Reports health and sanitation practices of a sample of household in Angkor Chumm, a remote district of Siem Reao,
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Introduction Thebaseline survey for SiemReapWater, Sanitation, andHygienePromotion (SRWSHP)wasconductedbysixHFHCstafffromtheAngkorChumofficefromJanuary10to13,2012tofindoutaboutthetrendsofwater,sanitation,andhygienepracticesamongthevillagerswhohavebeeninvolvedinSRWSHP.Afterthecompletionofthesurvey,thestaffspentonedayanalyzingtheresultbyusingPivotandthefindingswereconsolidated.ThestaffreceivedamonitoringandevaluationtrainingbyaHFHIM&Especialist,Mr.Bacalefortwodaysinthebeginningofthesameweekthesurveywasconducted.ThirtyonerespondentswererandomlyselectedfromSvayChumVillageandKoukKbakVillageandaskedtoparticipatein the survey. Some of themwere gathered at a common community space and the otherrespondents were given the survey at their house. Five interviewers interviewed 5 or 6respondentseachindividually.Eachsurveytooknomorethan20minutes.The questionnairewas first createdbyMr. Bacale then reviewed and translatedby the staffwithMr. Bacale to ensure the relevancy of each question in the given cultural context. Thequestionnaireconsistsof5partsaskingaboutthefollowingissues:
DemographicsRespondents by Sex: Out of 31 respondents, 26 of them are females and 5 males. Thedistributionofgenderisunevenperhapsbecausemanymaleparticipantsoftheprojectswereunavailableduetoworkatthetimethesurveywasconducted(seeFigure1below).
Who FetchWater?: Majority of water for household uses is collected by adult women andthere isonlyonehousehold inwhichwater iscollectedbyanadultman(seeTable3below).ThismayreflecttheculturalnorminCambodiathatwomenareexpectedtoberesponsibleforthedomesticchores.
Table3:WhoFetchWater?WhoFetchWater?
#ofRespondents %
Adultwoman 28 90%Adultman 1 3%
FemaleChild(15oryounger) 2 6%
Malechild(15oryounger) 0 0%
Total 31 100%
SourcesofDrinkingWater:Majorityoftherespondentsdohaveaccesstosometypesofwellssuch as ring, mix/rope/treadle, and pumpwells fromwhich they collect drinking water andthere is one respondent whose household depends on a hand dug well for drinking water.ThreerespondentscollectwaterfromahanddugwellandothertypesofwellslistedinTable4onthenextpage.
Amount and Frequency of Water Collection: Eighteen respondents answered that theirhousehold collects water once a day (see Table 5 below). Twenty‐two respondents collectmorethan41littersofwater,andthelargestfrequencyofwatercollectiondonebythese22respondentsisatonceadayby11householdsfollowedby6householdsat4to5timesaday(seeTable6onthenextpage). AccordingtouniversalminimumstandardsdevelopedbytheSphereProject3,anaverageuseofwaterinanyhouseholdissettobe15litersperpersonperday.Therefore,minimumamountsofwaterthatshouldbecollectedineachhouseholdamongthe respondents are 69 liters, respectably. The average household among the respondentsuses36.8litersofwatereachday–8litersperperson.Itisevidentthatthefamilymembersoftherespondentsareusingsignificantlylesseramountsofwaterthantheyshouldbe.
Table5:FrequencyofWaterCollection
Frequency #ofRespondentsOnceaday 18
Everytwodays 22to3timesaday 44to5timesaday 6
Morethan5timesaday 1
Total 31
3TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.
8
Table6:Frequency&AmountofWaterCollection AmountofWaterCollectedfor#ofFamilyMembersinEachhousehold:Table7belowsuggeststhat regardless of the number of family members in each household, the majority of thefamiliescollectsmore than41 littersofwater. Anumberofpeople tosharecollectedwatershowsasimilardistributioncomparedtothenumberoffamilymembersandamountofwatercollected in eachhousehold (see Table 8 on thenext page). Ten respondents reported thattheysharecollectedwaterwith4people.Onerespondentwith4familymemberswhocollectswaterfor4timesadayansweredthatherhouseholdcollectsmorethan41littersofwaterthatissharedby11people.Ontheotherhand,anotherrespondentwith3familymemberswhosehouseholdcollects21to30littersofwateronceadaysharethewaterwith15people.Duetoitssmallsamplesize,it isdifficulttodeterminethecorrelationbetweenthenumberoffamilymembersaswellasthenumberofpeopleshareandamountofwatercollected.
Distance to Water Source and Frequency: The Sphere universal standards notes that themaximumdistancefromanyhouseholdtothenearestwatersourceshouldbenofurtherthan500meters; almost every respondentmeets this standard and have access to some kind ofwater sources closer to their houses4. About a half of the respondents estimated that theirwater source is less than 25 meters away from their houses, and the frequency of watercollectionamongthem isonceadaythemost reported followedby4 to5 timesaday. Themajorityof theotherhalfcollectswater fromwatersourcesthatarewithin200meters fromtheirhouses. Onerespondentreportedthatherhouseholdcollectswateronceaday fromawatersourcethatisfurtherthan500metersfromherhouse(seeTable9below).
