HAL Id: hal-03096505 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03096505 Submitted on 5 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack To cite this version: Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering. Kanji, Milton; He, Manchao; Ribeira e Sousa, Luis. Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Springer Inter- national Publishing, pp.291-333, 2020, 9783030294779. 10.1007/978-3-030-29477-9. hal-03096505
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Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering
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HAL Id: hal-03096505https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03096505
Submitted on 5 Jan 2021
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.
Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weatheringHenri Robert George Kenneth Hack
To cite this version:Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering. Kanji,Milton; He, Manchao; Ribeira e Sousa, Luis. Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Springer Inter-national Publishing, pp.291-333, 2020, 9783030294779. �10.1007/978-3-030-29477-9�. �hal-03096505�
Published in: Hack, H.R.G.K., 2020. Weathering, erosion and susceptibility to weathering. 23
In: Kanji, M., He, M., Ribeira E Sousa, L. (Eds), Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 1 ed, Ch. 11. Springer Nature
Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. ISBN: 9783030294779. DOI: 10.1007/978303029477-9_11. pp. 291-333.
2014; Franklin and Chandra 1972; Nickmann et al. 2006). The tests submerge material in water in a rotating drum
and the volume of material that falls apart in a particular timespan is a measure for the durability.
Dropping a block of rock from a certain height to investigate how the intact rock fractures under impact ('Drop
Test', CIRIA 2007), and cyclic stressing-destressing tests (Lagasse et al. 2006) may be useful for establishing
intact rock integrity. These tests may indicate indirectly the ease with which intact rock fractures due to weathering
or how easy incipient discontinuities change into mechanical discontinuities.
9.2 In-situ testing
Indirectly an indication on the state of weathering of a groundmass may be derived from seismic wave
characteristics such as wave velocity or wave amplitude (Table 3). Measured seismic wave velocities are higher
if the wave travels through fresh ground and slower through weathered masses, partially because the measured
waves may have travelled around weathered parts of the mass and thus have a longer ray path. The wave amplitude
is a function of among others, the absorption of energy in the ground which is higher in weathered than fresh
unweathered ground. The wave velocity and amplitude should be correlated to states of weathering established
on borehole cores. Seismic waves do not directly give information on the susceptibility to weathering but may
give depth of weathering and the thickness of weathered layers. The depth of weathering may in turn give an idea
on the rate of weathering as larger depth of weathering in the subsurface often also implies a higher rate.
Other geophysical methods that indirectly give an idea about the state of and susceptibility to weathering are
resistivity and electro-magnetic measurements as these react to the presence of clay that in many grounds will be
more present in weathered than unweathered parts of the ground.
10 Conclusion
Weathering is a process that governs many engineering applications on and in the Earth. It often transforms
originally sound ground into soft ground. Quantities of weathered material do not need to be large as small
volumes of ground weathered in a brief time span drastically can change geotechnical properties. Weathering is
the reason for many constructions and other engineering applications in which ground is used, to become a
disaster. Tests to determine the susceptibility to weathering representative for realistic volumes of groundmass do
not exist and published data on time-weathering-degradation relations for groundmasses are few. Therefore,
forecasting the influence of weathering on geotechnical properties has to be done by the design engineer based on
experience and a-priori knowledge without much or no hard data at all. Many engineers do not realize the
importance of weathering or are hesitant in taking decisions based on own expertise and a-priori knowledge alone.
They may assess the state of weathering as is, may mention the existence of future or susceptibility to weathering
in general terms in the reporting, but do nothing to implement the consequences in design and construction.
Fortunately, the safety factor used in civil engineering instigates excess in design to accommodate for uncertainties
in the construction. One of these is ground and future behavior of ground, and therefore not all constructions fail
even if susceptibility to weathering is not but should have been taken into account.
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