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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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FORM 5 COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (J
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
1.3 Scalar and Vector Quantt!
1 Scalar quantities are
Examples :
2 Vector quantities are...
Examples :
3 Study the following description of eents carefully and then decide which eents require magnitude!
direction or "oth to specify them.
#escription of eents $agnitude #irection
1. %he temperature in the room is 2& '(
2. %he location of )yer *itam is +' ,m to the north-
west of ohor /ahru
3. %he power of the electric "ul" is 0'
. ) car is traelling at 0' ,m h-1from ohor /ahru
to uala 4umpur
E"a#$le: D%tance &% D%$lace#ent
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M!#$a%a'
E'A(P)ESScalar Vector
D%tance D%$lace#ent
S$eed Veloct!
(a%% *e+,t
Ener+! (o#entu#
Te#$erature Pre%%ure
T#e I#$ul%e
Electrc Current Acceleraton
Po-er orce
Den%t!
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
5au6iah traelled from uala 4umpur to angar! a
distance of &'7 ,m. )fter that she continued her 8ourney
to /utterworth! a distance of 130 ,m. 5rom /utterworth!
5au6iah then traelled "ac, to uala 4umpur! a distance
of 3+9 ,m.
D%tance % t,e TOTA) DISTANCE TRAVE))ED
/Y THE O/0ECT.
%herefore! distance &'7 ; 130 ; 1+9 1 12#
D%$lace#ent % t,e DIRECT DISTANCE
/ET*EEN THE STARTIN4 AND ENDIN4
POINT.
/ecause 5au6iah
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
exercise 1.2
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
exercise 1.3
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
1. UNDERSTANDIN4 (EASURE(ENTS
Ruler
) metre rule has sensitiity or accuracy accuracy of 1mm.
>recaution to "e ta,en when using ruler
1. $a,e sure that the o"8ect is in contact with the ruler.
2. )oid parallax error.
3. )oid 6ero error and end error.
T,er#o#eter
%here are 2 types of mercury thermometer
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
1. %hermometers of ran+e 51oC 5 11oCwithaccurac! 1oC.
2. %hermometers of ran+e oC 5 36oCwithaccurac! 7oC.
>recaution to "e ta,en when using thermometer
1. $a,e sure that the temperature measured does not exceed the
measuring range.
2. hen measuring temperature of liquid
immerse the "ul" fully in the liquid
stir the liquid so that the temperature in the liquid is uniform
do not stir the liquid igorously to aoid "rea,ing the thermometer
%to$-atc,
%here are 2 types of stopwatches
1. analogue stopwatches of sensitiity '.1s or '.2s
2. digital stopwatches of sensitiity '.'1s.
%he sensitiity of a stopwatch depends on the reaction time of the user.
Vernier (allipers
) Vernier calliper can measure to the nearest '.1 mm or '.'1 cm.
%he inner 8aws is used to measure inner diameter of the o"8ect.
%he outer 8aws is used to measure outer diameter of the o"8ect.
%he tail is used to measure depth.
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
?eading of main scale 2.2cm
?eading of ernier scale '.'7cm
?eading of the ernier caliper 2.27cm
a.
@ero error '.'2 cm
".
@ero error -'.'+cm
c.
@ero error ' cm ABo 6ero errorC
E"a#$le:
Dmages "elow show the reading of 3 Vernier callipers when their 8aws are tightly closed. 5ind the 6ero error ofeach callipers.
E"erc%e: Verner Call$er%
1. rite down the readings shown "y the following
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5 1
* +
5 1
1
5 1
1
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
AaC
A"C
AcC
AdC
". (a) T$! /''/0&% &aa2 $/0 $! #a'! / a !%&! #a''&6! 0$!% $! 7a0 a!
#'/!.
8!/ !/ 9 :; 0.02::: #2
(
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5 1
5 *
5 1
4 5 * #2 1 "1
5 1
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
4 6&!#! / #a3. D&aa2 3 (a) $/0 $! !a&% /% a 6a& / !%&! #a''&6! 0$!% & 7a0 a!
