Ways of the World: A Brief Global History Second Edition and Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition CHAPTER 19 Empires in.

Ways of the World: A Brief Global HistorySecond Edition

and Ways of the World:

A Brief Global History with SourcesSecond Edition

CHAPTER 19Empires in Collision:

Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia1800–1914

Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

Robert W. Strayer

China a Crisis within

China was a victim of earlier success

Good economy, American food = population growth

100 million 1685 to 430 million 1853

No Industrial Revolution

Agriculture was unable to keep up to rising population

Expansion of Chinese Empire gained little wealth = growing pressure on the land, smaller farms for huge peasant population, unemployment, misery and starvation (stories of eating young children)

Chinese government bureaucratic state did not grow with population

State unable to keep up and perform needed functions – tax collection, flood control, and social welfare and public security

Central state lost power to local gentry

Caused corruption, and harsh treatment of peasants

People beaten / punished for not paying taxes

Presence of European military in the 19th century caused disruption of internal trade, caused unemployment, and raised peasants taxes

Conditions traditionally associated with a declining dynasty

Rise in criminal gangs and peasant rebellions

Many peasants opposed the Qing Dynasty – considered outsider – foreign Manchu invaders

Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864

Leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism

Ideology was a unique form of Christianity

Leader Hong Xiuquan 1814-1864

Proclaimed to be younger brother of Jesus Christ

Sent to create a heavenly kingdom of great peace

Abolition of private property and redistribution of land

End of prostitution and opium smoking

Organizing society into sexually segregated military camps of men and women

Denounced Qing dynasty

Planned to industrialize China and build railroads

Different outlook toward women

Hakka people had fewer retractions on womenNo foot binding and served in military

Ordered women’s feet unbound

Promised equal distribution of land to men and women

Women take civil service exam and get supervisory positions

Mutual attraction was a new basis for marriage

None of this consistently implemented

Hong had a harem and declared palace women had a duty to attend husbands needs and not be involved in outside world

Taiping forces grew and swept out of Southern China.

Made capital at Nanjing

For a short period it seemed the Qing dynasty was over

Internal struggles and unable to link with other rebel groups

Qing dynasty with outside help was able to crush the rebellion

Qing dynasty was saved but at a weakened state

Chinese economy weak20-30 million dead -10 years for China to recover

Western PressureOpium Wars – England used opium grown and processed in India and sold to China

1830 British, American and other Western merchants saw great profit in the opium trade to China

1773 – 1,000 chests – 150 lbs each 1832 – 23,000 chests

Chinese authorities – outlawed / but bribery was used to smuggle in drugs

China was spending an enormous amount of silver on drug

Millions of addicts

1836 the emperor decided to crack down on the opium trade

Drug shipments seized

British upset about seizure sent the British navy to China

English fleet attacks China

Treaty of Nanjing 1842 – English victory – Restricted Chinese authority

Opened several ports to free trade

This unequal treaty was the first to eat away Chinese authority and weakened the state

1856-1858- second Opium War – emperor’s palace was vandalized

More ports opened to foreign traders

Foreigners allowed to travel freely

Buy land, preach Christianity,

French defeat – 1885 and Japanese 1895 – China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan

By end of century Western nations, Japan and Russia all had spheres of influence within China

They built military bases, extracted raw materials and built railroads

China was being carved up

Qing dynasty was still in power but very weak

Failure of Modernization

China did make attempts at modernization

New examination system to find “good men” to work in government – take care of needed reconstruction to fix needed dikes, irrigation etc.

New factories to make new weapons

Wealthy fears industrialization, urbanization and commercial development would erode their power and privilege

Because of this new industry remained dependent on foreign machinery, materials, and expertise

The foreign companies gained more and more control of Chinese dependent industryBoxer Rebellion 1898-1901

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists – killed numerous European and Chinese Christians

They wanted to drive out the non-Chinese

The Western Powers crushed the rebellion and huge payment imposed on China as punishment

China remained a dependent country under foreign control

Educated Chinese were upset with the conditions in China and upset with weak Qing government

1890’s educated men formed groups to study the problems of China

Qiu Jin 1875-1907

She studied in Japan and returned to China

Started a women’s journal

Argued for liberation for women

Dressed like a man - anti Qing movement

Out of this and other movements grew a sense of Chinese nationalism and anti-Western Imperialism

