; good / bad / excellent / brilliant / hopeless at(doing) something; angry / annoyed / furios about something, with someone for doing something; responsible for something; interested in something; capable / incapable of something; fond of something; tired of something; keen on something; similar to something.

4. Verbs + prepositions

believe in something / somebody; belong to somebody / something; consist of something; complain (to somebody) about somebody / something; depend on somebody / something; laugh / smile at somebody / something; listen to somebody / something; live on money / food; look at somebody / something (= look in the direction of); look for somebody / something (= try to find); look after somebody / something (= take care of); rely on somebody / something; speak / talk to somebody; wait for somebody / something; write (to) somebody.

We do not use preposition with these verbs: phone someone, discuss something, enter (go into) a place.

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3.8. SYNTAX

1. Word Order

Usual word order in English – Subject + Verb + Object

I like English.

The subject and verb are inverted when a sentence begins with:

Never

Rarely

Seldom

Not only

Hardly ever

Nowhere

Not

No longer

Barely (ever)

Scarcely (ever)

At no time

Nor

Neither

On no account

By no means

Little

Even less

So

Such

Never will I smoke again. Hardly had I entered the room, when the telephone rang.

Only after

Only once

Only by chance

Only today

Only on rare occasions

Only with difficulty

Only then Only yesterday Only by luck

Only once did he come late to school.

Down / out / up / in + Verb + Subject

Out ran the children when the bell rang.

In front of ...

In the corner of ...

In...

Under ...

Under a tree slept a man.

On ...

At the ...

There + Verb + ...

It + Verb + ..

There is no time left.

It takes a lot of time to read such a thick book.

Questions:

a) We usually make questions by changing word order:

It is raining. Is it raining? I can read. Can I read?

b) We use do, does in present simple questions:

Do you work? Where do you work?

and use did in past simple questions:

How did you like it? Where did she go?

Remember: if who/what/which is the subject of the sentence do not use do/does/did: Lina wrote Andrew a letter. Who did Lina write a letter? Who wrote Andrew a letter?

c) We use negative questions:

o to show surprise: Didn’t you hear about it?o in exclamations (!): Doesn’t it sound wonderfully!o when we expect the listener to agree with us: “Haven’t we met before?”, “Yes, we

have.”

d) The word order is the same as the statement in indirect reported questions:

Where can I change some money? (Simple question)

Could you tell me where I can change some money? (Indirect question)

When does the train leave? (Simple question)

Do you know when the train leaves? (Indirect question)

Remember:

use if or whether where there is no other question word:

Is it time to go? I wonder if it is the time to go.

we often use auxiliary verbs:

1) When we don’t want to repeat something:

“Does he smoke?”, “He did but he doesn’t any more.”

“Is she at home?”, “Yes, she is”.

2) In short questions:

“I’ve just seen Lina.” “Oh, have you?”

“Andrew is ill.” “Is he?”

3) With so and neither (nor):

I went to the cinema yesterday so did Jim.

“I never smoke.”, “Neither do I / nor do I.” (Mind the word order).

4) In question tags:

Normally we use a positive question tag with a negative question and v. v.: He won’t come, will he? He will come, won’t he?

Remember: Let’s visit them, shall we? Don’t shout, will you? Unlock the door, will you? I am late, aren’t I?

2. Subject–verb agreement

It presents difficulty to most learners of English since some subjects take a singular verb, some may take either a singular or plural verb, and some take a plural verb:

a) subjects which take a singular verb: news, politics, economics, statistics, physics, mumps, measles, mathematics, furniture, advice etc.:

No news is good news.

The following prepositional phrases take a singular verb: together with, as well as, along with, in addition to, accompanied by.

The principal, accompanied by his wife, is arriving today.

b) subjects which take a plural verb: and, both, police, both...and, many, several, few:

Both my sister and my brother are here. A few have arrived.

c) subjects which may take either a singular verb or a plural one: pants, shorts, glasses, thanks, trousers, jeans, pliers, means. These nouns take a singular verb when the phrase “pair of” or “word of” is included, but take a plural verb when these words are not included:

Many thanks were given. A word of thanks was given. A number of people have called. The number of people at the exhibit was amazing.

d) none, no, all, some, most, half, any, majority – these words may take a singular or a plural verb depending on the noun which follows them:

None of the furniture was sold. None of the dresses are nice. Either our teachers or our principal is coming.

c) nouns for nationality ending in –ese, –ch, –sh take a singular verb when referring to the language, but a plural verb + the when referring to the people.

