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Ÿ GbwmwUwe (1995): gva¨wgK wkÿvµg wjj; 1g LÐ, 2q LÐ Ges 3q LÐ|

Ÿ SESIP (2004): Proposals for Reform of the Secondary School Certificate Examination.

Ÿ SESIP (2005): Feasibility Study on Introducing SBA in Classes IX and X as a Component of the SSC Examination.

Ÿ GbwmwUwe (2005): lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ cixÿvg~jK we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb ev¯Íevqb|

Ÿ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq(2005): cÖÁvcb;bs-wkg/kv-11/wewea-6 (†mwmc)/2005/961;ZvwiLt12/7/2005

Ÿ GbwmwUwe(2006): wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv; lô †_‡K beg †kÖwYi we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb|

Ÿ GbwmwUwe(2006): wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj; lô †_‡K beg †kÖwYi we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb|

Ÿ †mwmc (2007): cÖavb wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj; we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb (lô-beg †kÖwY) Ges GmGmwm cixÿv ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb|

Ÿ GmBGmwWwc (2008): gvV ch©v‡q Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj; we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ|

Ÿ GmBGmwWwc (2010): gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿvµg g~j¨vqb I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY mgxÿv|

Ÿ GmBGmwWwc (2012): we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mgxÿv cÖwZ‡e`b|

Ÿ GbwmwUwe (2012): RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012; lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwY|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49

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Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gvbyliv D”Pwkÿv MÖn‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU we‡kl †kÖwY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq Ges GB †kÖwYB mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx I kvmK wn‡m‡e _v‡K| wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i mvÿiZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM GB †kÖwYi wkÿvwelqK bxwZ I Zvi Kvh©Ki cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ici wbf©ikxj| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I miKv‡ii I wkwÿZ RbM‡Yi wbiÿiZv `~i Kivi Zxeª B”Qv I cÖ‡Póv Ges GB g‡bvfve †`‡ki m‡e©v”P ch©vq †_‡K ïiæ n‡q µgvš^‡q Z…Yg~j ch©vq ch©šÍ mvsMVwbKfv‡e Qwo‡q †`Iqvi gva¨‡g Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ msL¨vMwiô wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i mvÿi Ávb AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv m¤¢e| GUv ïay m¤¢vebvB bq ev¯ÍevqbI †h m¤¢e Zvi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY nj 1961 mv‡ji wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb| GB cÖe‡Ü we‡k¦i †`kwfwËK mvÿiZv AR©‡bi BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvwPZ NUbv wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcU, mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I Kvh©vewj, wkÿv`vb c×wZ, m‡e©vcwi kvmK I wkwÿZ †kÖwYi †hŠ_ AskMÖn‡Yi wewfbœ w`K Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU we‡kl ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡k wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb m¤úbœ n‡jI Gi wkÿYxq w`K¸‡jv †_‡K fvlvwfwËK RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZ m„ó evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †hLv‡b GLbI wekvjmsL¨K Rb‡Mvôx wb‡Ri gvZ…fvlv‡Z co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvÿiZv wb‡q KvR Kiv miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi †h bZyb „wófw½i cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q †mUv Dcjwä Kiv hvq

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miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK B”Qv I Rb-m¤ú„³Zv- wbf©i mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi GKwU mdj D`vniY nj 1961 mv‡ji wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb| 1959 mv‡ji wecøe cieZ©x wKDevb miKv‡ii RbM‡Yi wbiÿiZv ~i Kivi Zxeª B”Qv I GB jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖvBgvi I wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv Zwi Ges mviv †`ke¨vcx Rb-m¤ú„³ mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zv‡j| GB D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g gvÎ GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ miKvi wKDev‡K wbiÿigy³ AÂj wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i hv AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †`kwfwËK msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi mvÿiZv AR©‡bi BwZnv‡m GKwU Abb¨ NUbv| wKDev‡Z cÖvq Qq `kK c~‡e©i GK we‡kl ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U GB mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ n‡jI RbMY‡K RbM‡Yi Dbœq‡b wbqwRZ K‡i wbiÿiZv †gvKv‡ejvq A‡bK wkÿYxq welq wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b i‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü wKEevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨vM, mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I Kvh©µ‡gi c×wZ Ges Av‡›`vj‡bi we‡kl ewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wbiÿigy³ mgvR MV‡b miKvi I RbM‡Yi†hŠ_ D‡`¨vM: wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb ch©v‡jvPbv

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* mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|** LÐKvjxb wkÿK, eª¨vK Bbw÷wUDU Ae j¨v½yB‡Rm, eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx50 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 51

2. wKDevi wkÿv A‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcUwKDevi wbiÿiZvi nvi, wKDevi ZrKvjxb miKv‡ii wkÿvwelqK ivR‰bwZK g‡bvfve I mvÿiZv ARb© -welqK cvÖ _wgK wKQy †¯”Qv‡mex D‡`¨vM wKDevi wkÿv A‡›`vj‡bi †cÿÖ vcU mw„ ó‡Z fw‚ gKv iv‡L|

2.1 wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vjb-c~e© wbiÿZvi Ae¯’v I wKDevi wecøex miKv‡ii mvÿiZvwelqK g‡bvfve wecø‡ei c~‡e© 1953 mv‡ji Av`ïgvwii Z_¨vbymv‡i wKDevi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 23.6 fvM wbiÿi wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.15)| GB msL¨vMwiô wbiÿi gvbyl 41.7% MÖvg GjvKvq Ges 11% kni GjvKvq evm KiZ (UNESCO, 1965)| kni I MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Îi ˆel‡g¨i wPÎ GB Av`gïgvwii gva¨‡g cÖKUfv‡e cÖKvk cvq| wecøe-c~e© mg‡q wekvjmsL¨K ‹z‡j hvIqvi eqmx wkï cÖvq 50% (cÖvq 800000) ‹z‡j †hZ bv (UNESCO, 1965, p.16)| d‡j GB wkïiv wkÿvewÂZ n‡q cÖwZ eQi eq¯‹ wbiÿi‡`i msL¨v evovZ|

Bhola (1984, p.1-196) Zuvi Campaigning for Literacy eB‡q AvUwU †`‡ki RvZxq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb we‡kølY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h GKwU †`‡k RvZxq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Mfxi ivR‰bwZK vqe×Zvi †PZbv cÖ‡qvRb (Bola, 1984, p.1-196)| wecøe‡K gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y I bZzb ivRbxwZK †PZbv‡K Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii gvby‡li mswkøóZv cÖ‡qvRb wQj| wKDevi wecøex †bZ…Z¡ cÖ_g †_‡K wkÿv‡K wbQK KvwiMwi ev wkÿvwelqK Áv‡bi mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`‡L wb; eis wkÿv‡K GKwU

1ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e †bq (Fagen, 1969; cited in Leiner, 1987, pp.173) | Gi jÿ¨ wQj wkÿvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ elg¨ Kgv‡bv Ges mgvR I A_©bxwZ‡Z wecøex Av`‡k©i iƒcvqY|

Fidel Crasto (1961; cited in Fagen, 1969, p.35; Leiner, 1987, p.174) e‡jb,

‘The lack of education in the best index of the state of political oppression, social backwardness, and exploitation in which a country finds itself. The indexes of economic exploitation and economic backwardness coincide exactly with the index of illiteracy and the lack of the schools and universities. The countries that are more exploited economically and most oppressed politically are the countries that have the most illiterate … Only a revolution is capable of totally changing the educational scene in a counting, because it also totally changes the political scene, the economic scene and the social scene’

2.2. wKDevi wecøex †bZ…‡Z¡i mvÿiZv cÖmv‡i cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póvmg~nKv‡÷«v I †P g‡b Ki‡Zb, “Revolution and education are the same thing….society as a

2whole must become a huge school.Ó (Gerassi , 1968, p. 391, cited in Leiner,1987,

p.175)| wecøe c~e©eZ©x mg‡q cvnv‡o Ae¯’vbKv‡j wd‡`j Kv‡÷«vi evwnbx gvby‡li Av¯’vfvRb n‡Z

I mg_©b †c‡Z ‹zj Pvjy K‡i| wecø‡ei ci mk¯¿ evwnbx gš¿Yvjq wbiÿi wecøex evwnbxi m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ wkÿv wefvM Pvjy K‡i Ges GB wefv‡Mi Aax‡b mKj Avwg© †nW‡KvqvU©vi, K¨v¤ú Ges cywjk †÷k‡b 1959 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gvm †_‡K mk¯¿ evwnbx m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ mvÿiZv Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i

3(Morales , 1981, cited in Supko, 1998, p.3 )|

wecøe cieZ©x mg‡q 1959 †_‡K 1961 mv‡ji gv‡S cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj I QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v ev‡o wKš‘ wkÿ‡Ki msKU wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.16)| wkwÿZ‡`i gv‡S hviv kn‡ii Rxe‡b Af¨¯Í wQj Zv‡`i MÖv‡g wM‡q wkÿKZv Kiv‡bvi gZ AvZ¥Z¨vMx g‡bvfve wQj bv| wKDevi wecøex miKvi GB wbiÿiZv mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Rbm¤ú„³ D‡`¨vM A_©vr †¯^”Qv‡mex Ges we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki ZiæY kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi wm×všÍ †bq| 1960 mv‡j wd‡`j Kv‡÷«v gva¨wgK ‹y‡ji hye wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ †`‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S wkÿvi cÖmvi we‡kl K‡i cve©Z¨ A‡j wkÿKZv Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ AvnŸvb K‡ib| GB AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q 1000 Rb QvÎQvÎx cÖv_wgK ¯‹yj wkÿKZvi †U«wbs †bq Ges wkÿKZv ïiæ K‡i (UNESCO, 1965, p.16)|

wKDevb miKvi wkï wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii cvkvcvwk eq¯‹ wbiÿi‡`i wb‡qI KvR ïiæ K‡i| 1959 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m wkÿv gš¿Yvjq RvZxq mvÿiZv I †gŠwjK wkÿv Kwgkb MVb K‡i| †`‡ki me cÖ‡`‡k eq¯‹ wkÿv‡K‡›`ª †Lvjv nq| wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi D‡`¨v‡M Dr. Raul Gutierrez wKDevi gvbyl‡`i Dc‡hvMx wkÿv cÖ`vb c×wZi cÖ‡Póv †bb (UNESCO, 1965, p.18)| wZwb D‡`¨vM †bb Ggb GKwU cÖvBgv‡ii hv‡Z ïay mvÿiZv ev wKDevi ivR‰bwZK ev wecøex fvev`©kB bq, wKDevi K…lK mgv‡Ri fvlv I Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki m‡½ mvgvÄm¨ _vK‡e|

wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcU ˆZwi‡Z RbM‡Yi wkÿv-myweav wel‡q miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK bxwZ, wecøex evwnbxi mvÿiZv Kvh©µg Ges cÖv_wgK I eq¯‹ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i †¯^”Qv‡meK wbf©i D‡`¨v‡Mi c~e©-AwfÁZv ewjô f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Øviv mviv †`k‡K GKwU e„nr cvVkvjv‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Z AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i|

3. wd‡`j Kv‡÷«vi †NvlYv I wkÿv Av‡›`vjb ïiæi P¨v‡jÄmg~nwd‡`j Kv‡÷«v 1960 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b wek¦evmx‡K wKDevi gvbyl‡`i wbiÿZv ~i Kivi GK Abb¨ D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v Rvbvb| wZwb e‡jb:

‘… the largest military fortresses today house tens of thousands of students, and, in the next year, our people plan to wage a great battle against illiteracy with the ambitious goal of teaching every last illiterate person to read and write. To this end organizations of teachers, students, workers, that is, the people as a whole, are preparing themselves for an intense campaign, and Cuba will be the first country in America which, at the end of a few months, will be able to say that it does not have a single illiterate person.’ (cited in Leiner, 1981, p.32 & Supko, 1998, p.2)

1 Fagen, Richard R. (1969), The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuba, Slanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 35

2 Gerassi,Gohn ed.,(1968) Vencermos!, The Speeches and Writing Che Guebara, Simon and Schuster, New Yourk, p. 391

3 Morales, Prieto A. (1981). The literacy campaign in Cuba. Harvard Educational Review,51, 31-39.

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx50 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 51

2. wKDevi wkÿv A‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcUwKDevi wbiÿiZvi nvi, wKDevi ZrKvjxb miKv‡ii wkÿvwelqK ivR‰bwZK g‡bvfve I mvÿiZv ARb© -welqK cvÖ _wgK wKQy †¯”Qv‡mex D‡`¨vM wKDevi wkÿv A‡›`vj‡bi †cÿÖ vcU mw„ ó‡Z fw‚ gKv iv‡L|

2.1 wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vjb-c~e© wbiÿZvi Ae¯’v I wKDevi wecøex miKv‡ii mvÿiZvwelqK g‡bvfve wecø‡ei c~‡e© 1953 mv‡ji Av`ïgvwii Z_¨vbymv‡i wKDevi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 23.6 fvM wbiÿi wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.15)| GB msL¨vMwiô wbiÿi gvbyl 41.7% MÖvg GjvKvq Ges 11% kni GjvKvq evm KiZ (UNESCO, 1965)| kni I MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Îi ˆel‡g¨i wPÎ GB Av`gïgvwii gva¨‡g cÖKUfv‡e cÖKvk cvq| wecøe-c~e© mg‡q wekvjmsL¨K ‹z‡j hvIqvi eqmx wkï cÖvq 50% (cÖvq 800000) ‹z‡j †hZ bv (UNESCO, 1965, p.16)| d‡j GB wkïiv wkÿvewÂZ n‡q cÖwZ eQi eq¯‹ wbiÿi‡`i msL¨v evovZ|

