3D Permeability Distribution Modeling from Porosity Wire Line
Logs and Irreducible water saturation graph a Case Study on small
giant Bai Hassan Oil Field-Northern Iraq
FAWZI AL-BEYATI1, MUHAMMED A. ISMAIL2 and GASHAM ZEYNALOV2
1 Kirkuk Technical College, Baghdad Street, Kirkuk 3600,
Iraq
2Department of Petroleum Engineering, Khazar University
41 Mehseti Street, Baku AZ1096, Azerbaijan
Abstract
The main aim of this research is to determine nearest and
acceptable predicted permeability value obtained from wire line
logs compared with those values coming from core sample analysis
within two wells belong to two domes from small giant Bai Hassan
oil field, using irreducible water saturation graph method
This work consists of three main parts, the part one is well
logs analysis, which involves determination of Archie petrophysical
parameters, porosity corrected form volume of shale, water
saturation and irreducible water saturation. The second part is
predicting permeability using irreducible water saturation from
well log analysis and compare the estimated values with the data of
permeability that measured from core sample in BH-20 and BH-53
well.
The last part was using SPSS statistic software to determine the
factor that can give the very nearest and acceptable values, these
values uses to estimate real permeability for another wells
distributed on each dome of the small giant Bai Hassan oil field.
Excellent correlation obtained (R2 = 0.978 in BH-20 and R2=0.9945
in BH-53) between estimated permeability values based on
irreducible water saturation and permeability that got from core
sample. The result of statistical method (SPSS software) is:
K Core = (K Predicted*1.040)-3.363 (BH-20) [Kithka Dome]
K Core = (K Predicted*1.030)-3.359 (BH-53) [Daoud Dome]
Keywords: 3D Permeability Modeling; Empirical method;
irreducible water saturation
Introduction
Reservoir management strategies are as realistic as the image of
the spatial distribution of rock petrophysical properties.
Permeability is the most difficult property to determine and
predict. There are many methods for permeability estimation from
logs from a practical point of view. Empirical methods are used in
this study to estimate the permeability form wireline log by
porosity and irreducible water saturation that well data is
available.
In the last three years ago attention to the geostatic to 3D
simulation the petrophysical properties like the (Amani et al
.,2013) study from Bangstan oil field reservoir, also there are to
other studies were done on the studied field recently by (Sadeq et
al.,2015 a, b ) in these two studies on cretaceous reservoir they
revealed that the fractures and vugs were affected on the pore
pressure and reservoir properties, also the tectonic were tacked
the role in enhances the permeability of some parts Bai Hassan oil
field. In 2016 Al-Jwani and Gayara also revealed the same results
only the study was done Paleogene part in addition to the
cretaceous part.
The purpose of this research is to get permeability value from
porosity wireline logs to make screening and draw 3D model in a
short time with more reliability from the compare between core and
predicted permeability values using irreducible water saturation
parameter of core sample in one well from each dome in each saddle
of small giant Bai Hassan oil field (Kithka and Daoud Domes). For
this reason, two wells were chosen BH-20 (Kithka Dome) and BH-53
(Daoud Dome).
Permeability estimation from well log and core sample are used
in SPSS statistic software to determine the factor that can give us
the very nearest value, these factor value uses to estimate real
permeability for another wells in the small giant Bai Hassan oil
field. The importance of this idea is to make 3D model in available
oil field in a short time with least cost, with available data in
absence of seismic sections.
This work were done on dolomitic limestone and limestone rocks
of Jeribe formation Early middle Miocene age (Jassim and Goff,
2006) which represent the main reservoirs rock of small giant Bai
Hassan oil field .Bai Hassan oil field has extended previous
mapping to include associated fault frameworks consisting of an
imbricate front thrust and back thrust fault set within each of the
two domes; in addition to, northeast-southwest trending tear faults
are present within the Bai Hassan structure to accommodate
differential fault movement on the separate and loosely coupled
lateral thrust sheet segments comprising the front and back thrusts
age (Bellen et al., 1959).