French is spoken in parts of Canada. The French are known for their gastronomy.

3. Reported Speech

When we use reported speech, we usually talk about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech.

(Direct speech) “My parents live in Canada”, Jim said. (Reported speech) Jim said his parents lived in Canada.

The Past Simple Tense usually can stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the Past Perfect Tense.

(Direct speech) “Tom worked very hard”, Lina said. (Reported speech) Lina said Tom worked (had worked) hard.

If the verb is in the Present Simple Tense in the principal clause, a present tense, a past tense or a future tense may be used in the subordinate clause.

But if the verb is in one of the past tenses in the principal clause, a past tense (or future in the past) must be used in the subordinate clause. It is so called the sequence of tenses.

Sequence of Tenses

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Indefinite

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Future Indefinite

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Subjunctive (conditional)

Past Indefinite

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Indefinite in the Past

Future Continuous in the Past

Future Perfect in the Past

Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

Past Perfect (Past Indefinite)

generally remains unchanged or becomes the Past Perfect Continuous

remains unchanged

remains unchanged

remains unchanged

Direct Speech Reported Speech

now

here

this, these

today

tomorrow

yesterday

next week

then

there

that, those

that day

the next day, the following day, the day after

the day before, the previous day

last week

last night

last year

the following week

the previous week

the night before

the year before

Remember:

1. It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb:

(Direct) She said “Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania.” (Reported) She said Vilnius is (or was) the capital of Lithuania.

2. Must / might / could / would / should / ought stay the same in reported speech.

3. We also use the Infinitive (to do / to stay etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell / ask:

(Direct) “Don’t cry”, I said to Lina. (Reported) I asked / told Lina not to cry.

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3.9. VOCABULARY

1. Commonly Misused Words

The following list contains pairs of words that often cause problems because they sound alike or have a similar meaning. Learn to distinguish between them.

1. ACCEPT(v), EXCEPT(prep): accept means answer affirmatively, agree; except means omitting.

We accepted their offer of a 10% salary increase. Answer all the questions except no.2.

2. ADVICE (n), ADVISE (v): advice means an opinion; advise means give an opinion.

He never listened to his father’s advice. They advised us to take precautions in the hot climate.

3. AFFECT (v), EFFECT (n): affect means influence (v); effect means result (n), achieve (v).

The drug was not affecting his speech. The effect of the drug was quick.

4. AGAIN (adv), AGAINST (prep): again means another time; against means in opposition to something or someone.

John took the test again for a better score. The director was against the idea.

5. AMONG (prep), BETWEEN (prep): among is used for three or more persons or things; between is used for two persons or things.

The question was discussed between John and Bob. The question was discussed among all the members of the faculty.

6. BARELY (adv), HARDLY (adv): barely means only just; hardly means with difficulty.

I could hardly hear the lecturer at the back of the hall. He had barely enough money to cover the bill.

7. BESIDE (prep), BESIDES (prep): beside means near to; besides means in addition to.

She leaves her slippers beside her bed. Besides this test, I have two more this week.

8. DESSERT (n), DESERT (n): dessert means the final course of a meal, usually sweet; desert is a hot, dry area.

Some people eat fruit for dessert. Cactuses grow in the desert.

9. FARTHER (adj), FURTHER (adj): both are used for distance but further is also used for time, degree and quantity.

Do not read any further than Chapter One. San Diego is further / farther south than Los Angeles.

10. FEWER (adj), LESS (adj): both mean a small amount or quantity but fewer is used with count nouns and less with non–count nouns.

You should eat fewer candies. You should eat less sugar.

11. LATER (adj), LATTER (pron, adj): later is the comparative form of late; latter means the second of two persons or things.

There is a yellow grammar book and a blue one, but the latter is better. You are busy now, I’ll come back later.

12. LAY (v), LIE (v): lay (laid, laid, laying) means to place or put and takes an object; lie (lay, lain, lying) means to repose horizontally and never takes an object.

He laid his hand on her head. She can lie in the sun for hours.

13. LIE (v), LIE (v): lie (lay, lain, lying) means to repose (as above); lie (lied, lied, lying) means not to tell the truth.

He is lying on the sofa. He is lying again about why he did not phone.

14. LIKE (prep), SUCH AS (prep): like means in the manner of and takes an object; such as means for example.

You sound like my teacher. Reading non–fiction such as newspapers and magazines will help you.

