WEAR: A Balanced, Fault- Tolerant, Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Kewei Sha, Junzhao Du, and Weisong Shi Wayne State University International Journal of Senso r Networks 2006
Jan 03, 2016
WEAR: A Balanced, Fault-Tolerant, Energy-Aware
Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworksKewei Sha, Junzhao Du, and Weisong Shi
Wayne State UniversityInternational Journal of Sensor Netwo
rks 2006
OutlineOutline
IntroductionIntroduction WEAR: A WEAR: A WWeighted eighted EEnergy-nergy-AAware ware RRouting Protocolouting Protocol Hole information calculation Weight definition and calculation
SimulationSimulation ConclusionConclusion
IntroductionIntroduction
Four general requirements of any routing protocol Energy efficient
Find a shortest path Load balanced
Remaining energy Fault tolerant
Bypass the hole Prevent the hole enlarging
Scalable Use localized information
IntroductionIntroduction
source
Destination
GPSR(RHR)GPSR(RHR)
Hole
IntroductionIntroduction
source
Destination
Hole enlargement using GPSRHole enlargement using GPSR
Hole
Motivations and GoalsMotivations and Goals
MotivationsMotivations Identify and maintain the hole information Identify and maintain the hole information Take energy-efficiency, load balance, fault Take energy-efficiency, load balance, fault
tolerance , and scalability into tolerance , and scalability into considerationconsideration
GoalsGoals Extend network lifetimeExtend network lifetime Sensors avoid to route message towards the Sensors avoid to route message towards the
holehole Distribute the load to the alternative pathsDistribute the load to the alternative paths
AssumptionsAssumptions
Sensors have location information Sensors is stationary and the sink is fix
ed Holes in a rectangle shapeHoles in a rectangle shape
WEAR WEAR --- routing modes--- routing modes
Weight contains four factors Distance to the destination Remaining energy of a sensor Local hole information Global location information
WEAR WEAR --- routing modes--- routing modes
Greedy mode Current sensor forwards the message to
the neighbor having the smallest weight value
Bypassing mode The routing follows the right-hand rule
WEAR WEAR --- overview--- overview
Weight of hole
Weight of energy
WEAR WEAR --- Hole information --- Hole information calculationcalculation
To bypass the hole and prevent the To bypass the hole and prevent the hole enlargementhole enlargement Hole identificationHole identification
Hole locatingHole locating Hole announcing Hole announcing Hole propagating Hole propagating
Hole maintenanceHole maintenance
WEAR WEAR --- --- Hole locatingHole locating
Calculate the of the holeCalculate the of the hole Collect the Collect the minimum and maximum x-y coordinminimum and maximum x-y coordin
ators of hole boundaryators of hole boundary and and maximum ID of sensmaximum ID of sensorsors
Use “Locating and bypassing routing holes in sensor networks”
WEAR WEAR --- --- Hole announcing Hole announcing
The hole information is distributed to The hole information is distributed to sensors on the hole boundarysensors on the hole boundary Sensors have complete hole information Sensors have complete hole information
WEAR WEAR --- --- Hole Hole propagatingpropagating
Hole edge sensors broadcast hole Hole edge sensors broadcast hole information to sensors within preset information to sensors within preset maximum hopsmaximum hops
WEAR WEAR --- --- Hole Hole maintenancemaintenance
Hole may enlarge or change shape Holes in a sensor field will change in
two styles Hole enlargement Hole mergence
Hole maintenance Periodical maintenance Reactive maintenance
WEAR WEAR --- --- Hole enlargement Hole enlargement
Failed sensors on the boundary of the hole
Node N is a new stuck node and it starts a hole identification process
WEAR WEAR --- --- Hole mergenceHole mergence
Some sensors located on the edge of the two or more holesNode B recognize a hole mergence
B combines the two hole ID , like ID(h1, h2)
WEAR WEAR ---Weight calculation---Weight calculation
Distance to the destination
Global location information
Local hole information
Remaining energy
,, and
WEAR WEAR --- Weight calculation--- Weight calculation
The Global location information The nearer to the sink, the more important
the sensor In simulation, α= -1
The local hole information In simulation, β= 2
WEAR WEAR --- Weight calculation--- Weight calculation
The remaining energy In simulation, γ= -1
The distance to the destination Geometric distance between the jth sensor and the
destination In simulation = 6
SimulationSimulation
Simulator: Capricorn Communication Range:30m Number of node: 2012 Sensing area: 1000 x 1000 m2
Sink sends a query message Destination sends a reply
message
sink
SimulationSimulation
GPSR
GEARWEAR
EC=Ec/E0
SimulationSimulation
Sensor network lifetime
Network partitions or More than 5% sensors fail
SimulationSimulation
Comparison of the number of failed sensor
SimulationSimulation
Comparison of the path length extension rate
SimulationSimulation
Hole extension
ConclusionConclusion
Proposed a load balanced , fault Proposed a load balanced , fault tolerant ,energy-efficient routing tolerant ,energy-efficient routing protocolprotocol
Extend the lifetime of the sensor Extend the lifetime of the sensor networknetwork
Control the number of the failed Control the number of the failed sensor and hole enlargementsensor and hole enlargement