Study area
Bai Hassan small giant oil field is located geographically
northwest of Kirkuk- northern Iraq with in the low folded zone
according to (Dunnington, 1958) or zone of Hamren – Makhool
according to (Buday and Jassim, 1987), which it is an Unstable
Shelf Zone (Fig.1a). Structurally the oil field is asymmetrical
elongated anticline extended for 40km in length and 13.5km in width
in-between Kirkuk and Qarachoq anticlines.
The field contain from 2 domes (in SE – NW direction) Kithka
Dome and Dauod Dome separated by a narrow saddle called Shahal
saddle, Kithka dome is bigger in size and higher structurally by
(335m) than Dauod dome( Fig. 1 b ). The number of wells drilled to
the time of the preparation this study reached 185 wells (Buday,
1980).
Fig.1a: Map of Northern Iraq Showing Location and structure of
Bai Hassan Oil
Fig.1b: Map of Northern Iraq Showing Location and structure of
Bai Hassan Oil Field.
Methodology
1. Calculating K from Φ &Swir
In this step of the study, our goal was to develop a reliable
model that could predict the permeability with only well log data
for wells from which core data is not available. Calculating
permeability (K) from porosity wireline log for both BH-20 and
BH-53 wells using irreducible water saturation (Swir). Empirical
methods are based on the correlation between permeability, porosity
and irreducible water saturation. Log-derived permeability formulas
are only valid for estimating permeability in formations at
irreducible water saturation (Schlumberger, 1977 in Asquith and
Krygowski, 2004).
Before calculating the permeability, we must do some steps,
first well log digitized and corrected from the effect of shale
volume, the second step was the determination of whether or not the
target formation rock is at irreducible water saturation. The
formation to be at irreducible water saturation depends upon bulk
volume water values (BVW = Sw* Φ). When the bulk volume water
values of the formation are constant, the zone is in irreducible
water saturation case. If the values are not constant, a zone is
not at irreducible water saturation (Fig.2), and this is mean that
the estimated permeability values will be suspect (Asguith and
Krygowski, 2004).
Fig. 2: Chart of porosity (Φ) versus irreducible water
saturation (Swir) (Schlumberger, 1998, Chart K-3)
1.1 Calculate Constant Value
The magnitude of the constant was shown to be related to rock
type and indirectly to permeability. The lower value of the
constant is referring to the better quality of the rock. Buckles
(1965) suggested that the porosity and irreducible water saturation
are related by the following formula
Porosity * Irreducible Water Saturation = Constant……...1
The importance of the constant was shown to be related to the
rock type and indirectly to the permeability table (1), the lower
value of the constant indicates to the better quality of the rock,
higher porosity for any given value of porosity (Buckles, 1965;
Morris and Biggs, 1967; Chilingar et al, 1967; Bond, 1978; Doveton,
1994).When data are representing on a log-log graph, points should
align on a slope of ( -1((Fig. 3).
Table 1: Ranges of constant according to the rock type
Rock Type
Range of the Constant
Sandstones
0.02 - 0.10
Intergranular Carbonates
0.01 - 0.06
Vuggy Carbonates
0.005 - 0.06
Fig. 3: Relation between Effective Porosity and Water
Saturation
The relationship can be linearized to (Timur, 1968):
Log Swir =Log C – Log Phi……..2
K = [79 * (Phi3/Swir)]2…….....3
Swir= Irreducible water saturation
C = Constant
Phi = Porosity
K = Permeability
In the figures (4 and 5) the rock quality is shown between log
porosity and log water saturation plots in BH-20 and BH-53 oil
wells. Intercept value that read from the figure is (0.05 in BH-20
and 0.04 in BH-53) is representing the constant value that using to
calculate Swir and K.
Fig. 4: Relation between Effective Porosity and Water Saturation
in BH-20
Fig. 5: Relation between Effective Porosity and Water Saturation
in BH-53
2. Statistical processing
Using SPSS software program to calculate relationship between
core and predicted permeability. This relation is representing by
correlation coefficient R and build formula model between K that
predicted from well log and K that measure from core sample for
each saddle in small giant Bai Hassan oil field. In this study used
BH-20 and BH-53 that cover each saddle and the core data is
available.