15. LOOSE (adj), LOSE (v): loose is the opposite of tight; lose means be unable to find something, or the opposite of win.

I always seem to lose my umbrella. She feels more comfortable in loose clothes. The team never thought it would lose such an easy match.

16. PRINCIPAL (n, adj), PRINCIPLE (n): principal means very important, primary, or the director of a school; principle means a belief or doctrine.

The principal of the school congratulated the faculty and the students on the good results this year. The principal cause of World War I was the assassination of an Austrian archduke.

We had to take a course in the principles of education.

17. QUIET (adj), QUITE (adv): quiet means without noise; quite means completely or fairly.

The classroom was quiet during the test. He was quite wrong to ignore the traffic lights when they were red. The exam was quite difficult.

18. RAISE (v), RISE (v): raise means to lift and takes an object (raise, raised, raising); rise means to go up and never takes an object (rise, rose, risen, rising).

He raised his hand. The sun rose.

19. REMEMBER (v), REMIND (v): remember means to recall or think again; remind means to cause someone to remember.

It’s nice of you to remember my birthday. Can you remind me to bring you the book?

20. THOROUGH (adj), THROUGH (prep): thorough means complete; through means from one side to the other side of something.

He looked through the window. The analysis was very thorough.

2. Two–word Verbs

call up – telephone call back – telephone

again pick out – choose give back – return talk over – discuss do over – repeat fill out – complete find out – discover look over – examine leave out – omit call off – cancel

keep on – continue go over – review look into – investigate get along with – be friendly with look for – search show up – appear take up – begin to study drop off – leave make up – invent put out – extinguish

put back – replace call in on – visit look after – take care of look like – resemble get over – recover wait on – serve run into – meet by chance run out of – consume

completely pick on – bother

run over – hit by car

pass out – distribute pass out – faint bring up – raise turn down – reduce the volume figure out – solve put off – postpone turn in – retire talk back to – answer rudely look up to – respect throw away – discard

3. Synonyms

courteous – polite infant – baby shy – bashful beautiful – lovely rude – impolite humorous – funny adolescent – juvenile

courageous – brave

smart – intelligent square – conventional stupid – foolish immature – childish diligent – hard–working conceited – stuck up up–tight – anxious

4.Proverbs and Sayings

A friend in need is a friend indeed – Draugas bėdoje yra tikras draugas. A hard nut to crack – Per kietas riešutas perkąsti. A life's less ordinary – Toks paprastas gyvenimas! All that glitters is not gold – Ne viskas auksas, kas auksu žiba. A man's as old as he feels and a woman's as old as she looks – Vyrui tiek metų, kaip jis jaučiasi,

moteriai tiek, kaip ji atrodo. A stitch in time saves nine – Viena laiku susiūta siūlė sutaupo laiko kitoms devynioms. A wolf in sheep's clothing – Vilkas avies kailyje. Better late than never – Geriau vėliau negu niekada. Don't cry over spilled milk – Neverk dėl išpilto pieno. Don't judge a book by its cover – Nespręsk apie knygos turinį pagal viršelį. Drink as you have brewed – Prisivirei arbatos, tai ir gerk ją. Easier said than done – Lengviau pasakyti nei padaryti. He that mischief hatches, mischief catches – Bėda užklumpa netikėtai tą, kuris ruošiasi pakenkti

kitam. He who hesitates is lost – Kiekvieną abejonės pražudo. He who laughs last laughs best – Tas, kuris juokiasi paskutinis, juokiasi smagiausiai. If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me – Jei žmogus

apgavo mane vieną kartą – gėda jam, jei jis apgavo mane antrą kartą – gėda man. In the evening one may praise the day – Dieną gali girti vakare. ( Negirk dienos be vakaro. ) Laughter is the best medicine – Juokas yra geriausias vaistas. Still waters run deep – Ramūs vandenys teka giliai. The pot calls the kettle black – Juokiasi puodas, kad katilas juodas. Time heals all things – Laikas viską išgydo. Too many cooks spoil the broth – Per daug virėjų sugadina sriubą. You can't eat your cake and have it – Negalima suvalgyti pyragaitį ir vis dar turėti jį.

Young men think old men fools, and old men know young men to be so – Jauni žmonės galvoja, kad seni žmonės kvaili, bet seni žmonės žino, kad jauni tokie yra.

You roll my log and I'll roll yours – Jei tu ridensi mano rąstą, aš ridensiu tavo. Where there's a will there's a way – Kur yra noras, ten atsiras ir galimybės. Who chatters to you will chatter of you – Kas apkalba kitus tau, tas apkalba tave patį kitiems.