#'/!
0&$ %/$&% &%
measure the thic,ness of a piece of wood.
hat is the actual thic,ness of the wood
@ero error .. cm
?eading shown ..cm
)ctual thic,ness of the wood .cm
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R!a&% $/0% 9 :::.#2
C/!#! !a&% 9 :#2
(a)
(b)
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
(cro#eter Scre- 4au+e
?atchet exerts correct amount of pressure on the o"8ect to "e measured.
Ho- to tae readn+ 8ro# #cro#eter %cre- +au+e9
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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5
5
5
3
5 135
5
5
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
E"erc%e: (cro#eter Scre- 4au+e
1. AaC #etermine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
@ero error .. mm @ero error .. mm
A"C #etermine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
2. rite down the readings shown "y the following micrometer screw gauges.
AaC A"C
)nswer: )nswer: ..
AcC AdC
)nswer: )nswer:
Prec%on Accurac! and Sen%t&t!
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45
"
15
R!a&% $/0% 9 :::..22
C/!#! !a&% 9 22
8!/ !/ 9 :::22
4
35
"
"
15
"5
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Prec%on AconsistencyC Accurac! Sen%t&t!
The ability of an instrument
to measure consistently with
little or no relative deviation
among readings
The ability of an instrument
to measure nearest to the
actual value
The ability of an
instrument to detect a
small change in the
quantity measured.
%o increase precision:
- use a magnifying glass
when reading the scale
- aoid parallax errors
- using the instrument which
is not defectie
%o increase accuracy:
- use more sensitie
equipment
- repeat readings ta,en
- aoid parallax errors
- aoid 6ero errors or endedge errors
%o increase sensitiity of a
mercury thermometer:
- thinner wall of "ul"
- narrower capillary tu"e
- smaller "ul" si6e
- thic,er wall of glass tu"e
Finstrument with smaller
scale diision is more
sensitie
2.
..
..
Error%
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
S!%te#atc Error% Rando# Error%
Systematic errors are errors that can
consistently affect readings.
Dt cannot be reduced"y ta,ing the aerage
of multiple readings.
?andom errors happen when one reading
deiates from the others.
Dt can be reduced"y ta,ing the aerage
from multiple readings.
Systematic errors are usually caused "y
errors within the measuring instrument.
5or example:
@ero errors
End error
Dncorrect scale cali"ration
Examples:
>arallax errors
Gnaoida"le small changes in the
surrounding
Hutside distur"ances that cannot
"e ta,en into account
4ac, of sensitiity of the
measuring instruments *uman errors! e.g: (ounted wrong num"er of oscillations
?eadings with inconsistent time interals
Volume of liquid was measured after
some was un,nowingly and
unintentionally spilt
ay to reduce :
1recali"rate the instrument
2ta,e into account the 6ero error
Gnpredicta"le.
Dn an experiment! the readings of measurement ta,en may hae slightly difference due
to some #%tae%. %he difference in the readings is called as error.
%hese errors can "e caused "y the change of enironment! human factors or the deficiency of measuring
instrument.
Error that is caused "y enironment and human usually is Acon%tant ; c,an+ea
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1 " 3 4 5 * + , = 1
1 #2 1 #2
1 " 3 4 5 * + , = 1
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Parallax error:____________________________________________________________
*ow to aoid parallax error
aC position of eye must "e in line=perpendicular with the scale of reading to "e ta,en to aoid parallax error
"C when ta,ing a reading from ammeter or oltmeter! we must sure that the eye are exactly in front of the
pointer so the image of the pointer in the mirror is "ehind the pointer
Zero error :________________________________________________________________
P/&
P/&&! @!/ !/ N!a&! @!/
!/
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Zero error of Vernier
Zero error =Zero error =
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON Pa! "1