Black box
Information processing
Apprenticeship
Journey through a landscape
Learning metaphors
Personal knowledge construction
Behaviourism - black box
• Memorization, drills, repetition
• Reward and punishment
• Conditioning leads to behavior change
Cognitivism - information processing
• Internal mental processes
• Transmit - explain - process - apply
• “Has it gone in?” - responsibility of trainer
Constructivism
• Construct new knowledge from experience
• Collaborate to understand principles
• Responsibility lies with learner
Social theories of learning
• Creating, climbing,, bridging, contesting ….
• Landscapes of practice
…communities of practice
Community of practice
A community of practice is… …a self-governed learning partnership among people who:
• share challenges, passion or interest • interact regularly • learn from and with each other • improve their ability to do what they care about • define in practice what competence means in their
context
In gangs… …they learn to survive on the street
In organizations… …they provide better service to clients
Practitioners need a community to… !
• … help each other solve problems • … hear each other’s stories and avoid local blindness • … reflect on their practice and improve it • … build shared understanding • … keep up with change • … cooperate on innovation • … find synergy across structures • … find a voice and gain strategic influence
Learning
activities
New ideas,
insights,
connections Put new
ideas, insig
hts,
connections
into practiceSee results
Learning capabilityPrinciples:!• Relevance • Participation • Continuity
!• Boundaries • Value • Activity design
Information! Informal!
Formal!
With!From!
Models of practice!
Project/ "after-action"
reviews!
Case clinics!
Document sharing!
Collections!
Learning "projects!
Hot topic"discussions!Stories!
Formal"practice "transfer!
Visits!
Invited!speaker!
Mutual benchmark!
External benchmark!
Broadcast inquiry!
Reading "group!
Problem solving!
News!
Joint "response!
Boundary"collaboration!
Training"and workshops!
Pointers to resources!
Systematic " scan!
Guests!Joint "
events!Documenting "practice!
Field trips!
Exploring"ideas!
Each "other!
1!
2!
7!
4!
3!
6!
5!
Tips!
Practice " fairs!
Warranting !Help"desk!
Outside "sources!
1. Exchanges!2. Productive
inquiries!3. Building shared
understanding!4. Shared memory!5. Creating standards!6. Formal access to
knowledge!7. Visits!
a great variety
Debates!
Q&A! Role play!
Case "studies!
Peer "assist!
Polls!
Learning activities
Follow "practitioner!
Demos!
Challenge!