Bhola (1984, p.1-196) Zuvi Campaigning for Literacy eB‡q AvUwU †`‡ki RvZxq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb we‡kølY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h GKwU †`‡k RvZxq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Mfxi ivR‰bwZK vqe×Zvi †PZbv cÖ‡qvRb (Bola, 1984, p.1-196)| wecøe‡K gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y I bZzb ivRbxwZK †PZbv‡K Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii gvby‡li mswkøóZv cÖ‡qvRb wQj| wKDevi wecøex †bZ…Z¡ cÖ_g †_‡K wkÿv‡K wbQK KvwiMwi ev wkÿvwelqK Áv‡bi mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`‡L wb; eis wkÿv‡K GKwU

1ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e †bq (Fagen, 1969; cited in Leiner, 1987, pp.173) | Gi jÿ¨ wQj wkÿvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ elg¨ Kgv‡bv Ges mgvR I A_©bxwZ‡Z wecøex Av`‡k©i iƒcvqY|

Fidel Crasto (1961; cited in Fagen, 1969, p.35; Leiner, 1987, p.174) e‡jb,

‘The lack of education in the best index of the state of political oppression, social backwardness, and exploitation in which a country finds itself. The indexes of economic exploitation and economic backwardness coincide exactly with the index of illiteracy and the lack of the schools and universities. The countries that are more exploited economically and most oppressed politically are the countries that have the most illiterate … Only a revolution is capable of totally changing the educational scene in a counting, because it also totally changes the political scene, the economic scene and the social scene’

2.2. wKDevi wecøex †bZ…‡Z¡i mvÿiZv cÖmv‡i cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póvmg~nKv‡÷«v I †P g‡b Ki‡Zb, “Revolution and education are the same thing….society as a

2whole must become a huge school.Ó (Gerassi , 1968, p. 391, cited in Leiner,1987,

p.175)| wecøe c~e©eZ©x mg‡q cvnv‡o Ae¯’vbKv‡j wd‡`j Kv‡÷«vi evwnbx gvby‡li Av¯’vfvRb n‡Z

I mg_©b †c‡Z ‹zj Pvjy K‡i| wecø‡ei ci mk¯¿ evwnbx gš¿Yvjq wbiÿi wecøex evwnbxi m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ wkÿv wefvM Pvjy K‡i Ges GB wefv‡Mi Aax‡b mKj Avwg© †nW‡KvqvU©vi, K¨v¤ú Ges cywjk †÷k‡b 1959 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gvm †_‡K mk¯¿ evwnbx m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ mvÿiZv Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i

3(Morales , 1981, cited in Supko, 1998, p.3 )|

wecøe cieZ©x mg‡q 1959 †_‡K 1961 mv‡ji gv‡S cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj I QvÎQvÎxi msL¨v ev‡o wKš‘ wkÿ‡Ki msKU wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.16)| wkwÿZ‡`i gv‡S hviv kn‡ii Rxe‡b Af¨¯Í wQj Zv‡`i MÖv‡g wM‡q wkÿKZv Kiv‡bvi gZ AvZ¥Z¨vMx g‡bvfve wQj bv| wKDevi wecøex miKvi GB wbiÿiZv mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Rbm¤ú„³ D‡`¨vM A_©vr †¯^”Qv‡mex Ges we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki ZiæY kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi wm×všÍ †bq| 1960 mv‡j wd‡`j Kv‡÷«v gva¨wgK ‹y‡ji hye wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ †`‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S wkÿvi cÖmvi we‡kl K‡i cve©Z¨ A‡j wkÿKZv Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ AvnŸvb K‡ib| GB AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q 1000 Rb QvÎQvÎx cÖv_wgK ¯‹yj wkÿKZvi †U«wbs †bq Ges wkÿKZv ïiæ K‡i (UNESCO, 1965, p.16)|

wKDevb miKvi wkï wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii cvkvcvwk eq¯‹ wbiÿi‡`i wb‡qI KvR ïiæ K‡i| 1959 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m wkÿv gš¿Yvjq RvZxq mvÿiZv I †gŠwjK wkÿv Kwgkb MVb K‡i| †`‡ki me cÖ‡`‡k eq¯‹ wkÿv‡K‡›`ª †Lvjv nq| wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi D‡`¨v‡M Dr. Raul Gutierrez wKDevi gvbyl‡`i Dc‡hvMx wkÿv cÖ`vb c×wZi cÖ‡Póv †bb (UNESCO, 1965, p.18)| wZwb D‡`¨vM †bb Ggb GKwU cÖvBgv‡ii hv‡Z ïay mvÿiZv ev wKDevi ivR‰bwZK ev wecøex fvev`©kB bq, wKDevi K…lK mgv‡Ri fvlv I Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki m‡½ mvgvÄm¨ _vK‡e|

wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcU ˆZwi‡Z RbM‡Yi wkÿv-myweav wel‡q miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK bxwZ, wecøex evwnbxi mvÿiZv Kvh©µg Ges cÖv_wgK I eq¯‹ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i †¯^”Qv‡meK wbf©i D‡`¨v‡Mi c~e©-AwfÁZv ewjô f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Øviv mviv †`k‡K GKwU e„nr cvVkvjv‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Z AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i|

3. wd‡`j Kv‡÷«vi †NvlYv I wkÿv Av‡›`vjb ïiæi P¨v‡jÄmg~nwd‡`j Kv‡÷«v 1960 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b wek¦evmx‡K wKDevi gvbyl‡`i wbiÿZv ~i Kivi GK Abb¨ D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v Rvbvb| wZwb e‡jb:

‘… the largest military fortresses today house tens of thousands of students, and, in the next year, our people plan to wage a great battle against illiteracy with the ambitious goal of teaching every last illiterate person to read and write. To this end organizations of teachers, students, workers, that is, the people as a whole, are preparing themselves for an intense campaign, and Cuba will be the first country in America which, at the end of a few months, will be able to say that it does not have a single illiterate person.’ (cited in Leiner, 1981, p.32 & Supko, 1998, p.2)

1 Fagen, Richard R. (1969), The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuba, Slanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 35

2 Gerassi,Gohn ed.,(1968) Vencermos!, The Speeches and Writing Che Guebara, Simon and Schuster, New Yourk, p. 391

3 Morales, Prieto A. (1981). The literacy campaign in Cuba. Harvard Educational Review,51, 31-39.

wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vjb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e 1961 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K ïiæ nq| GB eQi‡K Ôwkÿv eQiÕ wn‡m‡eI †NvlYv Kiv nq|

(Leiner, 1987, p.175-176) GB cwiKíbvi wb‡b¥v³ cÖv_wgK P¨v‡jÄmg~n D‡jøL K‡ib|

1. †Kvb g‡Wj AbymiY Kiv n‡e †hLv‡b c~e©eZ©x †Kvb g‡Wj wQj bv

2. †Kvb ai‡bi †g_WjwR e¨envi Kiv n‡e

3. Kviv (wkÿK I wkÿv_©x) ’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e

4. Aby‡cÖiYv wK n‡e †hLv‡b mviv wek¦e¨vcx GB ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi wedjZv D`vniY wQj|

5. kû‡i Ges MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡`i gv‡S e¨eavb we‡kl K‡i D”P wbiÿiZvi nvi I wew”Qbœ K…lK mgv‡Ri e¨eavb wb‡q wK n‡e

6. wKfv‡e wbiÿ‡`i Ae¯’vb, mvÿiZvi gvÎv I Ab¨vb¨ welq wba©viY Kiv n‡e

1960 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i wd‡`j Kv‡÷«vi RvwZms‡N fvlY †`Iqvi c~‡e©B wKDev‡Z GB P¨v‡jÁmg~n wb‡q KvR ïiæ n‡qwQj| RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb I ’vbxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb cixÿvg~jK mvsMVvwbK KvVv‡gv, wbiÿi‡`i Rb¨ cÖvBgvi, wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK I †U«wbs wb‡`©wkKv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Ges wkÿK‡`i †Uªwbs Gi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z _v‡K (Bhola, 1984, cited in Supko, 1998,p.4)| GB e„nr D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU Rbm¤ú„³ KvVv‡gv `iKvi wQj| d‡j RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb I GB Kwgk‡b miKv‡ii wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cvkvcvwk K…lK, kÖwgK, QvÎQvÎx, wkÿK, †mbvevwnbx Ges ivR‰bwZK msMVb‡KI hy³ Kiv nq|

4. wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi avcmg~n

(Leiner,1987, p.176) wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi PviwU av‡ci D‡jøL K‡ib-

cÖ_g avc - wbiÿi RbMY‡K wPwýZ Kiv

wØZxq avc - mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Kiv

Z…Zxq avc - mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv

PZy_© avc - wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Av‡qvRb I ev¯Íevqb Kiv

4.1 cÖ_g avc- wbiÿi RbMY‡K wPwýZ Kiv†`ke¨vcx wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i cÖK…Z msL¨v I Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb Rvbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj| ZvB wbiÿiZv-welqK cÖv_wgK Z_¨ 1953 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi †_‡K †bIqv nq, mgKvjxb Z‡_¨i Rb¨ 1960 mv‡j b‡f¤^‡i bZzb Rwic ïiæ K‡i Ges 1961 mv‡ji AvM÷ gvm ch©šÍ wbiÿi‡`i kbv³ Kivi Rwic Pvjv‡bv nq (Bola, 1984, p.97)| cÖkœc‡Î evm¯’vb, †ckv, Kg©NÈv, ‹z‡j hvIqvi BwZnvm BZ¨vw` Z_¨ wQj| cÖkœcÎ mnR wQj hv mvÿiÁvb m¤úbœ GKRb e¨w³i c‡ÿ GKRb gvby‡li mvÿiZvÁvb hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e wQj| mviv‡`‡k ïgvwi¸‡jvi gva¨‡g 1961 mv‡ji AvM÷ gvm ch©šÍ †gvU 985000 Rb‡K wbiÿi wn‡m‡e kbv³ Kiv nq (Bola, 1984, p.97)|

4.2 wØZxq avc- mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i wb‡qvMwKDev mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb ywU bxwZ †g‡b P‡j (Bhola, 1984, p.94)| cÖ_gZ, hw` gvbyl‡`i gv‡S wbiÿi‡`i cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i hviv cov‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡`i kbv³ Kiv| wØZxqZ, †h GK Rb A‡b¨i †_‡K †ewk Rv‡b †m Aek¨B †h Kg Rv‡b Zv‡K wkÿv †`‡e| ZvB wbiÿi‡`i kbv³ Kivi Rwic I wbiÿi‡`i cov‡bvi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i Rwic cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z _v‡K| †iwWI, wUwf, msev`cÎ, wej‡evW©, †cv÷v‡ii gva¨‡g †¯^”Qv‡meK nIqvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b g~jZ wZb ai‡bi mvÿiZv Kg©x KvR K‡i| mvaviY mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meK hviv wb‡R‡`i Aemi mgq mvÿiZv cÖmv‡i KvR KiZ, G‡`i ejv nZ Alfabetizadores (eq¯‹ mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meK), kÖwgK †¯^”Qv‡meK (Workers’ Brigades), Ges QvÎQvÎx‡`i †¯^”Qv‡meK `j Brigadistas| me©‡gvU 120632 Rb Alfabetizadores (eq¯‹ mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meK), 13016 RbkÖwgK †¯^”Qv‡meK (Workers’ Brigades), Ges 100000Rb QvÎQvÎxi †¯^”Qv‡meK `j Brigadistas I 34772 Rb wkÿK; me©‡gvU 268420 Rb †¯^”Qv‡meK GB wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM †`q (Bhola,1984, p.97)| 1961-Gi gvSvgvwS‡Z wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK MÖæc †hgb The

Confederation of Cuban Workers, The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, The Association of Small Farmers The Federation of Cuban Women GB

4Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡i (Fagen , 1969, cited in Supko,1998 p.6)| GB Av‡›`vjb †Kgb mvov †d‡jwQj Zv Rene Mujica(1981, cited in Leiner, 1987, p.178) bv‡gi GK mvÿiZv Kg©xi Dw³i gva¨‡g eySv hvq, “I felt that I had to do something for my country, even though I

was very young. I felt that I had the responsibility and that I could do it…. I was 12 5years old and had just completed primary school.Ó

4.3 Z…Zxq avc- mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i cÖwkÿYfviv‡W‡iv mgy ª ˆmK‡Z cwÖ kÿY K¨v¤ú v’ cb Kiv nq| cwÖ kÿ‡Yi †gqv` wQj AvU ev `k w`b| GB cwÖ kÿY Õy fv‡M wef³ wQj| c_Ö gZ wQj, wkÿK cwÖ kÿY (cvÖ Bgvi I wkÿK wb‡ w© kKv), wØZxqZ, MvÖ gv‡ji cwiwPwZ (Leiner, 1987, p.178)| wbiÿi‡`i cvÖ Bgv‡ii bvg wQj Alfabeticemos (Avgiv Kie Rq) Ges wkÿK g¨vbqy vj Gi bvg wQj Venceremos (Pj †kLvB wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nq)|

6wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨eüZ cvÖ Bgvi m¤ú‡K© Abel Prieto Morales (1981) e‡jb,

We decided that in addition to the appropriate didactic method adult illiterates required a book whose contents would reflect the reality, often information on the revolutionary changes, and awaken in people, the desire to know more by reading. The Venceremos primer was based on this premise, in which the content and method in harmony…. (cited in Leiner, 1897, p.179)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53

4 Fagen, Richard R. (1969), The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuba, Stanford: Stanford University Press

5 Rene J. Mujica, “Some Recollections of my Experiences in the Cuban literacy Campaign, ‘ Journal of Reading 25 (Dec. 1981) , page 222