5. American and British English

American and British English are two varieties of English that are very similar. But despite a lot of similarities between them, there are enough differences of grammar and spelling, and much more of vocabulary. Here are a few examples of vocabulary differences between American English and British English:

American English British English Lietuviškai

Bangs – fringe – kirpčiukai;

Busy (phone) – engaged (phone) – užimta telefono linija;

Call collect (phone) – reverse the charges (phone)

– pokalbis telefonu, kurį apmoka tas, kuriam skambinama;

Can – tin – skardinė;

Candy – sweets – saldainis (–iai);

Caravan – trailer – priekaba;

Circle – balcony – balkonas;

Closet – cupboard – indauja;

Cookie, cracker – biscuit – sausainis;

Crib – cot – vaikiška lovytė;

Cuffs – turn–ups (on trousers)

– atraitai (ant kelnių);

Diaper – nappy – vystyklai;

Doctor’s office – doctor’s surgery – gydytojo kabinetas;

Doghouse – kenel – šuns būda;

Fiscal year – financial year – finansiniai metai;

Flashlight – torch – žibintas;

French fries – chips – riebaluose keptų bulvių griežinėliai;

Garbage, trash – rubbish – šiukšlės;

Garbage can, trashcan – dustbin, rubbish bin – šiukšlių dėžė;

Gas(oline) – petrol – benzinas;

Hamburger – mince – malta (jautienos) mėsa;

Highway, freeway – main road, motorway – pagrindinis kelias, greitkelis;

Intersection – crossroads – sankryža;

Liquor store – off–licence – svaigalų parduotuvė;

Mad – angry – piktas;

Mail – post – korespondencija;

Mean – nasty – bjaurus, šlykštus;

Newsdealer – newsagent – laikraščių pardavėjas;

Oatmeal – porridge – avižų košė;

One–way (ticket) – single ticket – bilietas į vieną pusć;

Pitcher – jug – ąsotis;

Pocketbook, purse, handbag

– handbag – rankinukas;

Railroad – railway – geležinkelis;

Raise – rise (in salary) – (atlyginimo) padidinimas;

Rest room – public toilet – viešasis tualetas;

Sidewalk – pavement – šaligatvis;

Smock – overall – darbinis chalatas;

Smoked fish – bloaters – rūkyta žuvis;

Sneakers (sport shoes) 

– sportiniai bateliai;

Stand in line – queue – stovėti eilėje;

Stingy – mean – šykštus;

Sales clerk – shop assistant – pardavėjas,–a;

Subway – underground – metro;

Truck – van, lorry – sunkvežimis;

Vacation – holiday(s) – atostogos;

Vest – undershirt – apatiniai baltiniai;

Windshield – windscreen (on a car) – priekinis automobilio stiklas.

6. Slang

Slang is a very informal variety of speech that is not thought suitable for formal situations. Slang is often limited to one particular group of people, for instance teenagers, soldiers, criminals, etc. Here are a few examples of slang:

Teenage slang:

Tennyboppers – paaugliai To party–hearty – gerai leisti laiką Rentals – tėvai Greens – pinigai A wailing life – puikus gyvenimas Loadies – jaunuoliai, kurie geria alkoholį ir vartoja narkotikus A cromagnon – nemalonus žmogus Bumming – prislėgtas, nuliūdęs A wombat – keistas žmogus A skull–buster – sunkus kursas arba dalykas mokykloje arba universitete A shwench – naujokė A sheepskin – gimnazijos arba koledžo diplomas A grub/dweeb/wonk/weenie/tool – sinonimai sąžiningam moksleiviui arba studentui A rug–rat – vaikas Hoity–toity – arogantiškas A county–mounty – greitkelyje patruliuojantis policininkas A killer–diller – nuostabus žmogus arba puikus daiktas Kegged – girtas žmogus TGIF (Thank God it's Friday) – Ačiū Dievui – penktadienis!

