Water Supply - 主頁 · water supply in the long run, we need to explore and develop alternative renewable water sources and to promote sustainable water use. To this end, we embarked

�� !"=2001 WSD ANNUAL REPORT

��=Water Supply

34

�� !"=2001 WSD ANNUAL REPORT 35

��=Water Supply

Water SupplyWe are committed to providing our customers with a

continuous and reliable supply of potable water and sea

water for flushing purposes.

During the year, we continued to achieve a high level of

performance and met all our water supply targets as detailed

in the previous chapter. To ensure a stable and sustainable

water supply in the long run, we need to explore and develop

alternative renewable water sources and to promote

sustainable water use. To this end, we embarked on feasibility

studies this year on various alternatives including desalination,

wastewater recycling and expansion of our catchment areas.

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�� !"!#�� !"#$%&Annual Fresh Water Consumption (By Sectors)

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Year Domestic Industries Service Free Construction TMF Total Fresh WaterTrade Supply & Shipping Consumption

1991 318 240 180 43 15 88 884

1992 325 225 188 44 16 91 889

1993 349 208 199 45 16 98 915

1994 370 171 216 40 20 106 923

1995 383 145 221 44 23 103 919

1996 406 137 229 44 28 84 928

1997 419 120 228 40 28 78 913

1998 436 104 232 41 25 78 916

1999 441 95 235 43 24 73 911

2000 447 91 241 43 28 74 924


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Water ConsumptionAlthough industrial consumption continued to decline,

increasing domestic and service use caused more fresh

water to be consumed during the year,.

In 2000, the average daily consumption of fresh water

was 2.53 million cubic metres while sea water used for

flushing came to 0.63 million cubic metres per day.

Service CoverageWith the extension of fresh water supply to Discovery

Bay this year, 99.9 per cent of the population is now

supplied with piped water.

To close the small gap, construction work is in progress

for the provision of metered water to 18 more remote

villages for completion by 2003. Water supply projects

for another 24 remote villages are being planned and

will be completed between 2003 to 2007.

About 80 per cent of the population is supplied with sea

water for flushing. As some districts are sparsely

populated and remote from the sea front, they are still

provided with fresh water for flushing. They include the

Peak, part of Southern District, Sai Kung, Outlying Islands,

North District, Tin Shui Wai and Yuen Long. We have

now commenced a feasibility study on supplying sea

water to Yuen Long, North District and North Lantau.


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Rainfall and YieldThe year 2000 was wetter than usual, with a total rainfall

of 2 752 mm – 24 per cent above the long-term mean of

2 214mm.

Raw Water SupplyThe supply from Guangdong continued to be the major

source of raw water. Some 706 million cubic metres of

raw water was received in 2000 from Guangdong with

the rest of the demand met by local yield.

Continuing discussions are being held with the

Guangdong Authorities for the supply of raw water. An

Annual Business Meeting, which is the highest level of

discussions regarding the raw water supply, was held to

discuss the water price, assurance of quality, greater

flexibility in quantity of supply, progress of construction

of the closed aqueduct and the possibility of inclusion of

penalty clauses in new agreements.

Operations Meetings were also held during the year and

the issues discussed included management and

operations of the Guangdong system, planning and

implementation of annual shut downs, quality control

and monitoring.


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Treatment Works OpeningOne of our most challenging projects in recent years –

the Ngau Tam Mei Water Treatment Works – was opened

by the Financial Secretary in early December 2000.

The state-of-the-art treatment works has an initial

capacity of 230 000 cubic metres a day and provides

fresh water to meet the demand from rapid housing

developments in Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tin Shui Wai

New Towns. It incorporates the most advanced treatment

technologies including the first use in Hong Kong of

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) biological filters

enhanced by ozonation in the treatment process.

The plant gained the prestigious Superior Achievement

Award from the American Academy of Environmental

Engineers (AAEE) for 2001.

Given the award for excellence in environmental

engineering, the Hong Kong project scored highest

among all entrants in all six categories including design,

planning, research, operations/management. It was also

the first time that a design project outside the USA has

won the top award from AAEE.