2.1 BH-20 oil well
Data that used to import in the program is: depth, permeability
that calculated from well log analysis and permeability measured
from core sample. The goal of this processing is to get equation
between permeability that calculated from wireline log and
permeability measured from core sample.
According to the result that get from SPSS program is appear in
equation (4) below. A result of calculated permeability versus core
permeability with depth is shown in (Figure 6). It is observed in
the (Figure 6) good correlation between the calculated permeability
and core permeability. Good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9781)
was obtained between permeability calculated based on empirical
method and permeability of cores which is an index for accuracy of
this method (figure 7).
K CoreBH-20= (K Predicted*1.040)-3.363…….4
Fig. 6: Comparison of Continuous Predicted Permeability and Core
Permeability in Well BH-20
Fig.7: Correlation coefficient between core and predicted
permeability in BH-20
2.2 BH-53 oil well
Data that used to import in the program is: depth, permeability
that calculating from well log analysis and permeability measured
from core sample that get from BH-53 oil well. The goal of this
processing is to get equation between permeability that calculated
from wireline log and permeability that measured from core
sample.
According to the result that get from SPSS program is appear in
equation (5) below. A result of calculated permeability versus core
permeability with depth is shown in (Figure 8). It is observed in
the (Figure 8) good correlation between the predicted permeability
and core permeability. Good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9945)
was obtained between permeability calculated based on empirical
method and permeability of cores samples which is an index for
accuracy of this method (figure 9).
K CoreBH-53= (K Predicted*1.030)-3.359……5
Fig. 8: Comparison of Continuous Predicted Permeability and Core
Permeability in Well BH-53
Fig.9: Correlation coefficient between core and predicted
permeability in BH-53
Results and Discussion
The overall results can be abbreviated by the following
points:
1- The result of correlation between calculated permeability by
using irreducible water saturation graph and permeability that
measured from core sample is very good to excellent correlation in
BH-20 and BH-53 that show in (Fig.6 and Fig.8).
2- The correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.978 in BH-20 and
R2=0.9945 in BH-53) was obtained between permeability calculated
based on irreducible water saturation and permeability of cores
(Fig.7 and Fig.9).
3- The result of statistical method (SPSS software) is:
K Core= (K Predicted*1.040)-3.363 (BH-20) [Kithka Dome]
K Core= (K Predicted*1.030)-3.359 (BH-53) [Daoud Dome]
4- The reservoir 3D model simulation of the studied oil field
reveal the heterogeneity according to spatial variability of
permeability distribution( Fig.10) and this is arises the
structural and sedimentological effect .The result concur with the
actual existence condition of studied oil field, from this result
the Kithka Dome is more prolific than the Daoud Dome, this is may
be due to surface expression of Kithka dome (figure 11) ,this is
due to structural development of Bai Hassan oilfield during Miocene
compression and folding , these development of structure associated
with the seated perpendicular axis extension faults (Bellen et
al.,1959), which played as a conduit in addition to enhancement the
fractures development within the formations rock at Kithka dome
than the Daoud dome.
5- The sedimentlogical processes contributed to the
enhancementthe permeability distribution at the Kithka Dome than
the other dome is the successive phase of dolomitization
(Al-Hietee,2012, Sadeq et al.,2015) which influence and enhanced
the reservoir character (Sadeq et al.,2015) therefore the dolomitic
limestone is the main reservoir rock of Jeribe formation (Early
middle Miocene) (Al-Ameri et al.,2011 , Sadeq et al.,2015), because
this dolomitization lead to the influential by products porosities
within the reservoir rocks like intercrystalline ,micro moldic and
micro vugs (Sadeq et al .,2015).The all above idea can emphasize
and give the best answer and interpretation to the different
factors obtained for each dome of Bai Hassan oilfield.