6 Morales, Abel Prieto, “The Literacy Campaign in Cuba, “Harvard Educational Review 51 (February, 1981, p. 35-36)

wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vjb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e 1961 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K ïiæ nq| GB eQi‡K Ôwkÿv eQiÕ wn‡m‡eI †NvlYv Kiv nq|

(Leiner, 1987, p.175-176) GB cwiKíbvi wb‡b¥v³ cÖv_wgK P¨v‡jÄmg~n D‡jøL K‡ib|

1. †Kvb g‡Wj AbymiY Kiv n‡e †hLv‡b c~e©eZ©x †Kvb g‡Wj wQj bv

2. †Kvb ai‡bi †g_WjwR e¨envi Kiv n‡e

3. Kviv (wkÿK I wkÿv_©x) ’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e

4. Aby‡cÖiYv wK n‡e †hLv‡b mviv wek¦e¨vcx GB ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi wedjZv D`vniY wQj|

5. kû‡i Ges MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡`i gv‡S e¨eavb we‡kl K‡i D”P wbiÿiZvi nvi I wew”Qbœ K…lK mgv‡Ri e¨eavb wb‡q wK n‡e

6. wKfv‡e wbiÿ‡`i Ae¯’vb, mvÿiZvi gvÎv I Ab¨vb¨ welq wba©viY Kiv n‡e

1960 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i wd‡`j Kv‡÷«vi RvwZms‡N fvlY †`Iqvi c~‡e©B wKDev‡Z GB P¨v‡jÁmg~n wb‡q KvR ïiæ n‡qwQj| RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb I ’vbxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb cixÿvg~jK mvsMVvwbK KvVv‡gv, wbiÿi‡`i Rb¨ cÖvBgvi, wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK I †U«wbs wb‡`©wkKv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Ges wkÿK‡`i †Uªwbs Gi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z _v‡K (Bhola, 1984, cited in Supko, 1998,p.4)| GB e„nr D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU Rbm¤ú„³ KvVv‡gv `iKvi wQj| d‡j RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb I GB Kwgk‡b miKv‡ii wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi cvkvcvwk K…lK, kÖwgK, QvÎQvÎx, wkÿK, †mbvevwnbx Ges ivR‰bwZK msMVb‡KI hy³ Kiv nq|

4. wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi avcmg~n

(Leiner,1987, p.176) wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi PviwU av‡ci D‡jøL K‡ib-

cÖ_g avc - wbiÿi RbMY‡K wPwýZ Kiv

wØZxq avc - mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Kiv

Z…Zxq avc - mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv

PZy_© avc - wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Av‡qvRb I ev¯Íevqb Kiv

4.1 cÖ_g avc- wbiÿi RbMY‡K wPwýZ Kiv†`ke¨vcx wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i cÖK…Z msL¨v I Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb Rvbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj| ZvB wbiÿiZv-welqK cÖv_wgK Z_¨ 1953 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi †_‡K †bIqv nq, mgKvjxb Z‡_¨i Rb¨ 1960 mv‡j b‡f¤^‡i bZzb Rwic ïiæ K‡i Ges 1961 mv‡ji AvM÷ gvm ch©šÍ wbiÿi‡`i kbv³ Kivi Rwic Pvjv‡bv nq (Bola, 1984, p.97)| cÖkœc‡Î evm¯’vb, †ckv, Kg©NÈv, ‹z‡j hvIqvi BwZnvm BZ¨vw` Z_¨ wQj| cÖkœcÎ mnR wQj hv mvÿiÁvb m¤úbœ GKRb e¨w³i c‡ÿ GKRb gvby‡li mvÿiZvÁvb hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e wQj| mviv‡`‡k ïgvwi¸‡jvi gva¨‡g 1961 mv‡ji AvM÷ gvm ch©šÍ †gvU 985000 Rb‡K wbiÿi wn‡m‡e kbv³ Kiv nq (Bola, 1984, p.97)|

4.2 wØZxq avc- mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i wb‡qvMwKDev mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb ywU bxwZ †g‡b P‡j (Bhola, 1984, p.94)| cÖ_gZ, hw` gvbyl‡`i gv‡S wbiÿi‡`i cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i hviv cov‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡`i kbv³ Kiv| wØZxqZ, †h GK Rb A‡b¨i †_‡K †ewk Rv‡b †m Aek¨B †h Kg Rv‡b Zv‡K wkÿv †`‡e| ZvB wbiÿi‡`i kbv³ Kivi Rwic I wbiÿi‡`i cov‡bvi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i Rwic cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z _v‡K| †iwWI, wUwf, msev`cÎ, wej‡evW©, †cv÷v‡ii gva¨‡g †¯^”Qv‡meK nIqvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b g~jZ wZb ai‡bi mvÿiZv Kg©x KvR K‡i| mvaviY mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meK hviv wb‡R‡`i Aemi mgq mvÿiZv cÖmv‡i KvR KiZ, G‡`i ejv nZ Alfabetizadores (eq¯‹ mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meK), kÖwgK †¯^”Qv‡meK (Workers’ Brigades), Ges QvÎQvÎx‡`i †¯^”Qv‡meK `j Brigadistas| me©‡gvU 120632 Rb Alfabetizadores (eq¯‹ mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meK), 13016 RbkÖwgK †¯^”Qv‡meK (Workers’ Brigades), Ges 100000Rb QvÎQvÎxi †¯^”Qv‡meK `j Brigadistas I 34772 Rb wkÿK; me©‡gvU 268420 Rb †¯^”Qv‡meK GB wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM †`q (Bhola,1984, p.97)| 1961-Gi gvSvgvwS‡Z wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK MÖæc †hgb The

Confederation of Cuban Workers, The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, The Association of Small Farmers The Federation of Cuban Women GB

4Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡i (Fagen , 1969, cited in Supko,1998 p.6)| GB Av‡›`vjb †Kgb mvov †d‡jwQj Zv Rene Mujica(1981, cited in Leiner, 1987, p.178) bv‡gi GK mvÿiZv Kg©xi Dw³i gva¨‡g eySv hvq, “I felt that I had to do something for my country, even though I

was very young. I felt that I had the responsibility and that I could do it…. I was 12 5years old and had just completed primary school.Ó

4.3 Z…Zxq avc- mvÿiZv Kg©x‡`i cÖwkÿYfviv‡W‡iv mgy ª ˆmK‡Z cwÖ kÿY K¨v¤ú v’ cb Kiv nq| cwÖ kÿ‡Yi †gqv` wQj AvU ev `k w`b| GB cwÖ kÿY Õy fv‡M wef³ wQj| c_Ö gZ wQj, wkÿK cwÖ kÿY (cvÖ Bgvi I wkÿK wb‡ w© kKv), wØZxqZ, MvÖ gv‡ji cwiwPwZ (Leiner, 1987, p.178)| wbiÿi‡`i cvÖ Bgv‡ii bvg wQj Alfabeticemos (Avgiv Kie Rq) Ges wkÿK g¨vbqy vj Gi bvg wQj Venceremos (Pj †kLvB wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nq)|

6wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨eüZ cvÖ Bgvi m¤ú‡K© Abel Prieto Morales (1981) e‡jb,

We decided that in addition to the appropriate didactic method adult illiterates required a book whose contents would reflect the reality, often information on the revolutionary changes, and awaken in people, the desire to know more by reading. The Venceremos primer was based on this premise, in which the content and method in harmony…. (cited in Leiner, 1897, p.179)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53

4 Fagen, Richard R. (1969), The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuba, Stanford: Stanford University Press

5 Rene J. Mujica, “Some Recollections of my Experiences in the Cuban literacy Campaign, ‘ Journal of Reading 25 (Dec. 1981) , page 222

6 Morales, Abel Prieto, “The Literacy Campaign in Cuba, “Harvard Educational Review 51 (February, 1981, p. 35-36)

wecyjmsL¨K kû‡i wkwÿZ †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i wbKU MÖvgv‡ji RxebhvÎv cwiwPZ wQj bv| GB †ÿ‡Î g~jZ kn‡ii †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i MÖv‡gi cwi‡ek, RxebhvÎvi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ I kn‡i cv_©K¨ †kLv‡bv nZ| Av‡iv †kLv‡bv nZ wKfv‡e wbiÿi‡`i mv‡_ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Av¯’v AR©b Ki‡Z nq (Leiner, 1987, p.180)| †Uªwbs †k‡l GKRb †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK ywU eB, GK †Rvov RyZv, yB †Rvov †gvRv, GKUv Awjf wMÖb †e‡iU (beret), ywU c¨v›U, ywU kvU©, e¨vP Ges GKwU K¤^j †c‡Zv|

4.4 PZz_© avc- wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Av‡qvRb I ev¯ÍevqbLeiner (1987, p.183-186) wKDevi wkÿv A‡›`vj‡bi MwZ I cÖK…wZ we‡kølY K‡i Gi wZbwU ch©vq D‡jøL K‡ib|

4.4.1. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq (Rvbyqvwi 1 †_‡K GwcÖj 30, 1961)

1961 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K wkÿv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq Ges GB eQi‡K wKDevi RvZxq wkÿvel© wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| GB D‡`¨vM cÖPzi cÖvYkw³ wb‡q ïiæ K‡i, d‡j Aíw`‡bi gv‡SB Gi GKwU KvVv‡gv uvwo‡q hvq (UNESCO, 1965, p40.41)| GB K¨‡¤úB‡bi cÖavb g~jgš¿ wQj RbM‡Yi| RbMY‡K †kLv‡bv DwPZÓ| cÖ_g c‡e© G·cvU© I †ckv`vi wkÿKiv Alfabeticemos †`i (Alfabeticemos gv‡b mvaviY RbMY hviv Zv‡`i Aemi mgq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡iwQj) mswÿß †mwgbv‡ii gva¨‡g wKfv‡e cÖvBgvi e¨envi KiZ Zvi wb‡`©kbv w`Z| 1960 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i cvBjU we‡MÖW wn‡m‡e wcÖ-BDwbfvwm©wU ch©v‡qi 11 R‡bi GKwU j Kvqv †Kv‡Kv Øx‡ci KvV-Kqjv ZwiKvix Mwie gvbyl‡`i Kv‡Q mvÿiZv †kLv‡Z hvq (UNSCO, 1965, P.40-41)| GB D‡`¨v‡Mi BwZevPK djvd‡ji Kvi‡Y Gfv‡eB e„nr QvÎ we‡MÖW Kivi †hŠw³KZv ¸iæZ¡ cvq| d‡j RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb ga¨ GwcÖj †_‡K ¯‹yj eÜ †NvlYv K‡i hv‡Z ¯‹zj wkÿv_©xiv cy‡iv D`¨‡g †`‡ki †hLv‡b cov I †jLv †kLv‡bv DwPZ †mLv‡b †h‡Z cv‡i|

4.4.2. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi wØZxq ch©vq (1 GwcÖj †_‡K †m‡Þ¤^i 5, 1961)RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb 15 GwcÖj †_‡K mKj ¯‹zj eÜ †NvlYv K‡i hv‡Z QvÎQvÎxiv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Conrado Bentiez Brigrad bv‡g QvÎvQvÎx‡`i `j MVb Kiv nq| 1961 mv‡ji AvM‡÷i gv‡S †gvU †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i msL¨v `uvovq 236000 Rb Ges Av‡iv 35000 Rb mycvifvBRvi wkÿ‡Ki vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| GB mg‡q wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi KvVv‡gvi ms¯‹vi Kiv nq| wewfbœ ivR‰bwZ‡bK ‡ji AskMÖn‡Y we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv nq| yÕRb wbiÿi‡K †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ GK Rb †¯^”Qv‡meK‡K wb‡qvM Kiv nq| 25Rb †¯^”Qv‡meK‡K wkÿK‡K wb‡q GKwU mvÿiZv BDwbU Kiv nq| GB BDwb‡U GKRb †ckvRxex wkÿK, ivR‰bwZK civgk©K I GKRb BDwbU cÖavb wQ‡jb| bZyb wbq‡g †ckvRxex wkÿKiv mivmwi wkÿv`v‡bi e`‡j †UKwbK¨vj Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡i| ivR‰bwZK Dc‡`óvMY Qv·`i mv‡_ mvÿvr, Abycw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` welqvewj †`L‡Zb|

4.4.3. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Z…Zxq ch©vq (†m‡Þ¤^i 5- wW‡m¤^i 22, 1961) †m‡Þ¤^‡i mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g ch©v‡jvPbv‡Z wKQyUv nZvkRbK wPÎ D‡V Av‡m| †`ke¨vcx G‡Zv Av‡qvR‡bi ciI †m‡Þ¤^i ch©šÍ gvÎ 110,000 Rb mvÿiZv Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i (Leiner,

1987, p.185)| GB Ae¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ miKvi wKQy c`‡ÿc †bq, †hgb Conrado Benítez

Brigade (QvÎQvÎx‡`i Øviv MwVZ †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i `‡ji bvg) hv‡Z µgvMZ KvR Ki‡Z

cv‡i †mRb¨ QvÎQvÎx‡`i wkÿv cÖwZôvb 1962 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi ch©šÍ †cQv‡bv nq| ¯‹zj wkÿK‡`i GB Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| mvÿiZv †kLvi Rb¨ we‡kl K¨v¤ú †Lvjv nq| GLv‡b hviv wcwQ‡q wQj Zv‡`i w`be¨vcx AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki Aax‡b wkÿv †`Iqv nq| hviv K¨v‡¤ú Avm‡Z cviZ bv Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wkÿv †KvP wb‡qvM Kiv nq| GB wkÿv †KvPÕiv msL¨vq Kg n‡jI Zviv ïay mvÿiZv †kLvi gvbylivB bq, hviv `yM©g GjvKvq KvR KiwQj Zv‡`i Rb¨I Aby‡cÖiYvi KvR