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Hong Kong Engineering WonderHigh Island Water Reservoir is the Hong Kong’s largest

reservoir. Its storage capacity of 281 million cubic metres

accounts for nearly half of Hong Kong’s total storage. It

was reclaimed from the sea by building two rockfill dams

65 metres above sea level to connect High Island to the Sai

Kung mainland. The scheme, among

others, included some 40 km of

tunnels, 12 km of catchwater channels

and 13 km of pipelines. Being the key

component of our water supply, it now

catches and stores rain from an area

70 square km over Sai Kung, Ma On

Shan and Sha Tin.

Completed in 1978, the massive

scheme gained local recognition this

year. The scheme was elected by the

public as one of the Hong Kong’s ten

engineering wonders in a competition

organised by the Hong Kong Institution

of Engineers in collaboration with the

Science Museum.

Award for Sea Water Flushing SystemSince sea water began to be used in 1950’s, the sea water

flushing system has become a unique feature of Hong

Kong’s water supply and played a key role in conserving

our precious fresh water resources. It now consists of 37

pumping stations, 44 service reservoirs, and 1 380

kilometres of mains.

In recognition of our success in making extensive use of

sea water for flushing, we were presented with the 2001

Chris Binnie Award for Sustainable Water Management

by the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental

Management (CIWEM) in UK in April 2001.

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��=Water Supply

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Ring Mains for Sea Water SystemUnder the existing single-line configuration of the sea water

delivery mains, supply to our customers will be affected

when any sections of the mains are isolated for

maintenance or repair. To further improve reliability and

minimise the supply interruptions to our customers, work

is in hand to convert the mains into ring main configuration

so that flushing supply can be maintained even when a

section of the mains is isolated.

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DesalinationAs new technologies have brought down the cost of

desalination, in particular by using the reverse osmosis

process, a study is being undertaken to explore various

prevailing desalination processes and to assess their

viability for Hong Kong. Together with the cost factor,

the impact of desalination especially on the marine

environment will be taken into account.

Water Gathering GroundsA study is also being carried out on ways of further

collecting surface rainfall for storage in the dry season.

The possibility of including all country parks, as well as

other areas not yet developed, as water gathering

grounds, is being considered. Ways of conveying the

water from these places to impounding reservoirs for

storage are also being studied.


��=Water Supply

Recycling of EffluentRecycling of effluent not only helps to improve our

environment, but also provides a reliable source that will

increase with the demand. A study has begun to

determine how wastewater recycling can be put to use

in Hong Kong. When properly done, it is possible in

theory to reuse all wastewater for various purposes. An

example would be to reuse bathing water for cleansing

or flushing, or domestic wastewater for irrigation.

Dual Flushing ToiletsIn the past, only valveless syphonic-type cisterns were

permitted for use in Hong Kong, mainly to prevent water

leakage into the toilet bowl. But in view of the improved

design and small flushing volume of valve type flushing

devices, we have conducted a trial use of the devices

since 1997. To reduce the flushing demand, we permitted

the use of both valve type flushing devices (mechanical

or sensor type with single or dual flush) as well as valveless

syphonic-type flushing apparatuses as from March 2001

after detailed studies and trials.

Amendment of Waterworks Ordinanceand RegulationsIn line with the use of valve type flushing devices with a

maximum flushing volume less than 7.5 litres, amendments

are being made to the Waterworks Regulations to permit

the use of valve type flushing devices (mechanical or sensor

type with flush or dual flush) in addition to valveless

syphonic type flushing apparatus, and to reduce the

maximum flushing volume from 15 litres to 7.5 litres.

Air ConditioningA territory wide implementation study is being carried

out for the wider use of more energy efficient water-

cooled air-conditioning systems.

We are participating in a two-year pilot scheme which

commenced in June 2000 for the application for use of

fresh water for air-conditioning for non-domestic use in

17 selected areas.

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Water Supply - 主頁 · water supply in the long run, we need to explore and develop alternative renewable water sources and to promote sustainable water use. To this end, we embarked

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