Fig. 10: 3D Model Showing Permeability Distribution in Bai
Hassan Oil Field
6- The permeability distribution through Bai Hassan oil field is
in (figure 10). It's clear that the permeability in general in this
formation is good in some places (green area) for example in
BH-132, BH-123, BH-89, BH-50 and BH-91 wells the permeability is
represent in good area and the value is around about (10-100md).In
the (blue area) it is clear that the permeability is not good and
the wells BH-122, BH-20 , BH-53, BH-39 and BH-92 in this places.
The value of permeability is around between (1-10md).
7- According to the result of this study we got an accurate
model of a least cost and without need to the seismic sections that
need to draw a three-dimensional model. This model is useful to
throw a quick look at the field process to guide drilling of the
field in the future as well as we can do direct drilling for the
purposes of secondary production process within the distribution of
the wells in the field for the purpose of secondary recovery.
Fig. 11: Satellite Image Reveal the Surface Expression at kithka
Dome in Small Giant Bai Hassan Oil Field
References
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residual water saturation relationships for sandstone reservoirs:
The Log Analyst, v.9, n. 4, p.8-17.
BH-20
K
Core1370137113741374.51375.51377137813791380138113821383138913901390.513971397.514001402.51407.514081409.5141214131419.51427.5142814291429.514301430.5143114321432.51433.514341434.51436.51438.514391439.514401440.514411441.51442.50.41.64.0000000000000112E-23.74.0000000000000112E-21.84.0000000000000112E-20.700000000000000629.10.822.82.29999999999999983.911.922.13.94.09999999999999965.77.13.46.8172780.70000000000000062713.511.327.519.347.19.70000000000000112.72.83.7140.9104.385.35.410.20000000000000135.20000000000000312.122.229.825.9K
Predicted
1370137113741374.51375.51377137813791380138113821383138913901390.513971397.514001402.51407.514081409.5141214131419.51427.5142814291429.514301430.5143114321432.51433.514341434.51436.51438.514391439.514401440.514411441.51442.50.158028176642174942.0988725196040368-0.284620413606894334.1953827454748103-0.342268442211495831.0140082654000169-0.320892747780847755.6540825010014277E-24.23434607716562181.59467516489868971.64108158280303833.55900599289438271.93233883035180343.63317945296220128.953661688613609119.7479181369463184.36486739050620452.6913619609494254.00263994526369345.38629824120035314.34030794390639854.3358078356243954161.3463550651006588.1698942466485110.186500284975009786.270121896098240613.21548317257702918.97172863045962633.08289316683487213.66833481108877642.27115416173587912.5970455344391022.70030229767300113.44612914065698122.628634698828223210.26003047383225-1.0378406111100242E-2105.6645086912009286.1768096551209487.211202610395239411.53263641081572620.37822001789735218.68781028530712639.43486294042691834.30629216748684525.611914067345964
Depth (m)
K md
BH-20
K Core
0.500604132181356692.36715956876714547.4898621266694831E-24.38342252882747551.9457162712545151E-21.32382022061935344.0014668416194887E-20.403001370465487844.42089447698173551.88226117031993721.92689130871613593.77140410934255322.20700022153472023.84273846216792018.959570771892300619.3406598739623094.54641987930968752.93697053370783674.19805726607386645.52875383843080664.52280048461857924.5184726251436924155.5191912532238285.1436759440743460.527986425250055576.378747736197579113.05826425521930618.5941802562604932.16521750993928213.49378227648476241.00178319074387912.4634983020187542.94556866481341253.6628477982852272.876644257384324710.2159362125718860.33864357942768236101.9686561754192183.2268798375833267.283807088281681911.43983113177113319.94683594719884218.32112933766771738.27405553032016933.3417889666150724.9802020266835890.41.64.0000000000000022E-23.74.0000000000000022E-21.84.0000000000000022E-20.700000000000000629.10.822.82.29999999999999983.911.922.13.94.09999999999999965.77.13.46.8172780.70000000000000062713.511.327.519.347.19.70000000000000112.72.83.7140.9104.385.35.410.20000000000000135.20000000000000312.122.229.825.9