7K‡ib (Kozol, 1978, p.341-77, cited in Bhola, 1984, p. 100) | 1961 mv‡ji †kl `yÕgv‡m Kv‡Ri MwZi ZxeªZv ev‡o| GK cwiev‡ii mevB mvÿiZv wkL‡j Zv‡`i evwoi †M‡U GKwU jvj cZvKv Dwo‡q †`Iqv nZ| GBfv‡e GK GjvKvi me©‡kl evwo ch©šÍ jvj cZvKv Do‡j †mB GjvKv‡K wbiÿZvgy³ GjvKv wn‡m‡e aiv nZ| 1961 mv‡ji 5 b‡f¤^i nvfvbv cÖ‡`‡ki †g‡jbv †Wj myi kni cÖ_g wbiÿigy³ GjvKv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq (UNESCO, 1965 p.49)|

22 wW‡m¤^i wKDev‡K wbiÿigy³ GjvKv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| Kv‡÷«v GB †NvlYv †`b| G Dcj‡ÿ Plaza de la Revolución Gi GK mßv‡bi GKwU Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meKiv gvP© K‡i I Kv‡÷«v GK eQi †gqvw` G Av‡›`vj‡bi mgvwß †NvlYv K‡ib| miKvwifv‡e ejv nq †h 707212 Rb GB Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g mvÿiZv †k‡L (Bhola, 1984, p.100)|

5. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖvBgvi I wkLb-wkÿY †KŠkjGKwU gvÎ fvlvi gva¨‡g GB mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb nq| GKwUgvÎ cÖvBgvi I GKwU wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖvBgvi Avgiv Kie Rq G wZbwU welq cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Zwi Kiv nq, cÖ_gZ, †`‡ki ev¯ÍeZv, wbiÿi‡`i ev¯ÍeZv Ges †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i ev¯ÍeZv| GB eB‡qi c‡biwU Aa¨vq wQj hv cÖ‡Yv`bv I mgKvjxb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wQj| c×wZMZfv‡e, GB cÖvBgvi Analytical I Synthetic wQj| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aa¨vq GKwU Qwei gva¨‡g ïiæ nZ, GB Qwe wb‡q evK¨ wQj| GB evK¨ k‡ã wef³ wQj, me©‡kl k㸇jv e‡Y© wef³ wQj| Avevi eY© †_‡K kã I ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Kiv nZ (Bhola, 1984, p.101)| GB cÖvBgv‡ii we‡kl ˆewkó¨ wQj †h GwU AZ¨šÍ mvaviYfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq hv‡Z cÖwkwÿZ wkÿK QvovI QvÎQvÎx, kÖwgK Ges bvixiv wkÿvKZvi AwfÁZv QvovI GUv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvBgv‡i 15 wU Aa¨vq wQj Ges cÖwZ Aa¨v‡qi mv‡_ wZbwU K‡i Abykxjb wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p. 23)| cÖvBgv‡ii welqm~wP †_‡K GUv eySv hvq †h, GKRb wbiÿi‡K mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e m‡PZb K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi ci eY©gvjvi Ávb †`Iqv n‡Zv| wb‡¤œ Aa¨vqmg~‡ni wk‡ivbvg †`Iqv nj-

1. A‡M©bvB‡Rkb Ad Av‡gwiKvb †÷Um (IGAv†m)

2. b¨vkbvj BwbwóDU Ad GMÖivwiqvb widg© (AvB Gb Avi)

3. K…wl ms¯‹v‡ii Aax‡b mgevqx Lvgvi/ w` †KvAcvwiwUf dvg© AvÛvi w` GMivwiqvb widg©

4. f‚wg

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55

7 Kozol, J. (1978). A new look at the literacy campaign in Cuba. Harvard Educational Review, 48, 341-377.

wecyjmsL¨K kû‡i wkwÿZ †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i wbKU MÖvgv‡ji RxebhvÎv cwiwPZ wQj bv| GB †ÿ‡Î g~jZ kn‡ii †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i MÖv‡gi cwi‡ek, RxebhvÎvi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ I kn‡i cv_©K¨ †kLv‡bv nZ| Av‡iv †kLv‡bv nZ wKfv‡e wbiÿi‡`i mv‡_ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Av¯’v AR©b Ki‡Z nq (Leiner, 1987, p.180)| †Uªwbs †k‡l GKRb †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK ywU eB, GK †Rvov RyZv, yB †Rvov †gvRv, GKUv Awjf wMÖb †e‡iU (beret), ywU c¨v›U, ywU kvU©, e¨vP Ges GKwU K¤^j †c‡Zv|

4.4 PZz_© avc- wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Av‡qvRb I ev¯ÍevqbLeiner (1987, p.183-186) wKDevi wkÿv A‡›`vj‡bi MwZ I cÖK…wZ we‡kølY K‡i Gi wZbwU ch©vq D‡jøL K‡ib|

4.4.1. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq (Rvbyqvwi 1 †_‡K GwcÖj 30, 1961)

1961 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K wkÿv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq Ges GB eQi‡K wKDevi RvZxq wkÿvel© wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| GB D‡`¨vM cÖPzi cÖvYkw³ wb‡q ïiæ K‡i, d‡j Aíw`‡bi gv‡SB Gi GKwU KvVv‡gv uvwo‡q hvq (UNESCO, 1965, p40.41)| GB K¨‡¤úB‡bi cÖavb g~jgš¿ wQj RbM‡Yi| RbMY‡K †kLv‡bv DwPZÓ| cÖ_g c‡e© G·cvU© I †ckv`vi wkÿKiv Alfabeticemos †`i (Alfabeticemos gv‡b mvaviY RbMY hviv Zv‡`i Aemi mgq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡iwQj) mswÿß †mwgbv‡ii gva¨‡g wKfv‡e cÖvBgvi e¨envi KiZ Zvi wb‡`©kbv w`Z| 1960 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i cvBjU we‡MÖW wn‡m‡e wcÖ-BDwbfvwm©wU ch©v‡qi 11 R‡bi GKwU j Kvqv †Kv‡Kv Øx‡ci KvV-Kqjv ZwiKvix Mwie gvbyl‡`i Kv‡Q mvÿiZv †kLv‡Z hvq (UNSCO, 1965, P.40-41)| GB D‡`¨v‡Mi BwZevPK djvd‡ji Kvi‡Y Gfv‡eB e„nr QvÎ we‡MÖW Kivi †hŠw³KZv ¸iæZ¡ cvq| d‡j RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb ga¨ GwcÖj †_‡K ¯‹yj eÜ †NvlYv K‡i hv‡Z ¯‹zj wkÿv_©xiv cy‡iv D`¨‡g †`‡ki †hLv‡b cov I †jLv †kLv‡bv DwPZ †mLv‡b †h‡Z cv‡i|

4.4.2. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi wØZxq ch©vq (1 GwcÖj †_‡K †m‡Þ¤^i 5, 1961)RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb 15 GwcÖj †_‡K mKj ¯‹zj eÜ †NvlYv K‡i hv‡Z QvÎQvÎxiv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Conrado Bentiez Brigrad bv‡g QvÎvQvÎx‡`i `j MVb Kiv nq| 1961 mv‡ji AvM‡÷i gv‡S †gvU †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i msL¨v `uvovq 236000 Rb Ges Av‡iv 35000 Rb mycvifvBRvi wkÿ‡Ki vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| GB mg‡q wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi KvVv‡gvi ms¯‹vi Kiv nq| wewfbœ ivR‰bwZ‡bK ‡ji AskMÖn‡Y we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv nq| yÕRb wbiÿi‡K †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ GK Rb †¯^”Qv‡meK‡K wb‡qvM Kiv nq| 25Rb †¯^”Qv‡meK‡K wkÿK‡K wb‡q GKwU mvÿiZv BDwbU Kiv nq| GB BDwb‡U GKRb †ckvRxex wkÿK, ivR‰bwZK civgk©K I GKRb BDwbU cÖavb wQ‡jb| bZyb wbq‡g †ckvRxex wkÿKiv mivmwi wkÿv`v‡bi e`‡j †UKwbK¨vj Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡i| ivR‰bwZK Dc‡`óvMY Qv·`i mv‡_ mvÿvr, Abycw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` welqvewj †`L‡Zb|

4.4.3. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi Z…Zxq ch©vq (†m‡Þ¤^i 5- wW‡m¤^i 22, 1961) †m‡Þ¤^‡i mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g ch©v‡jvPbv‡Z wKQyUv nZvkRbK wPÎ D‡V Av‡m| †`ke¨vcx G‡Zv Av‡qvR‡bi ciI †m‡Þ¤^i ch©šÍ gvÎ 110,000 Rb mvÿiZv Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i (Leiner,

1987, p.185)| GB Ae¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ miKvi wKQy c`‡ÿc †bq, †hgb Conrado Benítez

Brigade (QvÎQvÎx‡`i Øviv MwVZ †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i `‡ji bvg) hv‡Z µgvMZ KvR Ki‡Z

cv‡i †mRb¨ QvÎQvÎx‡`i wkÿv cÖwZôvb 1962 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi ch©šÍ †cQv‡bv nq| ¯‹zj wkÿK‡`i GB Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| mvÿiZv †kLvi Rb¨ we‡kl K¨v¤ú †Lvjv nq| GLv‡b hviv wcwQ‡q wQj Zv‡`i w`be¨vcx AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki Aax‡b wkÿv †`Iqv nq| hviv K¨v‡¤ú Avm‡Z cviZ bv Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wkÿv †KvP wb‡qvM Kiv nq| GB wkÿv †KvPÕiv msL¨vq Kg n‡jI Zviv ïay mvÿiZv †kLvi gvbylivB bq, hviv `yM©g GjvKvq KvR KiwQj Zv‡`i Rb¨I Aby‡cÖiYvi KvR

7K‡ib (Kozol, 1978, p.341-77, cited in Bhola, 1984, p. 100) | 1961 mv‡ji †kl `yÕgv‡m Kv‡Ri MwZi ZxeªZv ev‡o| GK cwiev‡ii mevB mvÿiZv wkL‡j Zv‡`i evwoi †M‡U GKwU jvj cZvKv Dwo‡q †`Iqv nZ| GBfv‡e GK GjvKvi me©‡kl evwo ch©šÍ jvj cZvKv Do‡j †mB GjvKv‡K wbiÿZvgy³ GjvKv wn‡m‡e aiv nZ| 1961 mv‡ji 5 b‡f¤^i nvfvbv cÖ‡`‡ki †g‡jbv †Wj myi kni cÖ_g wbiÿigy³ GjvKv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq (UNESCO, 1965 p.49)|

22 wW‡m¤^i wKDev‡K wbiÿigy³ GjvKv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| Kv‡÷«v GB †NvlYv †`b| G Dcj‡ÿ Plaza de la Revolución Gi GK mßv‡bi GKwU Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| mvÿiZv †¯^”Qv‡meKiv gvP© K‡i I Kv‡÷«v GK eQi †gqvw` G Av‡›`vj‡bi mgvwß †NvlYv K‡ib| miKvwifv‡e ejv nq †h 707212 Rb GB Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g mvÿiZv †k‡L (Bhola, 1984, p.100)|

5. wKDevi wkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖvBgvi I wkLb-wkÿY †KŠkjGKwU gvÎ fvlvi gva¨‡g GB mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb nq| GKwUgvÎ cÖvBgvi I GKwU wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖvBgvi Avgiv Kie Rq G wZbwU welq cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Zwi Kiv nq, cÖ_gZ, †`‡ki ev¯ÍeZv, wbiÿi‡`i ev¯ÍeZv Ges †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i ev¯ÍeZv| GB eB‡qi c‡biwU Aa¨vq wQj hv cÖ‡Yv`bv I mgKvjxb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wQj| c×wZMZfv‡e, GB cÖvBgvi Analytical I Synthetic wQj| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aa¨vq GKwU Qwei gva¨‡g ïiæ nZ, GB Qwe wb‡q evK¨ wQj| GB evK¨ k‡ã wef³ wQj, me©‡kl k㸇jv e‡Y© wef³ wQj| Avevi eY© †_‡K kã I ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Kiv nZ (Bhola, 1984, p.101)| GB cÖvBgv‡ii we‡kl ˆewkó¨ wQj †h GwU AZ¨šÍ mvaviYfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq hv‡Z cÖwkwÿZ wkÿK QvovI QvÎQvÎx, kÖwgK Ges bvixiv wkÿvKZvi AwfÁZv QvovI GUv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvBgv‡i 15 wU Aa¨vq wQj Ges cÖwZ Aa¨v‡qi mv‡_ wZbwU K‡i Abykxjb wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p. 23)| cÖvBgv‡ii welqm~wP †_‡K GUv eySv hvq †h, GKRb wbiÿi‡K mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e m‡PZb K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi ci eY©gvjvi Ávb †`Iqv n‡Zv| wb‡¤œ Aa¨vqmg~‡ni wk‡ivbvg †`Iqv nj-

1. A‡M©bvB‡Rkb Ad Av‡gwiKvb †÷Um (IGAv†m)

2. b¨vkbvj BwbwóDU Ad GMÖivwiqvb widg© (AvB Gb Avi)

3. K…wl ms¯‹v‡ii Aax‡b mgevqx Lvgvi/ w` †KvAcvwiwUf dvg© AvÛvi w` GMivwiqvb widg©

4. f‚wg

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55

7 Kozol, J. (1978). A new look at the literacy campaign in Cuba. Harvard Educational Review, 48, 341-377.

5. wKDevi †R‡j/wKDevb wdkvig¨vb

6. RbM‡Yi Mí /w` wccjÕm †÷vwi

7. cÖ‡Z¨K wKDevb, GKwU evwoi gvwjK

8. gy³ wKDev‡Z my¯^v¯’¨evb gvbyl

10. wgwjUvwi

11. wecøe me hy‡× Rqx

12. RbMY Kv‡R

13. wKDev GKv bq

14. wkÿvi eQi

15. KweZv Ges eY©gvjv

wKDevi wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi wk¶K wb‡`©wkKvi bvg Pj †kLvB wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nq (LetÕs