Prison slang ( or so called Criminals' Cant ):

A canary – informuotojas To rat – apskųsti arba išduoti ką nors A skirt or a board – moteris A dip – kišenvagis A ganef – smulkus vagišius A hog – motociklas To can – pasodinti ką nors į kalėjimą An air–dance – mirties bausmė pakariant A banana truck – pamišęs žmogus Ice – deimantai Threads – rūbai A bone–orchard – kapinės A limo – limuzinas, prabangus automobilis

Army slang:

A blanket drill – nakties miegas To bug out – atsitraukti To bust – pažeminti laipsniu To fall out – mirti A moose – mergina R & R – poilsis A roach–coach – lauko virtuvė BOLTOP (Better on Lips than on Paper) – Geriau pabučiuoti lūpas, negu pasiųsti bučinį

popieriuje ILUVM (I Love You Very Much) – Aš tave labai myliu ITALY (I Trust and Love You) – Aš tikiu ir myliu HOLLAND (Here Our Love Lies and Never Dies) – Čia apsigyveno mūsų meilė, kuri niekada

nemirs SWALK (Sealed with a Loving Kiss) – Patvirtintas meilės bučiniu

Computer men slang:

BRB (Be Right Back!) – tuoj sugrįžk Gubbish – niekai, nenaudinga informacija IAE (In Any Event) and IAC (In Any Case) – bet kuriuo atveju IOW (In Other Words) – kitaip tariant Low–res – nemalonus, skurdus Nybble – keturi kompiuterio atminties informacijos vienetai Smiley – apvalus, besišypsantis, geltonas veidas

Doctor slang:

A boogie – auglys To bury the hatched – palikti paciente operacijai skirtus instrumentus To cool – mirti A couch–doctor – psichiatras A gas–passer – anestezuotojas

Black slang:

The nitty–gritty – svarbios detalės A hootchie cootchie – erotinis šokis Outasight or wicked – puikus

A rap session – pokalbis arba diskusija A studsley – apsukrus vyriškis To yard on – apgaudinėti A youngblood – jaunas juodaodis A jungle bunny/kaffir/munt – juodaodis A banana – mulatė A black velvet – juodaodė moteris Pinktoes or white meat – baltaodės

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3.10. CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH

1. A Test

Task 1: Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.

1. A Where do you come from? B Where are you coming from?C Where come you from? D Where you come from?

2. A I promise I'll do the laundry tomorrow.

B I promise I do the laundry tomorrow.

C I promise I'm doing the laundry tomorrow.

D I promise I doing the laundry tomorrow.

3. He likes to go fishing by ... Dubysa.

A – B a C the D an

4. Your suitcase is easier than ... .

A my B mine C her D our

5. I was angry ... myself for making such a stupid mistake.

A at B for C about D with

6. A Do you know when the train arrives?

B Do you know when does the train arrive?

C Do you know when the train arrive?

D Do you know when does the train arrives?

7. ... French ... known for their gastronomy.

A – ... are B The ... is C The ... are D – ... is

8. A Who did open the window?

B Who opened the window?

C Who did opened the window?

D Who did open window?

9. He will repair our car next month, ... he?

A won't B will C don't D isn't

10. My sister ... to meet you tomorrow.

A will B can C will be able D could

11. They warned their guests ... pickpockets.

A on B about C for D against

12. A He made me believe him again.

B He made me to believe him again.

C He maked me to believe him again.

D He maked me believe him again.

13. This shop sells clothes for ... .

A men and woman C man and women

B men and women D mans and womans

14. A They came to the party of my father.

B They came to the party of my father's.

C They came to my father's party.

D They came to my father party.

15. The government was accused ... incompetence.

A in B of C about D on

16. ... antelope is a wild animal.

A The B A C An D –

17. Nick is not at home now. He ... Paris.

A has been to B has gone to C was to D been to

18. A Did you do the ironing yesterday?

B Did you the ironing yesterday?

C Did you did the ironing yesterday?

D You did the ironing yesterday?

19. I ... in Kaunas now, but it was hard at the beginning.

A used to drive C am used to driving

B get used to drive D used to driving

20. You've ... all the air out of the tyres.

A letted B let C leted D letten

21. They couldn't afford ... a detached house.

A buying B buy C bought D to buy

22. My relatives spent two weeks by ... Lake Plateliai.

A – B the C a D an

23. A Had you a good time during your holidays?

B Have you had good time during your holidays?

C Did you have a good time during your holidays?

D Did you had good time during your holidays?

24. You can ... write ... phone to order a copy.

A neither ... or C either ... or

B either ... nor D neither ... but

25. The team ... playing ... game very well.

A are ... their C is ... their

B is ... its D are ... its

26. A I bought a glass flower Venetian vase.

B I bought a glass Venetian flower vase.

C I bought a flower glass Venetian vase.

D I bought a Venetian glass flower vase.