K Core
K Predicted
BH-53
K Core
15651565.515661566.515671567.515681568.515691569.515701570.515711571.515721572.5157315751575.515761576.515771577.515781578.515791579.515801580.515811581.515821582.515831583.515841584.5158515861586.515871587.515881588.515891589.515901590.515911591.515921592.515931593.515941594.515951595.515961596.515971597.516001600.516011602.516031603.516041606.51607.51609.516101610.516111611.516121614.516151615.516161616.51617.5161816251625.516261626.5162716281628.51630.516311631.516321632.516331633.51634.516351635.516361640.5164116421646.516471647.516481648.516491649.516501650.516511651.516521652.516531653.5165425.7515.228.5711.1210.432.469999999999999811.315.427.18999999999999952.9191.091.873.132.362.648.247.148.589.910.263.194.7183.16293.6499999999999899.149999999999991164.9488.462.2136.898.3800000000000008387.96187.14126107.42655.93999999999949119.11999999999999595.93999999999949367.28110.61178.57185.9415.735.371.31.100000000000000113.4500000000000064.31999999999999851.51.311.67000000000000211.940000000000011976.421.250.720000000000000641.65000000000000010.720000000000000641.280.970000000000000640.710000000000000630.791.070.650000000000006351.441.080.82.161.331.081.13999999999998750.880.920.710000000000000631.6800000000000111.791.331.14999999999998750.720000000000000643.063.092.06999999999999982.562.721.341.12000000000000011.581.231.261.460.960000000000000630.660000000000007141.3610.820000000000000621.261.271.581.67000000000000212.041.060.660000000000007140.680.650000000000006350.680.790.792.22000000000000022.192.231.65000000000000011.88000000000000010.740000000000003650.681.92000000000000211.721.481.98000000000001242.04999999999999982.482.680.920.66000000000000714K
Predicted15651565.515661566.515671567.515681568.515691569.515701570.515711571.515721572.5157315751575.515761576.515771577.515781578.515791579.515801580.515811581.515821582.515831583.515841584.5158515861586.515871587.515881588.515891589.515901590.515911591.515921592.515931593.515941594.515951595.515961596.515971597.516001600.516011602.516031603.516041606.51607.51609.516101610.516111611.516121614.516151615.516161616.51617.5161816251625.516261626.5162716281628.51630.516311631.516321632.516331633.51634.516351635.516361640.5164116421646.516471647.516481648.516491649.516501650.516511651.516521652.516531653.5165425.90486778189184810.56985855174256612.9163199043914688.94428833161800810.0885336473708682.77012252375879437.64120110892116613.1688818267497027.69910221892842558.2147449126084648224.073413111256832.03110980761517462.8634810535833912-1.4797951969534258-0.56364201490373910.637503330045957.841629643197957320.1947878462368285.61763052120261457.85997410904820455.65806051281607755.004817879018605570.173997077771759334.17785375909887101.4348314188623164.0338462018948584.75071640178904966.80042467538032736.37430160732197510.986799011344576391.21298678948546204.79201562261838116.2222867014562124.1524175912582699.43403905924333122.71881605516883609.67431936629748366.07159110068125108.47795878098455167.73734860139461187.1854553232592818.1625468456793164.288092209481059-2.5077542020765699E-20.217947839118088027.56935133759302392.64429127205314533.33616909929263671.86181786091191273.30803687807172022.1079310995907012906.302040332029494.0667902357440324-4.4208518050212774E-2-3.28595549832592-3.3078367274847356-2.8890162278918248-2.0263525396040167-2.6808456959064513-3.3563398811840535-1.3039998502192593-2.43878005747204974.17608203889069616.73470698010533033.91472421117172422.54109987765085510.85185864552234669-1.5055843227149257E-20.49122690495727522-0.424621345021036270.554930821171945590.128532819536225560.821809074414681432.82051798521989835.16450156736185228.0076530177701315-0.179024899895315092.24877032760954925.32946677196268143.11845321725404650.223823634515360911.59396320293343832.80977584408042081.29579827920477380.287638424841328792.