Teach How to Read and Write)| GB wk¶K g¨vbyqvj Pj †jLvcov †kLvB wZbwU Ask wQj| wk¶K‡`i wqZ¡ I KZe¨ wb‡q Iwi‡q‡›Ukb, wec‡ei cwi¯‹vi I mnR e¨vLv Ges kãv_© hv wk¶v_©x ev wk¶K‡`i Rb¨ mgm¨v RbK wQj (Bhola, 1984, p.101)| wØZxq fv‡M wQj 24wU wecøex w`K (UNESCO, 1965, p.24):

1. wecøe

2. wd‡Wj Avgv‡`i †bZv

3. GB f‚wg Avgv‡`i

4. mgevqx Lvgvi

5. evm¯’v‡bi AwaKvi

6. wKDev wQj abx‡`i Ges wQj Mwie

7. RvZxqZvev`

8. wkívqb

9. wecøe Avwg© e¨vivK ‹y‡j

10. eY©ev`x elg¨

11. eÜy I kÎæ

12. mv¤ªvR¨ev`

13. AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨

14. hy× I kvwšÍ

15. AvšÍR©vwZK HK¨

16. MYZš¿

17. kÖwgK I K…lK

18. HK¨e× I mZK© RbMY

19. a‡g©i ^vaxbZv

20. ¯^v¯’¨

21. RbwcÖq we‡bv`b

22. wbiÿiZv ~ixKiY

23. wecøe me hy‡× Rqx

24. nvfvbv †NvlYv

Z…Zxq Ask GKwU k‡ãi ZvwjKv hv GB g¨vbyqv‡j e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj| cÖvBgv‡ii cvV K‡_vcK_‡bi gva¨‡g ïiæ nZ, Zvici cov Ges me©‡kl Abykxjb Kiv nZ| mvaviYZ `yB ev wZb gvm wkÿv Kvh©µg PjZ| wkÿv_©xiv cÖ_g †kÖwY mggv‡bi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv AR©b KiZ (Bhola,

1984, p.100)|

6. mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I Kg© c×wZmiKvi wgDwbwmc¨vj mvÿiZv KvDwÝj‡K mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi †gŠwjK `vwqZ¡ †`q| GB KvDwÝj K¨v‡¤úB‡bi wewfbœ w`K, †¯^”Qv‡meK wb‡qvM, mg¯Í g¨vKvwbR‡gi gwbUwis K‡i| mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb‡K Z…Yg~j Íi ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ mvsVvwbK KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv nq| GB mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv m¤ú~Y© Av‡›`vj‡bi †giæ`Ð wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB KvV‡gv‡K mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb PjvKv‡j cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡qwQj|

6.1. RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb‡K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b RvZxq mvÿiZv Ges †gŠwjK wkÿv Kwgkb‡K cyb©MVb K‡i RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq (UNESCO, 1965, p.22)| wgDwbwmc¨vj wkÿv KvDwÝj mvsMVwbK †ÿ‡Î RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb KvVv‡gv‡K AbymiY K‡i| ïay miKvwi wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq bq, G D‡`¨v‡Mi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi mswkøóZv G‡K GKwU MY-D‡`¨v‡M cwiYZ K‡i| wecøex I MY-msMV¸‡jvi cÖwZwbwaiv RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi b¨vq wgDwbwmc¨vj wkÿv KvDw݇ji Ask wn‡m‡e _v‡K|

RvZxq wkÿv Kwgk‡b wb‡¤œv³ msMVb¸‡jv Ask †bq (UNESCO, 1965, p.22)|

1. †ifz‡jkbvwi b¨vkbvj wgwjUv

2. Bqvs †i‡ej cvwU©

3. ccyjvi †mvmvwjó cvwU©

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx56 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57

5. wKDevi †R‡j/wKDevb wdkvig¨vb

6. RbM‡Yi Mí /w` wccjÕm †÷vwi

7. cÖ‡Z¨K wKDevb, GKwU evwoi gvwjK

8. gy³ wKDev‡Z my¯^v¯’¨evb gvbyl

10. wgwjUvwi

11. wecøe me hy‡× Rqx

12. RbMY Kv‡R

13. wKDev GKv bq

14. wkÿvi eQi

15. KweZv Ges eY©gvjv

wKDevi wk¶v Av‡›`vj‡bi wk¶K wb‡`©wkKvi bvg Pj †kLvB wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nq (LetÕs

Teach How to Read and Write)| GB wk¶K g¨vbyqvj Pj †jLvcov †kLvB wZbwU Ask wQj| wk¶K‡`i wqZ¡ I KZe¨ wb‡q Iwi‡q‡›Ukb, wec‡ei cwi¯‹vi I mnR e¨vLv Ges kãv_© hv wk¶v_©x ev wk¶K‡`i Rb¨ mgm¨v RbK wQj (Bhola, 1984, p.101)| wØZxq fv‡M wQj 24wU wecøex w`K (UNESCO, 1965, p.24):

1. wecøe

2. wd‡Wj Avgv‡`i †bZv

3. GB f‚wg Avgv‡`i

4. mgevqx Lvgvi

5. evm¯’v‡bi AwaKvi

6. wKDev wQj abx‡`i Ges wQj Mwie

7. RvZxqZvev`

8. wkívqb

9. wecøe Avwg© e¨vivK ‹y‡j

10. eY©ev`x elg¨

11. eÜy I kÎæ

12. mv¤ªvR¨ev`

13. AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨

14. hy× I kvwšÍ

15. AvšÍR©vwZK HK¨

16. MYZš¿

17. kÖwgK I K…lK

18. HK¨e× I mZK© RbMY

19. a‡g©i ^vaxbZv

20. ¯^v¯’¨

21. RbwcÖq we‡bv`b

22. wbiÿiZv ~ixKiY

23. wecøe me hy‡× Rqx

24. nvfvbv †NvlYv

Z…Zxq Ask GKwU k‡ãi ZvwjKv hv GB g¨vbyqv‡j e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj| cÖvBgv‡ii cvV K‡_vcK_‡bi gva¨‡g ïiæ nZ, Zvici cov Ges me©‡kl Abykxjb Kiv nZ| mvaviYZ `yB ev wZb gvm wkÿv Kvh©µg PjZ| wkÿv_©xiv cÖ_g †kÖwY mggv‡bi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv AR©b KiZ (Bhola,

1984, p.100)|

6. mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I Kg© c×wZmiKvi wgDwbwmc¨vj mvÿiZv KvDwÝj‡K mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi †gŠwjK `vwqZ¡ †`q| GB KvDwÝj K¨v‡¤úB‡bi wewfbœ w`K, †¯^”Qv‡meK wb‡qvM, mg¯Í g¨vKvwbR‡gi gwbUwis K‡i| mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb‡K Z…Yg~j Íi ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ mvsVvwbK KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv nq| GB mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv m¤ú~Y© Av‡›`vj‡bi †giæ`Ð wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB KvV‡gv‡K mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb PjvKv‡j cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡qwQj|

6.1. RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb‡K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b RvZxq mvÿiZv Ges †gŠwjK wkÿv Kwgkb‡K cyb©MVb K‡i RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq (UNESCO, 1965, p.22)| wgDwbwmc¨vj wkÿv KvDwÝj mvsMVwbK †ÿ‡Î RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb MVb KvVv‡gv‡K AbymiY K‡i| ïay miKvwi wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq bq, G D‡`¨v‡Mi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi mswkøóZv G‡K GKwU MY-D‡`¨v‡M cwiYZ K‡i| wecøex I MY-msMV¸‡jvi cÖwZwbwaiv RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi b¨vq wgDwbwmc¨vj wkÿv KvDw݇ji Ask wn‡m‡e _v‡K|

RvZxq wkÿv Kwgk‡b wb‡¤œv³ msMVb¸‡jv Ask †bq (UNESCO, 1965, p.22)|

1. †ifz‡jkbvwi b¨vkbvj wgwjUv

2. Bqvs †i‡ej cvwU©

3. ccyjvi †mvmvwjó cvwU©

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx56 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57

4. Kb‡dWv‡ikb Ad wKDevb IqvKvm©

5. b¨vkbvj †dWv‡ikb Ad cÖvB‡fU ‹yj

6. b¨vkbvj wbDR‡ccvig¨vbÕm G‡mvwm‡qkb

7. b¨vkbvj †dWv‡ikb Ad myMvi IqviKvm©

8. wKDevb DB‡gbÕm †dWv‡ikb

9. wgwbw÷ª Ad †ify‡jkbvwi Avg©W †dv‡m©m

10. gvP© _vwU©b_ †ify‡jkbvwi WvB‡i±wi

11. †dWv‡ikb Ad dvigvm© G‡mvwm‡qkb

12. RyjvB Uz‡qw›U wm· gyf‡g›U

13..b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ad †cWvjwRm

14. b¨vkbvj wUPvi G‡mvwm‡qkb

15. BwÛ‡cÛ‡W›U d«›U Ad wd« eªWKvw÷s †÷kb

16. Kb‡dWv‡ikb Ad †m‡KÛvwi ‹zj ÷z‡W›Um Ad wKDev

17. b¨vkbvj Bwbw÷DU Ad GMÖivwiqvb widg©

18. BDwbfvwm©wU ÷z‡W›Um †dWv‡ikb

6.2. RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi wewfbœ wefvMmg~nRvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi PviwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kvhµ© g cwiPvjbv K‡i (UNESCO, 1965, p.22)|

wefvMmg~n wQj:

1. †UKwbKvj wefvM

2. cÖPviYv wefvM

3. A_© wefvM I

4. cÖKvkbv wefvM

GB wefvMmg‡~ ni mgš‡qi Rb¨ GKRb mgšqK wQ‡jb| wgDwbwmc¨vj wkÿv KvDwÝj Avw_K© , KvwiMwi I cPÖ viYv GB wZbwU wefvM _v‡K | GB wZb wefv‡Mi mgš‡qi Rb¨ GKRb mgšqK wQ‡jb|

6.2.1| RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi †UKwbK¨vj wefvM I Gi Kvh©µg†UKwbK¨vj wefvM cÖavbZ wkÿvg~jK, KvwiMwi I cwimsL¨vb wZbwU wel‡qi KvR m¤úv`b KiZ| GB wefv‡M †UKwbK¨vj wefvM, IqvK© Kwgkb, †mwgbvi, g~j¨vqb, cwimsL¨vb, cÖKvkbv, WKz‡g‡›Ukb †m›Uvi, `wbK †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g wKQy mve wWwfk‡b fvM wQj| GB wefv‡Mi mvsMVwbK Kg©c×wZB wQj mgMÖ K¨v‡¤úB‡bi †giæ`Ð| cÖ‡Z¨K wb‡`©kbv me©¯Í‡i, GgbwK me‡P‡q ~ieZ©x ’v‡b †cuŠQv‡bv GKB mv‡_ wb‡`©kbv I wbqš¿‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wefbœ KvR KiZ| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b †UKwbKvj wefv‡Mi g~j KvRmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mv¶iZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mvsMVvwbK KvVv‡gvi QK (UNESCO, 1965, p.24):

wkÿv gšY¿ vjq

RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb

RvZxq mgšqK

A_© wefvM U¨vKwbK¨vj wefvM cPÖ viYv wefvM cKÖ vkbv wefvML

I

A

I

S

O

N

cvÖ ‡`wkKwk¶vwk¶vwefvM

cvÖ ‡`wkK cvÖ _wgKwk¶v Awdm

cvÖ ‡`wkK gva¨wgKwk¶v Awdm

cvÖ ‡`wkK gva¨wgK cv« ‡`wkKgva¨wgK wk¶v Awdm

cvÖ ‡`wkK Kwgkbvi Gesmve-Kwgkbvi

cvÖ ‡`wkK e¨e¯v’ cK ÷vdhvi GB K¨v‡¤úB‡b Ask wb‡”Q

cvÖ ‡`wkK ckÖ vm‡Ki Awdm

WvB‡i±i

mcy vifvBRvi

†m‡µUvwi

wgDwbwmc¨vjwefvM

wgDwbwmc¨vj wk¶v KvDwÝj

wgDwbwmc¨vj mgšqK

wgDwbwmc¨vj Kwgkbvi Gesmve-Kwgkbvi

wgDwbwmc¨vj e¨e¯v’ cK ÷vd, hviGB K¨v‡¤úB‡b Ask wb‡”Q

A_© wefvM †UKwbK¨vj wefvM cPÖ viYv wefvM

Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx58 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59

4. Kb‡dWv‡ikb Ad wKDevb IqvKvm©

5. b¨vkbvj †dWv‡ikb Ad cÖvB‡fU ‹yj

6. b¨vkbvj wbDR‡ccvig¨vbÕm G‡mvwm‡qkb

7. b¨vkbvj †dWv‡ikb Ad myMvi IqviKvm©

8. wKDevb DB‡gbÕm †dWv‡ikb

9. wgwbw÷ª Ad †ify‡jkbvwi Avg©W †dv‡m©m

10. gvP© _vwU©b_ †ify‡jkbvwi WvB‡i±wi

11. †dWv‡ikb Ad dvigvm© G‡mvwm‡qkb

12. RyjvB Uz‡qw›U wm· gyf‡g›U

13..b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ad †cWvjwRm

14. b¨vkbvj wUPvi G‡mvwm‡qkb

15. BwÛ‡cÛ‡W›U d«›U Ad wd« eªWKvw÷s †÷kb

16. Kb‡dWv‡ikb Ad †m‡KÛvwi ‹zj ÷z‡W›Um Ad wKDev

17. b¨vkbvj Bwbw÷DU Ad GMÖivwiqvb widg©

18. BDwbfvwm©wU ÷z‡W›Um †dWv‡ikb

6.2. RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi wewfbœ wefvMmg~nRvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi PviwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kvhµ© g cwiPvjbv K‡i (UNESCO, 1965, p.22)|

wefvMmg~n wQj:

1. †UKwbKvj wefvM

2. cÖPviYv wefvM

3. A_© wefvM I

4. cÖKvkbv wefvM

GB wefvMmg‡~ ni mgš‡qi Rb¨ GKRb mgšqK wQ‡jb| wgDwbwmc¨vj wkÿv KvDwÝj Avw_K© , KvwiMwi I cPÖ viYv GB wZbwU wefvM _v‡K | GB wZb wefv‡Mi mgš‡qi Rb¨ GKRb mgšqK wQ‡jb|

6.2.1| RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi †UKwbK¨vj wefvM I Gi Kvh©µg†UKwbK¨vj wefvM cÖavbZ wkÿvg~jK, KvwiMwi I cwimsL¨vb wZbwU wel‡qi KvR m¤úv`b KiZ| GB wefv‡M †UKwbK¨vj wefvM, IqvK© Kwgkb, †mwgbvi, g~j¨vqb, cwimsL¨vb, cÖKvkbv, WKz‡g‡›Ukb †m›Uvi, `wbK †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g wKQy mve wWwfk‡b fvM wQj| GB wefv‡Mi mvsMVwbK Kg©c×wZB wQj mgMÖ K¨v‡¤úB‡bi †giæ`Ð| cÖ‡Z¨K wb‡`©kbv me©¯Í‡i, GgbwK me‡P‡q ~ieZ©x ’v‡b †cuŠQv‡bv GKB mv‡_ wb‡`©kbv I wbqš¿‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wefbœ KvR KiZ| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b †UKwbKvj wefv‡Mi g~j KvRmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mv¶iZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mvsMVvwbK KvVv‡gvi QK (UNESCO, 1965, p.24):

wkÿv gšY¿ vjq

RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgkb

RvZxq mgšqK

A_© wefvM U¨vKwbK¨vj wefvM cPÖ viYv wefvM cKÖ vkbv wefvML

I

A

I

S

O

N

cvÖ ‡`wkKwk¶vwk¶vwefvM

cvÖ ‡`wkK cvÖ _wgKwk¶v Awdm

cvÖ ‡`wkK gva¨wgKwk¶v Awdm

cvÖ ‡`wkK gva¨wgK cv« ‡`wkKgva¨wgK wk¶v Awdm

cvÖ ‡`wkK Kwgkbvi Gesmve-Kwgkbvi

cvÖ ‡`wkK e¨e¯v’ cK ÷vdhvi GB K¨v‡¤úB‡b Ask wb‡”Q

cvÖ ‡`wkK ckÖ vm‡Ki Awdm

WvB‡i±i

mcy vifvBRvi

†m‡µUvwi

wgDwbwmc¨vjwefvM

wgDwbwmc¨vj wk¶v KvDwÝj

wgDwbwmc¨vj mgšqK

wgDwbwmc¨vj Kwgkbvi Gesmve-Kwgkbvi

wgDwbwmc¨vj e¨e¯v’ cK ÷vd, hviGB K¨v‡¤úB‡b Ask wb‡”Q

A_© wefvM †UKwbK¨vj wefvM cPÖ viYv wefvM

Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv Dc‡`óv

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

mvÿiZvwbDwK¬qvm

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx58 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59

6.2.1.1 †mwgbvi Av‡qvRb KvwiMwi wefvM Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi KvR‡K ch©v‡jvPbv, wb‡`©kbv, †Uªwbs, wewfbœ ch©vq I wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri gv‡S mvgvÄm¨ ivL‡Z ÷vwW MÖæc ˆZwi K‡i (UNESCO, 1965, p.23-25)| GB Ô÷vwW cÖæcÕ kwbev‡ii wgwUs ïiæ K‡i| GB kwbev‡ii wgwUs G cÖ‡Z¨K GjvKvi wkÿK, KvwiMwi G·cvU© Ges cwjwUK¨vj BÝUªv±i Z_v hviv wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi Kv‡R hy³ wQ‡jb mevB †hvM`vb Ki‡Zb| Zviv AwfÁZv wewbgq Ki‡Zb Ges wewfbœ P¨v‡j‡Ä¨i mgvavb †LuvRZ| GUv GKB mv‡_ Aby‡cÖiYv`vqK I mvgvwRK wgjb †K›`ª wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| cÖ‡Z¨K BÝUªv±i Zv‡`i GK mßv‡ni Kv‡Ri wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb I cieZ©x mßv‡ni Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv †c‡Zb|

6.2.1.2 cwimsL¨vb, g~j¨vqb Ges wbqš¿YGB wefvM mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cwimvswL¨K Z_¨ msMÖn KiZ| KvwiMwi wefvM Av`gïgvwii gva¨‡g wbiÿi I hviv †¯^”Qv‡mex wkÿK nIqvi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ‡`i Ges hviv cov I †jLv wk‡L‡Q Zv‡`i Ici ïgvwi cwiPvjbv KiZ| †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i gva¨‡g mK‡j hv‡Z eyS‡Z cv‡i Ggb cÖkœcÎ w`‡q GB ïgvwi Kiv nq| †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi wbiÿi Ges Alfabetizadores (hviv †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK n‡Z B”QzK) kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ †gvU yÕai‡bi cÖkœcÎ e¨envi Kiv nq|wbiÿi‡`i Rb¨ cÖkœc‡Îi cuvPwU fvM wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.25)

1. m¤ú~Y© bvg, wj½, eqm, RvZxqZv, eevwnK Ae¯’v

2. evm¯’vb I †Rvb (MÖvg ev kni| MÖvg Avevi AvU fv‡M wQj, h_v- AvL, ZvgvK, Kwd BZ¨vw`)

3. †ckv, Kv‡Ri RvqMv, Kg©NÈv

4. †jLv I cov msµvšÍ Z_¨, †Kvb mgq ¯‹y‡j †hvM`vb, co‡Z cviv I wjL‡Z cviv, †Kvb mg‡q co‡Z cvi‡e I †Kvb ev‡i co‡Z cvi‡e

5. Alfabetizadores m¤ú‡K© Z_¨, bvg, †dvb b¤^i, wVKvbv, RvqMvi bvg †hLv‡b †h cov I †jLv wkLvq

GB Z_¨ wgDwbwmc¨vj, cÖ‡`k I RvZxq msMV‡Yi Rb¨ msMÖn Kiv nq

Alfabetizadores (hv‡`i cÖvBgvwi ¯‹yj mvwU©wd‡KU wQj Ges GKRb wbiÿi‡K wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nq †mUv †kLv‡Z AvMÖnx wQj, Zviv Alfabetizadores n‡Z cviZ) -Gi ïgvwi‡Z AšÍf©y³ wQj, bvg, wVKvbv, †dvb b¤^i, ‹yj, †ckv Ges KZ NÈv wkÿKZvq mgq w`‡Z cvi‡e (UNESCO,

1965, p.25-28)| Alfabetizadores †`i evm¯’vb †_‡K `~‡i †Kv_vI cov‡Z †h‡Z AvMÖnx wKbv, †Kv_vq †m cov‡Z cQ›` K‡i †hgb, †kÖwYKÿ, evmv, Ab¨ Kv‡iv evmv‡Z BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †bIqv nZ|

6.2.1.3 g~j¨vqb I wbqš¿YGB wefvM GK Rb gvby‡li mvÿiZvi ch©vq I Dbœq‡bi g~j¨vqb wZbwU av‡ci cixÿvi gva¨‡g KiZ (UNESCO, 1965, p.29-37)| cÖ_g cixÿvi jÿ¨ wQj †h, QvÎQvÎx wbiÿi A_ev Avav mvÿi, wbY©q Kiv| hviv wKQyB Rv‡b bv Zv‡`i wbiÿi Ges hviv cÖkœc‡Îi cÖ_g wZbwU Abykxjb Ki‡Z cviZ A_ev hw` ïay co‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Avav mvÿi e‡j MY¨ Kiv nZ| QvÎQvÎxiv wKQy DbœwZ Ki‡j

ga¨eZ©x cixÿv †bIqv nZ| mvaviYZ Avgiv Kie Rq bvgK cÖvBgv‡ii ÔwKDevi †R‡j Aa¨vqÕ †kl Ki‡j GB cixÿv †bIqv nZ| cÖvBgvi cov †kl Kiv n‡j P‚ovšÍ cixÿvi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿv_©xi cov I †jLvi cÖv_wgK welqmg~n Rvbv hvPvB Kiv nZ Ges mvÿiÁvb-m¤úbœ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nZ| Mo wn‡m‡e GB cov I †jLv wkL‡Z yB ev wZb gvm jvMZ, †ÿÎ we‡k‡l wKQy †ewk mgq jvMZ| P‚ovšÍ cixÿvi mg‡q wd‡Wj Kv‡÷«v‡K GKwU wPwV wjL‡Z nZ| GB ch©vq †kl Kiv GKRb‡K mvÿi aiv nZ| GB Qv‡Îi GKwU dvBj wgDwbwmc¨v‡j msiwÿZ _vKZ|

6.2.2 RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi cÖPviYv wefvMmvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq msnwZ AR©b Ges wgDwbwmc¨vj I cÖv‡`wkK ch©v‡q cÖPviYv wefvM †Lvjv GB wefv‡Mi `ywU cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.37)| cÖ_g †_‡K GB wef‡Mi wZbwU jÿ¨ wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.37)| m‡e©vcwi, wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i mvÿiZvi Rb¨ AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvicÎ cÖPvi, †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b †NvlYv, Rbmfv Av‡qvRb Ges wW‡cøvgv cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`| wØZxq jÿ¨ wQj, m‡e©v”PmsL¨K A‡ckv`vi wkÿK‡`i GB K¨v‡¤úB‡b hy³ Kivi Rb¨ mZK© cwiKíbv, K¨v‡¤úB‡bi c‡ÿ RbgZ‡K Drmvnx Kiv| Z…Zxq jÿ¨ wQj, †UKwbK¨vj wefvM‡K K¨v‡¤úB‡bi Awi‡q‡›Ukb‡K RbwcÖq Kivi Rb¨ mv‡cvU© cÖ`vb Kiv (UNESCO, 1965,

p.37)|

6.2.3 RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi A_© wefvMGB wefvM †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i ’vbvšÍi, †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i cwiPq cÎ, mb`, †g‡Wj BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb KiZ| wewfbœ mvgvwRK mgv‡ek I Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb KiZ| †¯^”QvkÖgwfwËK wKDevi mvÿiZv K¨v‡¤úB‡bi cÖK…Z e¨q wn‡me Kiv KwVb| Alfabetizadores, kÖwgK, QvÎ Ges AmsL¨ wkÿK mvwU©‡d‡KUavix wkÿK webv †eZ‡b KvR K‡iwQj| A‡bK KviLvbvi kÖwgKiv †ewk kÖgNÈv w`‡qwQj, hv‡Z Zv‡`i wbiÿi mnKg©x covïbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ïay miKviB bq wewfbœ msMVb †hgb †UªW BDwbqb gyf‡g›U A_© †hvMv‡bi cvkvcvwk I Abvb¨ c×wZ‡Z †hgb; w÷Kvi weµq, wPÎ weµq Ges gywf †kvi gva¨‡gI †¯^”Qv‡meKiv A_© msMÖn KiZ (UNESCO, 1965, p.37-38)|

6.2.4 RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi cÖKvkbv wefvMcÖKvkbv wefvM mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ cÖvBgvi Avgiv Kie Rq, wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv ÒPj wkLvB wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nqÓ, cÖPviYbvi Rb¨ cyw¯ÍKv, †cv÷vi Ges mvÿiZv-DËi cov‡kvbvi Rb¨ g¨MvwRb cÖKvk K‡i| MwYZ welqK eB Drcv`b Kiv, Rgv Kiv I msMwVZ Kiv cÖKvk K‡i| ZvQvovI GB wefvM A‡bK cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk K‡i| hv‡`i gv‡S D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj ÔAvšÍR©vwZK †mwgbviÕ, RvZxq mvÿiZv Ks‡MÖmÕ, wKDevi RbM‡Yi wbKU RvZxq mvÿiZv K¨v‡¤úB‡bi djvdj cÖKvk BZ¨vw`|

7. wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi ewkó¨

7.1 wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qvi iæZ¡MYmvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb mdj Ki‡Z ivR‰bwZK B”Qv ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq bq eis GwU GKwU kZ© (Bhola,

1984, p.11-196)|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 61

6.2.1.1 †mwgbvi Av‡qvRb KvwiMwi wefvM Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi KvR‡K ch©v‡jvPbv, wb‡`©kbv, †Uªwbs, wewfbœ ch©vq I wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri gv‡S mvgvÄm¨ ivL‡Z ÷vwW MÖæc ˆZwi K‡i (UNESCO, 1965, p.23-25)| GB Ô÷vwW cÖæcÕ kwbev‡ii wgwUs ïiæ K‡i| GB kwbev‡ii wgwUs G cÖ‡Z¨K GjvKvi wkÿK, KvwiMwi G·cvU© Ges cwjwUK¨vj BÝUªv±i Z_v hviv wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi Kv‡R hy³ wQ‡jb mevB †hvM`vb Ki‡Zb| Zviv AwfÁZv wewbgq Ki‡Zb Ges wewfbœ P¨v‡j‡Ä¨i mgvavb †LuvRZ| GUv GKB mv‡_ Aby‡cÖiYv`vqK I mvgvwRK wgjb †K›`ª wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| cÖ‡Z¨K BÝUªv±i Zv‡`i GK mßv‡ni Kv‡Ri wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb I cieZ©x mßv‡ni Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv †c‡Zb|

