Water Tank Temperature Regulation

8/12/2019 Water Tank Temperature Regulation

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A Minor

Project

WATER TANK

TEMPERATUREREGULATION SYSTEM

Sukhjit Singh UE109073 Sukhbir Singh UM10911

Sahil Jindal UE109064 Satnam Singh UM109066

Supervisor – Dr. Manu Sharma



INTRODUCTION



INTRODUCTION

Water is used for a variety of purposes in our day to day lifelike bathing, cooking , cleaning etc.

Temperature of water needs to be appropriate so that it canbe used easily.

During summers water in the overhead tank gets overheatedand this water cannot be used for bathing and cleaningpurposes.

During winters water gets overcooled and i t ’s temperaturedrops sharply and is not appropriate for use.

This is the major problem faced by majority of our people .



INTRODUCTION

So there is a need to employ a system in water tank thatregulates the temperature of water according to requirement.

People can get cool water for bathing during hot summer andwarm water during winters.

We are trying to build a system that can regulate watertemperature and solving the problem of overheating as wellas overcooling of water in overhead tank.

It must be efficient as well as economical so that it is withinthe reach of common man.



LITERATURE REVIEW



LITERATURE REVIEW

Various methods can and have been used to regulate thetemperature of water in the overhead tank.

Heat exchanger is used in some places to keep preventheating of water in the overhead tank.

But heat exchanger is costly and so it is not economical toemploy such system as initial cost would be high and we wantour system to be economical.

We can enclose the tank in some kind of insulating materiallike thermocol.



LITERATURE REVIEW

Reflective colors have been used to reflect a large part of thethermal radiation

Chiller unit ha s been used to re gulate temperature of water.

This is similar to having some kind of cooling coil as in airconditioner in which water main line is passed through unitand is capable of reducing the incoming temperature fromoverhead tank to as low as 20 degree Celsius.

The main drawback of this system is that it is costly and i t ’s cost is approximately around 50,000 rupees.



LITERATURE REVIEW

Another major drawback is the high operative cost-the unitwill work at not less than 12-15 amps so electricity bills areto be watched.

Another method is evaporative cooling as has been used allover the world for centuries. Wrap the tank in a couple oflayers of Burlap bag material, and keep that wet with waterwhich will evaporate, thus actually cooling the tank.

Aluminium foil applied to the tank outer sur face using a waterresistant or waterproof adhesive. This would reflect most ofthe direct sunlight .



PROBLEM FORMULATION



PROBLEM FORMULATION

Water in an ordinary overhead tank gets heated due to directrays of sun falling on tank.

Disadvantages of such tanks are that during summers tankwater temperature goes up and during winter watertemperature drops down.

So it cannot be used for household purposes , but people buysuch tanks beca use they are cheap and easily available.



An ord ina rywate r t ank inuse inhouseho ldstoday

ORDINARY

WATERTANK



PROBLEM FORMULATION

Our motivation comes from this problem that we feeluncomfortable while using tank water ,when during summerstemperature of water rises to as high as 40-50°Celsius butduring winters temperature of water drops to as low as 5-

8°Celsius.

So we propose to build a tank that can overcome theseproblems and we get water at normal temperature in allweather conditions.

Geysers can be used to heat water in winters but it consumesa lot of electricity and there is a need to invent such a systemthat will minimize energy usage.



Our very first idea was to cover the tank with insulatingmaterial to regulate the water temperature, but it is just aconventional technique and complete temperature control isnot possible.

Next idea about which we thought about was to change thecolor of tank from black to white as white is a very goodreflector of radiations, but we want to add something more.

So the next step was to apply evaporative cooling – in thismethod we would firstly cover the outside portion of tank withporous type insulating material having fins on the outsidesurface. A small pump would be used which would sprinklewater on fins and this system would be completely controlled

by a control loop system.

MOTIVATION



MOTIVATION

Due to evaporation of water from fin material it would yieldcooling effect , same as when sweat in summers evaporatesfrom our body and our body feels cooling effect.

Till now we have controlled the temperature to some extentbut we observe that if we take two tanks one is full of waterand another partially filled , we observe that the temperatureof water in partially filled tank is much higher than acompletely filled tank (no air space above water level), themain reason was the “hot air” above water level in partially

filled tanks which get heated up due to trapping of radiationsin tank , same as trapping of sun rays in a car standing insunlight and results in hike of temperature inside car.

So we want to remove this hot air, for this we will use a smallintake fan at the top of tank, which would admit fresh air intothe tank and force the hot air to be expelled.



JUSTIFICATION

By designing new scientific tank we can eradicate theseproblems.

Various concepts of engineering like – conduction, convection,radiation and control theory will be used in analyzing theproblem and finding i t ’s solution.

This project will help people on a large scale. Detailedanalysis after designing will bring new results.

The project we propose to build is environment friendly and ituses a renewable solar power energy source and i t ’s utilitywill be 24 hours in a day.



JUSTIFICATION

Project will increase comfort level of the people and thiscommon problem of overheating and cooling of water will beeradicated.

Project is innovative and can be put into use in the nearfuture.

Various approaches that have been used are formulatedkeeping in mind that project should be innovative as well aseconomical.



METHODOLOGY



The Water Tank Cooling System shall consist of the followingmain components:

COMPONENTS

• Water Tubes

• Insulating Padding

• Aluminium Foil

• Solar Panel

• Battery

• Electrical Wires

• Relay Switch

• Water Tank

• Temperature Sensor

• Water Level Sensor

• PLC Controller

• I/O Modules

• Submersible Pump

• Intake Fan



The Water Tank Temperature Regulation System would coolwater by compensating for three modes of heat transfer towater during the intense heat of the summer days i.e.radiation, convection and conduction.