27. The swarm of bees returned to ... hive.

A its B their C his D her

28. I keep a dictionary ... me when I'm doing crosswords.

A beside B next C besides D near to

29. You should eat ... sugar.

A fewer B less C many D few

30. A His explanation sounds reasonably.

B His explanation sound reasonable.

C His explanation sounds reasonable.

D His explanation sound reasonably.

31. Speak in ... sentences!

A more simple B simpler C simply D more simpler

32. Vilius studies ... seriously ... Lina.

A so ... as B much more ... as C more ... as D as ... as

33. Cactuses grow in ... .

A the dessert B desert C the desert D dessert

34. A She gave to me the book.

B She gave me the book.

C She gave the book me.

D She gave to me book.

35. They ... ... hands.

A rose the B rised the C rose their D raised their

36. English ... here.

A speak B is spoked C speaks D is spoken

37. A She often visits us. C She visits often us.

B She is often visiting us. D She often is visiting us.

38. Wait a minute. The letter ... now.

A is being written B is writing C is written D writes

39. A My father will leave for London on Tuesday.

B My father leaves for London on Tuesday.

C My father leaving for London on Tuesday.

D My father is leaving for London on Tuesday.

40. A Their train arrives at 7 p.m.

B Their train arrive at 7 p. m.

C Their train is arriving at 7 p. m.

D Their train will arrive at 7 p. m.

41. The house ... by next week.

A will be painted

B will painted

C will have been painted

D will paint

42. A If I been in your shoes, I would accept a piece of advice.

B If I were in your shoes, I would accept a piece of advice.

C If I was in your shoes, I accepted a piece of advice.

D If I am in your shoes, I accept a piece of advice.

43. I sleep with the window open ... it is really cold.

A if B in case C if only D unless

44. The plums were ... to dry on rocks.

A laid B lied C lyed D layed

45. Would you mind me ... the car?

A if drive B drive C driving D to drive

46. A You would better stay in bed with your cold.

B You had better stay in bed with your cold.

C You would rather stay in bed with your cold.

D You would prefer stay in bed with your cold.

47. A She suggested he should give up driving fast.

B She suggested he should give up to drive fastly.

C She suggested he should give up driving fastly.

D She suggested he should give up to drive fast.

48. A Let's visit them, shan't we.

B Let's visit them, shall we.

C Let's visit them, don't we.

D Let's visit them, do we.

49. None of the cars ... nice.

A is B aren't C isn't D are

50. A Rose said Nick is coming the day after.

B Rose said Nick was coming tomorrow.

C Rose said Nick was coming the day after.

D Rose said Nick is coming tomorrow.

Task 2: Choose the incorrect word or phrase. There is only one mistake in a sentence.

51. Many[A] people have stopped to smoke[B] because[C] they are afraid that it may be[D] harmful to their health.

52. I was[A] used to[B] get up[C] early when I was at school[D].

53. Please don't parking[A] in those spaces that have signs reserving[B] them for[C] the handicapped[D].

54. Too[A] much water makes[B] plants turning[C] brown on the edges of their[D] leaves.

55. Papyrus was used[A] for to make[B] not only paper but also[C] sails, baskets and[D] clothing.

56. The value of the litas[A] declines[B] as[C] the rate of inflation raises[D].

57. Despite of[A] the pills which[B] are available, many people still[C] have trouble sleeping[D].

58. The Lietuvos Rytas is[A] interesting[B], informative, and it is[C] easy to read[D].

59. You are[A] busy now, I'll[B] come[C] back latter[D].

60. This vase has the same[A] design, but it is different[B] shaped[C] from[D] that one.

Task 3: In the following list of words, three words rhyme, but one is different. Choose the one that is different.

Example: A go B sow C mow D do

61. A year B bear C fear D hear

62. A most B lost C cost D frost

63. A good B food C wood D stood

64. A paid B made C played D said

65. A boot B shoot C foot D root

66. A days B says C ways D plays

67. A work B fork C talk D walk

68. A run B done C none D gone

69. A flies B rise C ice D prize

70. A horse B worse C nurse D purse

Test Answers:

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A

10. C 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. A

19. C 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A

28. A 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. D 36. D

37. A 38. A 39. D 40. A 41. C 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. C

46. B 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. C 51. B 52. C 53. A 54. C

55. B 56. D 57. A 58. C 59. D 60. B 61. B 62. A 63. B

63. B 64. D 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. A

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© 2000 UAB "Lietuvos rytas"