6.2.1.2 cwimsL¨vb, g~j¨vqb Ges wbqš¿YGB wefvM mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cwimvswL¨K Z_¨ msMÖn KiZ| KvwiMwi wefvM Av`gïgvwii gva¨‡g wbiÿi I hviv †¯^”Qv‡mex wkÿK nIqvi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ‡`i Ges hviv cov I †jLv wk‡L‡Q Zv‡`i Ici ïgvwi cwiPvjbv KiZ| †¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i gva¨‡g mK‡j hv‡Z eyS‡Z cv‡i Ggb cÖkœcÎ w`‡q GB ïgvwi Kiv nq| †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi wbiÿi Ges Alfabetizadores (hviv †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK n‡Z B”QzK) kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ †gvU yÕai‡bi cÖkœcÎ e¨envi Kiv nq|wbiÿi‡`i Rb¨ cÖkœc‡Îi cuvPwU fvM wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.25)

1. m¤ú~Y© bvg, wj½, eqm, RvZxqZv, eevwnK Ae¯’v

2. evm¯’vb I †Rvb (MÖvg ev kni| MÖvg Avevi AvU fv‡M wQj, h_v- AvL, ZvgvK, Kwd BZ¨vw`)

3. †ckv, Kv‡Ri RvqMv, Kg©NÈv

4. †jLv I cov msµvšÍ Z_¨, †Kvb mgq ¯‹y‡j †hvM`vb, co‡Z cviv I wjL‡Z cviv, †Kvb mg‡q co‡Z cvi‡e I †Kvb ev‡i co‡Z cvi‡e

5. Alfabetizadores m¤ú‡K© Z_¨, bvg, †dvb b¤^i, wVKvbv, RvqMvi bvg †hLv‡b †h cov I †jLv wkLvq

GB Z_¨ wgDwbwmc¨vj, cÖ‡`k I RvZxq msMV‡Yi Rb¨ msMÖn Kiv nq

Alfabetizadores (hv‡`i cÖvBgvwi ¯‹yj mvwU©wd‡KU wQj Ges GKRb wbiÿi‡K wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nq †mUv †kLv‡Z AvMÖnx wQj, Zviv Alfabetizadores n‡Z cviZ) -Gi ïgvwi‡Z AšÍf©y³ wQj, bvg, wVKvbv, †dvb b¤^i, ‹yj, †ckv Ges KZ NÈv wkÿKZvq mgq w`‡Z cvi‡e (UNESCO,

1965, p.25-28)| Alfabetizadores †`i evm¯’vb †_‡K `~‡i †Kv_vI cov‡Z †h‡Z AvMÖnx wKbv, †Kv_vq †m cov‡Z cQ›` K‡i †hgb, †kÖwYKÿ, evmv, Ab¨ Kv‡iv evmv‡Z BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †bIqv nZ|

6.2.1.3 g~j¨vqb I wbqš¿YGB wefvM GK Rb gvby‡li mvÿiZvi ch©vq I Dbœq‡bi g~j¨vqb wZbwU av‡ci cixÿvi gva¨‡g KiZ (UNESCO, 1965, p.29-37)| cÖ_g cixÿvi jÿ¨ wQj †h, QvÎQvÎx wbiÿi A_ev Avav mvÿi, wbY©q Kiv| hviv wKQyB Rv‡b bv Zv‡`i wbiÿi Ges hviv cÖkœc‡Îi cÖ_g wZbwU Abykxjb Ki‡Z cviZ A_ev hw` ïay co‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Avav mvÿi e‡j MY¨ Kiv nZ| QvÎQvÎxiv wKQy DbœwZ Ki‡j

ga¨eZ©x cixÿv †bIqv nZ| mvaviYZ Avgiv Kie Rq bvgK cÖvBgv‡ii ÔwKDevi †R‡j Aa¨vqÕ †kl Ki‡j GB cixÿv †bIqv nZ| cÖvBgvi cov †kl Kiv n‡j P‚ovšÍ cixÿvi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿv_©xi cov I †jLvi cÖv_wgK welqmg~n Rvbv hvPvB Kiv nZ Ges mvÿiÁvb-m¤úbœ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nZ| Mo wn‡m‡e GB cov I †jLv wkL‡Z yB ev wZb gvm jvMZ, †ÿÎ we‡k‡l wKQy †ewk mgq jvMZ| P‚ovšÍ cixÿvi mg‡q wd‡Wj Kv‡÷«v‡K GKwU wPwV wjL‡Z nZ| GB ch©vq †kl Kiv GKRb‡K mvÿi aiv nZ| GB Qv‡Îi GKwU dvBj wgDwbwmc¨v‡j msiwÿZ _vKZ|

6.2.2 RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi cÖPviYv wefvMmvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq msnwZ AR©b Ges wgDwbwmc¨vj I cÖv‡`wkK ch©v‡q cÖPviYv wefvM †Lvjv GB wefv‡Mi `ywU cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.37)| cÖ_g †_‡K GB wef‡Mi wZbwU jÿ¨ wQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.37)| m‡e©vcwi, wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i mvÿiZvi Rb¨ AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvicÎ cÖPvi, †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b †NvlYv, Rbmfv Av‡qvRb Ges wW‡cøvgv cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`| wØZxq jÿ¨ wQj, m‡e©v”PmsL¨K A‡ckv`vi wkÿK‡`i GB K¨v‡¤úB‡b hy³ Kivi Rb¨ mZK© cwiKíbv, K¨v‡¤úB‡bi c‡ÿ RbgZ‡K Drmvnx Kiv| Z…Zxq jÿ¨ wQj, †UKwbK¨vj wefvM‡K K¨v‡¤úB‡bi Awi‡q‡›Ukb‡K RbwcÖq Kivi Rb¨ mv‡cvU© cÖ`vb Kiv (UNESCO, 1965,

p.37)|

6.2.3 RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi A_© wefvMGB wefvM †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i ’vbvšÍi, †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i cwiPq cÎ, mb`, †g‡Wj BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb KiZ| wewfbœ mvgvwRK mgv‡ek I Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb KiZ| †¯^”QvkÖgwfwËK wKDevi mvÿiZv K¨v‡¤úB‡bi cÖK…Z e¨q wn‡me Kiv KwVb| Alfabetizadores, kÖwgK, QvÎ Ges AmsL¨ wkÿK mvwU©‡d‡KUavix wkÿK webv †eZ‡b KvR K‡iwQj| A‡bK KviLvbvi kÖwgKiv †ewk kÖgNÈv w`‡qwQj, hv‡Z Zv‡`i wbiÿi mnKg©x covïbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ïay miKviB bq wewfbœ msMVb †hgb †UªW BDwbqb gyf‡g›U A_© †hvMv‡bi cvkvcvwk I Abvb¨ c×wZ‡Z †hgb; w÷Kvi weµq, wPÎ weµq Ges gywf †kvi gva¨‡gI †¯^”Qv‡meKiv A_© msMÖn KiZ (UNESCO, 1965, p.37-38)|

6.2.4 RvZxq mvÿiZv Kwgk‡bi cÖKvkbv wefvMcÖKvkbv wefvM mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ cÖvBgvi Avgiv Kie Rq, wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv ÒPj wkLvB wKfv‡e co‡Z I wjL‡Z nqÓ, cÖPviYbvi Rb¨ cyw¯ÍKv, †cv÷vi Ges mvÿiZv-DËi cov‡kvbvi Rb¨ g¨MvwRb cÖKvk K‡i| MwYZ welqK eB Drcv`b Kiv, Rgv Kiv I msMwVZ Kiv cÖKvk K‡i| ZvQvovI GB wefvM A‡bK cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk K‡i| hv‡`i gv‡S D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj ÔAvšÍR©vwZK †mwgbviÕ, RvZxq mvÿiZv Ks‡MÖmÕ, wKDevi RbM‡Yi wbKU RvZxq mvÿiZv K¨v‡¤úB‡bi djvdj cÖKvk BZ¨vw`|

7. wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi ewkó¨

7.1 wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qvi iæZ¡MYmvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb mdj Ki‡Z ivR‰bwZK B”Qv ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq bq eis GwU GKwU kZ© (Bhola,

1984, p.11-196)|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 61

wd‡`j Kv‡÷«v(1960)i gšÍ‡e¨ miKv‡i GB Zxeª B”Qv cÖKvk cvq| wZwb e‡jb, Why have we

proposed to eradicate illiteracy in only one year? Because the revolution is developing its work as fast as possible and it is pushing forward very fast . . . One year will be enough . . . revolutions are capable of doing things like that (cited in Bhola, 1984, p.94 ).

wKDevi wecøe-cieZ©x bexb mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi †bZviv mdjfv‡e RbMY‡K wb‡q Ggb GKUv cwi‡e‡ki m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb d‡j c~e©-wbw`ó jÿ¨ ch©šÍ A‡bK evav m‡Ë¡I AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q (Bhola, 1984, p.91-105)|

7.2 mvÿiZvi Rb¨ MY-Av‡›`vjbwKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi `ywU cÖavb bxwZ †_‡K Gi MY-m¤ú„³Zvi iƒc eySv hvq| GB Av‡›`v‡ji bxwZ wQj, hw` RbM‡Yi gv‡S wbiÿi‡`i Ges hviv cov‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡`i cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j †h †ewk Rv‡b †m †h Kg Rv‡b Zv‡K †kLv‡e (Bhola, 1984; p.94)| mnR fvlvq ejv hvq RbMY RbMY‡K †kLv‡e (UNESCO, 1965, p.40)| GB wfwˇZ cÖwZRb †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿ‡Ki wecix‡Z PviRb wbiÿi‡K aiv nq| wKDevi gZ †QvU †`‡ki cÖvq 250,000 Gi †ewk †¯^”Qv‡meK hv‡`i A‡b‡Ki AvU gv‡mi †ewk cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j KvR Ki‡Z n‡qwQj Zv‡`i †ckv I †kÖwYi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Gi MYPwiÎ Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e|

wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK wn‡m‡e AskMÖnYKvix QvÎQvÎx‡`i Mo eqm wQj 14 †_‡K 16 eQi| we‡MÖwW÷vm‡`i gv‡S 52% cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj, 32% gva¨wgK ¯‹yj, 5% wcÖ-BDwbfvwm©wU, 2% evwYwR¨K ‹yj, 2% wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎQvÎx Ges 3% cÖvBgvwi ‹zj wkÿK wQ‡jb (UNESCO, 1965. p.45)|

7.3 mvÿiZvÁvb AR©b‡K RbM‡Yi †evaMvg¨ K‡i Dc¯’vcbwKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b ïay mvÿiZvÁvbB bq Gi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i †PZbv weKvk‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| KviY-

†Kej A_©‰bwZK m”QjZv G‡jB ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i fv‡M¨vbœqb N‡U bv, Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Dchy³ wkÿv I †PZbvI| my`xN© Kv‡ji eÂbvi cÖfve I cÖKvk †Kej A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î bq, N‡U _v‡K gvbemËvi AviI Mfx‡i †PZbvq I g‡bvRM‡Z| ... ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i hyM-hy‡Mi nxbgb¨Zv KvwU‡q

m„wói †miv Rxe GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e gvbweK AvZ¥wek¦vmUv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb Avjv`v I 8

we‡kl wkÿvi e¨e¯’v (†gvKv‡¤§j, 2008, p.827)

GB †PZbvi weKv‡k wbiÿi‡`i Rb¨ cÖvBgvi I †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i wkÿK wb‡`©wkKvq Ggb me welq AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq hv‡Z †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK I wkÿv_©x GB `yB †kÖwYB bZyb wecøe, mgKvjxb mgvR I BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU welq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnYKvix `yB †kÖwYi wbKU RxebNwbó wQj| †Uªwbs G wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i Av¯’v AR©b‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nZ| †¯^”Qv‡meKiv Zv‡`i Kg©Rxex wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡R mvnvh¨ KiZ hv wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i Av¯’v AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿv c×wZ ÔK‡_vcK_bÕ‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| cÖvBgv‡ii cÖwZwU Aa¨vq GB Aa¨v‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Qwei Ici wkÿK I QvÎQvÎx‡`i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ïiæ nZ (Bhola,

1984; p.100)| Zvici wkÿK Qwei mv‡_ _vKv †jLv wb‡R c‡o †kvbv‡Zb, wØZxq ch©v‡q QvÎQvÎxiv wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Ges me©‡kl QvÎQvÎxiv wb‡R wb‡R co‡Zb| GB `yB avc †kl n‡j QvÎQvÎx‡`i Abykxjb KiZ|

7.4 mvÿiZv ch©v‡q †KvqvwjwUi †P‡q †Kvqv‡›UwUÕi Ici †Rvi Av‡ivcmvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b †Kvqv‡›UwUi Ici †ewk †Rvi †`Iqv n‡qwQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.72-73)| cÖvBgvi †kl Ki‡j GKRb wkÿv_©x 1g †MÖW ch©šÍ cov, †jLv I MvwYwZK Ávb jvf KiZ| †mÞ¤^‡ii 25 ZvwiL, 1961 mv‡ji RvZxq mvÿiZv Ks‡MÖ‡mi wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv nq †h, cÖ‡Z¨K †¯^”Qv‡meK-wkÿK‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wbiÿi‡K cÖvBgvi eywS‡q †`Iqv (UNESCO, 1965, p. 73)| wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mvÿiZv ch©v‡q cÖ‡Póv mxwgZ ivLvi d‡j `ªæZ mvdj¨ AwR©Z n‡qwQj, Z‡e miKvi GB mvdj¨‡K a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wØZxq ch©v‡qi cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e kÖwgK-K…lK wkÿvi D‡`¨vM †bq| mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mg‡q Kiv Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq †h, 979000 wbiÿi wQj, 707212 Rb mvÿiZv AR©b K‡i Ges †gvU RbmsL¨vi 3.9% gvbyl wbiÿi _v‡K (Bhola, 1984; p.100)|