1341924458432109-0.34597822863407485-2.4170089179453744-3.1511092672338648-3.3348523351768398-3.0198075666286677-1.2652668571560057-2.0537212670340277-0.73797146543991865-0.26430794073042181.0577091999529888-0.630379295471717890.39087533260982454-0.841065325215665570.302760623628682062.89380521804234720.25081472107814845-2.050003297813459-3.1963834021523492-0.794918248799592940.574181180377247970.88623190042879263-1.46071166334751952.6791095540392407-1.8231980720104297-3.1030010673391226-3.2913282712228402-2.5028748921031667-3.0226561452952367-3.17917490161446012.52760676820060499.06661679042887414.39116286813534455.82434497593926450.115135370506806221.7928769447309041
Depth (m)
K md
BH-53
K Core
28.40561811482412913.5201500211051915.79782557211364711.94223289809552213.0529350100670215.949060885030934110.67734528142214916.04298371845264310.73354903798142211.234075822761048220.764912746317355.23171210213089926.03968263791825951.82372821107217182.713024640939884213.58581181328477210.87189831411178222.8629274376206848.713095050672313510.8897050175192748.75233984936538438.118246824906496171.377011335442248327.64167516899522101.72144381563027162.4853874994126185.5264185612396868.10233418305058738.56814366853276313.924867997810638383.00484060327136202.04874356689712116.07540933940572123.77307085154139682.19048637085211122.38149490891946595.06204558948446358.6004572905079108.55810403900655166.08032285128769184.9583142334108720.890260964550237.42253175061255453.23580125992936823.471702425857196710.607601764310715.82691833823825266.49851397718173555.06738289741010656.47120644347874135.3062814012722734882.994215037885747.20771717699867053.21723110264976427.0514950178683922E-24.9275162604605245E-20.455818066499883381.2931930308638870.657886142587409632.1938641195367206E-31.99437017062778210.892855700376601787.31380512414161919.79742475257747897.06010892173530555.72675196821088674.08703032956934553.24552917566768923.73697039891018172.84796996212285423.79880685417583573.38490858040790554.05786165250889755.99797901885060998.273249434441819311.033054763900343.08636682207794125.44299197011215878.43337873418999716.28718037007767453.47740597409761294.80738031734943325.98755178031491034.51795600777012483.53935005323367245.33177290413824332.92430767944664010.913988625562633490.201408204975864952.3051509243944467E-20.328860836120498432.03196771776743781.26662660936323552.54380560528060773.00358382767382894.28684643753931292.64824374347534123.63956060241683142.44373391068174513.55402894935805776.06911785870925253.50360582515836281.27023558744568140.1574612675671292.48852819957326823.8174928949497464.12039594295164951.84225231668848835.86071593286666651.49039208696326850.248106127607166416.5299678486864743E-20.830639786349097740.326095762672056750.174165306140113915.713654405164677812.060975335302737.52258092422376658.91374973397330273.37190387352631145.000462963241033325.7515.228.5711.1210.432.469999999999999811.315.427.18999999999999952.9191.091.873.132.362.648.247.148.589.910.263.194.7183.16293.6499999999999899.149999999999991164.9488.462.2136.898.3800000000000008387.96187.14126107.42655.93999999999949119.11999999999999595.93999999999949367.28110.61178.57185.9415.735.371.31.100000000000000113.4500000000000064.31999999999999851.51.311.67000000000000211.940000000000011976.421.250.720000000000000641.65000000000000010.720000000000000641.280.970000000000000640.710000000000000630.791.070.650000000000006351.441.080.82.161.331.081.13999999999998750.880.920.710000000000000631.6800000000000111.791.331.14999999999998750.720000000000000643.063.092.06999999999999982.562.721.341.12000000000000011.581.231.261.460.960000000000000630.660000000000007141.3610.820000000000000621.261.271.581.67000000000000212.041.060.660000000000007140.680.650000000000006350.680.790.792.22000000000000022.192.231.65000000000000011.88000000000000010.740000000000003650.681.92000000000000211.721.481.98000000000001242.04999999999999982.482.680.920.66000000000000714
K Core
K Predicted