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Islamic civilization had been a neighbor to Europe for 1,000 years

Had often posed a military and religious threat to Europe 16th and 17th centuries

1750 – Ottoman Empire central political figure – Islamic world

Europe called the empire “The Sick Man of Europe”

Once the strong sword of Islam was now unable to stop the spread of Christian control1798 Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt – was a blow to the Ottoman Empire

When the French left Egypt became an independent country that modernized

Other places also achieved independence as the Ottoman Empire collapsedGreece, Serbia, and Romania

Reforms and its opponents

Late 18th century

Sultan Selim III wanted to update his military using Western military advisors

Ulama (religious scholars) and elite military Janissaries saw this as being in conflict with Islam and their own personal interests

Opposition so strong that that Selim was overthrown 1807

Later Sultans crushed the Janissaries and brought the ulama under state control

Starting in 1839 Tanzimat (reorganization) took shape

Leadership tried to provide economic, social and legal help programs to strengthen the government

Factories producing cloth, paper, and armaments , modern mining operations; reclamation and settlement of agriculture land; telegraphs, steamships, railroads, and modern postal service; Western-style law codes and courts; new schools

All of the above stated the long process of modernization and Westernization

Freedom of religion allowed more Christians positions in government

Some upward movement for women

Midwife training -1842, girls in secondary school – 1858 and teacher training college for women 1870

New look for the Ottoman Empire

Secular state (not religious)

Young Ottomans sought changes within the empire 19th century

They favored a more democratic / constitution type government

1876 Abd al-Hamid II 1876-1909 accepted a constitution and elected parliament

But pressure of war with Russia forced him to suspend the new reforms for 30 years

Opposition surfaced in military and civilian elites

Young Turks wanted a secular state and they wanted to recreate a European civilization1908 – Military coup

Young Turks took power

Pushed for secularization of schools, courts, and law

Elections and competing parties establishedModern schools for women established

WWI would help promote the rapid collapse of the empire

The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power

USA ships steamed into Tokyo Bay 1853 - Matthew Perry

Demanded Japan open up to trade

Starts Japan on radical transformationPath toward Westernization/ industrialization

The Tokugawa Background

250 years before Matthew Perry’s arrivalRuled by a shogun from Tokugawa family – emperor was powerless

Tokugawa shogunate was responsible in preventing civil war

Japan had 260 rival feudal lords (daimyo) with their own soldiers

Japan had peace for 2 centuries 1600-1850Peace led to economic growth

1750 – Had become an urbanized country

Manufacturing & markets developed

Influence of Confucianism encouraged

Education in Japan developed a very literate population

American Intrusion and the Meiji restoration

Commodore Perry – 1853 demanded the right of American ships to refuel buy provisions and open ports for trade

Perry was authorized to use force

Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties

This triggered many to turn away from supporting the Shogunate

1868 – Political take over

Meiji Restoration

The takeover promised to restore power to the 15 year old emperor

However they set Japan on a path of modernization

Modernization Japanese Style

New leadership made drastic changes

The daimyo’s and samurai’s power was replaced with a governor

Central state not local now collected taxes

National army was established

The new Japan became very interested in anything Western

Created a parliament, and political parties with democratic ideals

Parliament could advise but ultimate power was in the hands of the emperor

Shinto religion grew (ancient religion featuring ancestors, and nature spirits)

Women allowed education based on gender specific curriculum

Peace Preservation Law 1897 -1922 forbade women from joining political parties or attending political meetings

Civil Code of 1898 absolute authority to male head of family

Industrialization – included railroads, modern infrastructure, postal system, national currency, and banking system

Large industrial firms (zaibatsu) became country’s main exporter of textiles and produced munitions and other industrial goods

All of this accomplished with its own natural resources

Japan and the WorldBy early 20th century the Western world revised treaties with japan

Anglo-Japanese Treaty 1902 – Japan an equal among great powers of the world

Japan had successful wars against China 1894-1895 and Russia 1904-1905 and this established Japan as a formidable power in East Asia

Used military to take control of Taiwan and Korea and a foothold in Manchuria