7.5 D‡Ïk¨‡Kw›`ªK mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvGB K¨v‡¤úBb †Kvb A‡jŠwKK NUbv wQj bv; Z‡e GKwU KwVb KvR wQj Ges †KŠkj I msMV‡bi gva¨‡g jÿ¨ AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ miKvi QvovI wewfbœ kÖgRxex, QvÎQvÎx I ivR‰bwZK msMVb‡K AšÍfy©³ Kivi gva¨‡g RvZxq mvÿKZv Kwgkb‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii MYD‡`¨v‡M cwiYZ Kiv nq| GB Kwgkb‡K gvVch©vq ch©šÍ Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mvsVvwbK KvVv‡gv wQj mgvšÍivj, hvi Kvi‡Y GwU eûmsL¨K gvby‡li wbKU †cuŠQv‡Z Ges eûmsL¨K †¯^”Qv‡meK‡K wb‡qvM w`‡Z †c‡iwQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.72)| mvsMVvwbK KvVv‡gvi µgvš^‡q DbœwZ K‡i I K¨v‡¤úBb mdj Kivi Rb¨ mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

7.6 mgvR iƒcvšÍ‡ii mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjbwKDevi miKvi ïay mvÿiÁvb bq cvkvcvwk wKDevi BwZnvm, mgvR I ivR‰bwZK Av`k© m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K wkÿv w`‡q G‡K GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡e cwiYZ K‡i| wKDevi ZiæY mgvRI wecøec~e©

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx62 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 63

wccjÕm BÝUªv±i

Patria o Muerte IqviKvm© we‡MÖW

Conrado Benitez we‡MÖW

wkÿK

†gvU †¯^”Q‡meK wkÿ‡Ki msL¨v

120632 Rb

13016 Rb

100000 Rb

34772 Rb

268420 Rb mÎ~ : (UNESCO, 1965,p.27)

7 †gvKv‡¤§j, Zvbfxi (2008), n¨vg‡j‡Ui kni, cÖ_g Av‡jv, C` msL¨v, XvKv, c„: 827|

wd‡`j Kv‡÷«v(1960)i gšÍ‡e¨ miKv‡i GB Zxeª B”Qv cÖKvk cvq| wZwb e‡jb, Why have we

proposed to eradicate illiteracy in only one year? Because the revolution is developing its work as fast as possible and it is pushing forward very fast . . . One year will be enough . . . revolutions are capable of doing things like that (cited in Bhola, 1984, p.94 ).

wKDevi wecøe-cieZ©x bexb mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi †bZviv mdjfv‡e RbMY‡K wb‡q Ggb GKUv cwi‡e‡ki m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb d‡j c~e©-wbw`ó jÿ¨ ch©šÍ A‡bK evav m‡Ë¡I AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q (Bhola, 1984, p.91-105)|

7.2 mvÿiZvi Rb¨ MY-Av‡›`vjbwKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi `ywU cÖavb bxwZ †_‡K Gi MY-m¤ú„³Zvi iƒc eySv hvq| GB Av‡›`v‡ji bxwZ wQj, hw` RbM‡Yi gv‡S wbiÿi‡`i Ges hviv cov‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡`i cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j †h †ewk Rv‡b †m †h Kg Rv‡b Zv‡K †kLv‡e (Bhola, 1984; p.94)| mnR fvlvq ejv hvq RbMY RbMY‡K †kLv‡e (UNESCO, 1965, p.40)| GB wfwˇZ cÖwZRb †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿ‡Ki wecix‡Z PviRb wbiÿi‡K aiv nq| wKDevi gZ †QvU †`‡ki cÖvq 250,000 Gi †ewk †¯^”Qv‡meK hv‡`i A‡b‡Ki AvU gv‡mi †ewk cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j KvR Ki‡Z n‡qwQj Zv‡`i †ckv I †kÖwYi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Gi MYPwiÎ Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e|

wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK wn‡m‡e AskMÖnYKvix QvÎQvÎx‡`i Mo eqm wQj 14 †_‡K 16 eQi| we‡MÖwW÷vm‡`i gv‡S 52% cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj, 32% gva¨wgK ¯‹yj, 5% wcÖ-BDwbfvwm©wU, 2% evwYwR¨K ‹yj, 2% wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎQvÎx Ges 3% cÖvBgvwi ‹zj wkÿK wQ‡jb (UNESCO, 1965. p.45)|

7.3 mvÿiZvÁvb AR©b‡K RbM‡Yi †evaMvg¨ K‡i Dc¯’vcbwKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b ïay mvÿiZvÁvbB bq Gi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i †PZbv weKvk‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| KviY-

†Kej A_©‰bwZK m”QjZv G‡jB ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i fv‡M¨vbœqb N‡U bv, Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Dchy³ wkÿv I †PZbvI| my`xN© Kv‡ji eÂbvi cÖfve I cÖKvk †Kej A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î bq, N‡U _v‡K gvbemËvi AviI Mfx‡i †PZbvq I g‡bvRM‡Z| ... ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i hyM-hy‡Mi nxbgb¨Zv KvwU‡q

m„wói †miv Rxe GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e gvbweK AvZ¥wek¦vmUv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb Avjv`v I 8

we‡kl wkÿvi e¨e¯’v (†gvKv‡¤§j, 2008, p.827)

GB †PZbvi weKv‡k wbiÿi‡`i Rb¨ cÖvBgvi I †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK‡`i wkÿK wb‡`©wkKvq Ggb me welq AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq hv‡Z †¯^”Qv‡meK wkÿK I wkÿv_©x GB `yB †kÖwYB bZyb wecøe, mgKvjxb mgvR I BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU welq mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnYKvix `yB †kÖwYi wbKU RxebNwbó wQj| †Uªwbs G wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i Av¯’v AR©b‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nZ| †¯^”Qv‡meKiv Zv‡`i Kg©Rxex wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡R mvnvh¨ KiZ hv wbiÿi gvbyl‡`i Av¯’v AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿv c×wZ ÔK‡_vcK_bÕ‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| cÖvBgv‡ii cÖwZwU Aa¨vq GB Aa¨v‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Qwei Ici wkÿK I QvÎQvÎx‡`i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ïiæ nZ (Bhola,

1984; p.100)| Zvici wkÿK Qwei mv‡_ _vKv †jLv wb‡R c‡o †kvbv‡Zb, wØZxq ch©v‡q QvÎQvÎxiv wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Ges me©‡kl QvÎQvÎxiv wb‡R wb‡R co‡Zb| GB `yB avc †kl n‡j QvÎQvÎx‡`i Abykxjb KiZ|

7.4 mvÿiZv ch©v‡q †KvqvwjwUi †P‡q †Kvqv‡›UwUÕi Ici †Rvi Av‡ivcmvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b †Kvqv‡›UwUi Ici †ewk †Rvi †`Iqv n‡qwQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.72-73)| cÖvBgvi †kl Ki‡j GKRb wkÿv_©x 1g †MÖW ch©šÍ cov, †jLv I MvwYwZK Ávb jvf KiZ| †mÞ¤^‡ii 25 ZvwiL, 1961 mv‡ji RvZxq mvÿiZv Ks‡MÖ‡mi wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv nq †h, cÖ‡Z¨K †¯^”Qv‡meK-wkÿK‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wbiÿi‡K cÖvBgvi eywS‡q †`Iqv (UNESCO, 1965, p. 73)| wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mvÿiZv ch©v‡q cÖ‡Póv mxwgZ ivLvi d‡j `ªæZ mvdj¨ AwR©Z n‡qwQj, Z‡e miKvi GB mvdj¨‡K a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wØZxq ch©v‡qi cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e kÖwgK-K…lK wkÿvi D‡`¨vM †bq| mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mg‡q Kiv Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq †h, 979000 wbiÿi wQj, 707212 Rb mvÿiZv AR©b K‡i Ges †gvU RbmsL¨vi 3.9% gvbyl wbiÿi _v‡K (Bhola, 1984; p.100)|

7.5 D‡Ïk¨‡Kw›`ªK mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvGB K¨v‡¤úBb †Kvb A‡jŠwKK NUbv wQj bv; Z‡e GKwU KwVb KvR wQj Ges †KŠkj I msMV‡bi gva¨‡g jÿ¨ AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ miKvi QvovI wewfbœ kÖgRxex, QvÎQvÎx I ivR‰bwZK msMVb‡K AšÍfy©³ Kivi gva¨‡g RvZxq mvÿKZv Kwgkb‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii MYD‡`¨v‡M cwiYZ Kiv nq| GB Kwgkb‡K gvVch©vq ch©šÍ Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mvsVvwbK KvVv‡gv wQj mgvšÍivj, hvi Kvi‡Y GwU eûmsL¨K gvby‡li wbKU †cuŠQv‡Z Ges eûmsL¨K †¯^”Qv‡meK‡K wb‡qvM w`‡Z †c‡iwQj (UNESCO, 1965, p.72)| mvsMVvwbK KvVv‡gvi µgvš^‡q DbœwZ K‡i I K¨v‡¤úBb mdj Kivi Rb¨ mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

7.6 mgvR iƒcvšÍ‡ii mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjbwKDevi miKvi ïay mvÿiÁvb bq cvkvcvwk wKDevi BwZnvm, mgvR I ivR‰bwZK Av`k© m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K wkÿv w`‡q G‡K GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡e cwiYZ K‡i| wKDevi ZiæY mgvRI wecøec~e©

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wccjÕm BÝUªv±i

Patria o Muerte IqviKvm© we‡MÖW

Conrado Benitez we‡MÖW

wkÿK

†gvU †¯^”Q‡meK wkÿ‡Ki msL¨v

120632 Rb

13016 Rb

100000 Rb

34772 Rb

268420 Rb mÎ~ : (UNESCO, 1965,p.27)

7 †gvKv‡¤§j, Zvbfxi (2008), n¨vg‡j‡Ui kni, cÖ_g Av‡jv, C` msL¨v, XvKv, c„: 827|

miKv‡ii ˆelg¨ wb‡q Amš‘ó wQj| d‡j mvÿiZv Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Zv‡`i wbKU †`‡ki Rb¨ mivmwi wKQy Kivi my‡hvM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq, hv A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ZiæY wkÿv_©xiv wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii gZ bv _vK‡jI cwievi †_‡K ~‡i yM©g GjvKv‡Z mvÿiZvi Rb¨ KvR Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡Z †cÖiYv w`‡qwQj (Leiner, 1984, p.177-178)| †h ZiæY mvÿiZv cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ `yM©g MÖv‡g K‡qK gvm KvUvj †m wd‡i Avmvi mgq bZyb aviYv mv‡_ K‡i wb‡q †Mj| †`‡ki e„nr Mwie Rb‡Mvwôi mv‡_ †`‡ki ZiæY mgv‡Ri cwiPq Kwi‡q w`j| mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii gv‡S GKUv †mZzeÜ wn‡m‡e KvR Kij| g~jZ wKDevi wecøe I Gi ms¯‹vimg~n Z…Yg~j ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †kLvi D‡Ïk¨ nj ïay kã †kLv bq, GKB mv‡_ wek¦‡K †kLv, Rvbv| mvÿiZv ïay cov, †jLv Ges MwYZ †kLv bq, GUv gvbyl‡K gyw³ †`q| Zvi DbœwZi Øvi Db¥y³ K‡i (Bhola, 1984, p. 94)|

Dcmsnvime©‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, wKDevi AwfÁZv cÖgvY Ki‡Q †h GKwU †`‡ki e¨vcK gvÎvq wbiÿiZvi nvi Kgv‡Z n‡j ïay miKv‡ii mw`”Qvi cvkvcvwk RbMY‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z nq| wbtm‡›`‡n GB Kv‡Ri mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ wKDevi wecøex DÏxcbv KvR K‡i‡Q| Z‡e wbiÿi †kÖwYi mvÿiZvÁvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j mgv‡Ri †Kvb †kÖwY‡K D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e †mB †ÿ‡Î my¯úó g¨v‡mR I i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q mgv‡Ri kvmK, wkwÿZ D”P I ga¨weË †kÖwY| wKDevi mvÿiZv Av‡›`vjb ZLbKvi ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK jÿ¨ †hgb KvwiMwi I †ckvi Dbœqb, wkívqb †cÖvMÖvg, K…wlims¯‹v‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ _vK‡jI DwjøwLZ wZbwU †kÖwYi gvbyl mwb¥wjZfv‡e D‡`¨vM wb‡j wfbœ cwi‡e‡kI GKwU †`‡k wbiÿiZv ~ixKi‡Yi bZzb D`vniY m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

Z_¨m~Î

Ÿ Bhola, H.S.(1984) Campaigning for Literacy, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 1-196

Ÿ Leiner, Marvin. 1987, The 1961 National Cuban Literacy Campaign, Arnove, Robert F. and Graff, Harvey J. (ed.), National Literacy Campaigns,Springer US, pp. 175

Ÿ Supko, Ruth A. (1998), Perspectives on the Cuban National Literacy Campaign, Prepared for delivery at the 1998 meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Illinois, retrieved from http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/ar/libros/lasa98/ Supko.pdf on 15 Sep. 2014

Ÿ UNESCO, (1965). Report on the Method and Means Utilized in Cuba to Eliminate Illiteracy. Paris, 15-75.

Ÿ †gvKv‡¤§j, Zvbfxi (2008), n¨vg‡j‡Ui kni, cÖ_g Av‡jv, C` msL¨v, XvKv, c„: 827|

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