The water tank would be covered by a layer of insulatingpadding on the exterior and aluminium foil on the interiorsurface.

The insulation padding would reduce the heat transfer due toconduction while the aluminium foil would act as a radiationshield decreasing the heat transfer due to thermal radiation.

The exterior surface of the water tank would be white forhigher reflectivity of thermal radiation.

MECH NISM



A l u m i n i u m f o i l ,t h e o p e r a t i v em a t e r i a l i nR a d i a n t S h i e l d ,r e f l e c t s t h e r m a lr a d i a t i o n v e r yw e l l . I n f a c t , w h e nf a c i n g a n a i rs p a c e , t h e f o i ls u r f a c e c a n r e f l e c tu p 9 4 % o f t h er a d i a n t h e a te n e r g y t h a t i te n c o u n t e r s .I n s t a l l i n g R a d i a n tS h i e l d r e s u l t s i n am o r e c o m p l e t ei n s u l a t i o n s y s t e mt h a t a d d r e s s e s a l lt h r e e m o d e s o fh e a t t r a n s f e r .

RADIATIONSHIELDING



While the above methods would suffice to obtain water ofmoderate temperature but heat loss due to convection posesan obstacle for further cooling of water contained in the tank.

To overcome the heat loss due to convection a control loopsystem would be installed based on a Programmable LogicController (PLC) integral with input/output modules.

It would consist of two sensors – Water Temperature Sensorand Water Level Sensor, and operate two machines – Submersible Pump and Exhaust Fan.

MECH NISM



T h e o u t p u t o f t h es y s t e m y ( t ) i s f e db a c k t h r o u g h as e n s o rm e a s u r e m e n t F t ot h e r e f e r e n c e v a l u er ( t ) . T h e c o n t r o l l e r C t h e n t a k e s t h e e r r o re ( d i f f e r e n c e )b e t w e e n t h er e f e r e n c e a n d t h eo u t p u t t o c h a n g et h e i n p u t s u t o t h es y s t e m u n d e rc o n t r o l P . T h i s i ss h o w n i n t h e f i g u r e .T h i s k i n d o fc o n t r o l l e r i s ac l o s e d - l o o pc o n t r o l l e r o rf e e d b a c k c o n t r o l l e r

CONTROLLOOP



The temperature sensor would be fitted near the outlet pipe ofthe tank and would determine the temperature of watersupplied by the tank to the building.

The water level sensor would be placed in the head of thetank and would determine the level of water or the volume ofair cavity present at the top of the tank.

The submersible pump would be installed at the bottom of thetank since the water level of the tank would vary.

The intake fan would be installed in an inlet duct cut into thelower part of the tank head and would be accompanied by anoutlet duct on the higher part of the tank head.

MECH NISM



Diagramshowingwork ing o fe l ec t ron icwa te r l eve ls e n s o r

WATER

LEVELSENSOR



The temperature sensor would determine the temperature ofwater being supplied and generate an analog signal whichwould be transmitted to the input modules of the PLC chip.

The input module would convert the analog signal into digitalform which would be processed by the controller. The PLCcontroller would be programmed to generate a digital outputif the temperature rises above say 30 °C.

The digital output would be converted into analog signal by anoutput module. This analog signal would operate thesubmersible pump through a relay switch which would run forcertain duration of time say 30 seconds as programmed.

The control loop would be repeated after say 15 minutes.

MECH NISM



I n p u t m o d u l e sc o n v e r t r e a lw o r l d v o l t a g ea n d c u r r e n t s t os i g n a l s t h e P L C

c a n u n d e r s t a n d .

O u t p u t m o d u l e st a k e a s i g n a lf rom a PLC andc o n v e r t i t t o as i g n a l t h a t af i e l d d e v i c eneeds too p e r a t e .

PLCCONTROLLER

Water Level0-15V DC

Pump220V AC



The pump would circulate a small quantity of water via a pipeto the top opening of the tank. The pipe would form a circularloop around the opening cover of the water tank and wouldcontain small holes in it .

The water would trickle down on all sides of the exteriorsurface of the tank. The insulating pad would be act asadsorbent and would retain most of the water dripping downfrom the pipe.

Under the intense heat of the sun the water droplets would

evaporate providing a cooling effect. The insulation paddingwould be textured which would effectively increase the areaavailable for evaporation and ensure more uniformdistribution of water droplets.

Hence the outer surface temperature of the water tank would

be brought down conside rably.

MECHANISM





In the warm and humid weather the relative humidity is highso the evaporation rate would be low. Hence the previoussolution needs to be supplemented by another methodinvolving the water level indicator and intake fan.

The water level sensor would generate an input signal whichwould be interpreted by the PLC controller using an inputmodule. The controller would be programmed to generate anoutput signal to run the intake fan when both the temperature

rises above say 30 °C and water level falls below say 3/4th

ofthe full water level.

The fan would then run un til the temperature falls to say 20°Cwhen the output will be cut off. The fan will resume its work

when the temperature again climbs to 30°C.

MECHANISM



The fo rcedconvec t ionemployed in thepro jec t wou ldhave a s imi l a rcoo l ing e ffec t a sth i s na tu ra lphenomenon

CONVECTIVECOOLING



With the inflow of fresh air into the tank air circulation insidethe tank will start. Th e water at the surface would be cooledso it goes down while the hot water rises up.

The hot air and vapors would arise and exit through the outletduct located near the top of the tank. The hot water againgets cooled and eventually the entire quan tity of water wouldbe cooled.

During the winter months th e PLC system would be switchedoff. Th e insulation padding and aluminium foil would provideproper insulation and shielding resp ectively to prevent passivecooling of the water during the cold winter nights. This wouldprovide water of moderate thermal comfort.

MECHANISM

Water Tank Temperature Regulation

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