QualityofWater:Therewereonly16%oftherespondentswhoreportedthattheydonottreatwaterfordrinkingwhile30%ofhouseholdsinruralCambodianevertreatwatertomakeitsafetodrink5.Therestofthe84%respondentsreportedthattheyusuallymakesafedrinkingwaterbyboiling,usingbleachorchlorine,andusingawaterfilter. Themostreportedwaytomakesafe drinkingwater is boiling by 16 respondents followed by a usage of awater filter by 10respondents(seeFigure3below).Mostselectedmethodtodeterminethecleannessofwateristolookatitscolorthenthesmellofwater (see Figure 4 below). Four respondents answered that there are noways and tworespondentsdidnotknowhowtodeterminethecleannessofwater.Figure5onthenextpageindicates that 15 respondents selected dust and sand to be the factors that make watercontaminated and dirty followed by rubbish and dead animal bodies answered by 8respondents.
Information Received: Almost every respondent except 2 people answered that they havereceivedinformationaboutproperwatertreatment,sanitation,hygiene,andhealthinthepast12months(seeTable10below).
Table10:WhetherInformationonWASHinthePast12Months
InfoonWASH#ofRespondents
Yes 29No 1
Don'tknow 1Total 31
AstheFigure6onthenextpageindicates,themajorityoftherespondentsreportedthattheirsource of information regarding proper water treatment, sanitation, hygiene, and health isfrom HFHC. Seventeen respondents also received the information from Sanitation ActionGroups (SAGs) facilitated by HFHC. Eight respondents also received information from thefollowingorganizations:RACHA,CDAC,NIMOrganization,PlanInternational,CSCS,andPDRD.Thisreflectsthatmanyrespondentsreceiveservicesfrommultipleorganizationsandcontentsofservicesmightbeoverlapped.
Morethan20respondentshavereceivedinformationrelatedtohealthandhygienepromotion,sanitation and use of latrines, and handwashing, 15 respondents have received informationaboutsafedrinkingwaterandhowtotreatwater.Ontheotherhand,informationwithregardtodiarrhealmanagementhasonlyreceivedby6respondents(seeFigure7below).
Figure7:TypeofInformationReceived
ExistingSanitaryLatrineConditionLatrineUsageandDistanceBetweenExistingLatrineandHouse:Similartothenationaldatainwhich69%ofhouseholdsinruralCambodiadonothaveaccesstoimprovedtoiletfacilitiesbutpractice open defecation6, seventy‐one percent of the respondents do not have access to 6TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.
0
1
2
3
4
8
17
28
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
S‐WASH
Newspaper
Hospital
Radio/TV
Healthworker
Others
SAG
HFH
#ofResponses
111
615
212324
FoodpackingHomecleaning
NoanswerDiarrhealmanagement
Safewater/howtotreatwaterHandwashing
SanitakonandUsageofToiletHealthandHygienePromokon
#ofResponses
13
latrines.Fiveofthemspecifiedinthesurveythattheyurinateanddefecateinfieldsorforests(seeTable11below). Thereare7respondentsreportedthattheyhavetheirownpureflashlatrine in their household and2 respondents said that their householdsuse another family’slatrine.Threeofthemhavetheirlatrinewithin10metersand4ofthemwithin11to20metersfromtheirhouse. TheSphereprojectnotes that toiletsshouldbeno farther than50metersfromeachhousehold7;the7householdshaveacceptableaccesstotoiletfacilitiesbasedonthestandard.
Table11:TypesoflatrineandDistanceBetweenExistingLatrineandHouse(ByObservation)TypeofLatrine Lessthan10m 11mto20m Furtherthan21m N/A Total
Similar to the gender distribution seen in Table 3 askingwho fetcheswater, seven of the 9respondentswhohaveaccesstolatrineansweredthatanadultwomancleansthelatrineandthere are only two adult men who clean the latrines they use (see Figure 8 below).
Figure8:WhoCleansYourLatrine?
HouseholdWastesManagementWastes management practices: We also asked the survey respondents about their wastesmanagementpracticesandhowitmightbeaffectingtheircommunity.Almosteveryhouseholdburnstheirgarbageandsomealsothrowtheirgarbageintodrains.Othersincludedisposingatricefieldsansweredby2respondents(seeFigure9belowontheleft).Nearlyonethirdoftherespondents reported that they segregate garbagewastes in their housewhile the restdoesnot(seeFigure10belowontheright).Figure9:WhereDoYouDisposeYourGarbage?
The respondents were given a multiple response question regarding types of wastesmanagement challenges they are encountering in their community. Lack of proper wastesmanagementseemstobeaffectingthelivesoftherespondentsgreatly.Morethantwothirdsoftherespondentsclaimedthatlitteringismakingtheirvillagedirty,andacauseofmosquitoesis also raised as a challenge by 20 respondents. Nineteen respondents also expressed theirconcernaboutbadsmells intheircommunitycausedbywastes. Twelverespondentsbelievethatgarbagedisposalsintheircommunitypollutingtheirwatersources(seeFigure11below).
Nineteenrespondentsansweredthattheyhaveattendedsometrainingandorientationand3ofthemsaidthattheyreceivedapromotionaboutproperwastesmanagement(seeFigure12below).Eightofthe9respondentswhosegregatetheirgarbageintheirhousehaveattendedor received a promotion about proper wastes management; moreover the seven of the 8respondents selected HFH as one of their information sources. Overall, HFH is the largestsourceof information followedbySAGandhealthworkers (seeFigure13on thenextpage).Figure12:AttendedAnyTraining/OrientationaboutProperWastesManagement
PersonalHygienePracticeInformationHand washing practices: Every respondent claimed that they practice some kind of handwashing.Twenty‐ninerespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsbeforeeating.Sixteenrespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsafterfieldwork;wedidnotobtainadataonhow many of the respondents work in fields therefore it is unreasonable to make anassumptionthat the remaining15respondentsdonotwashtheirhandsafter fieldwork (seeFigure 14 belowon the left). Washing hands after child defecationwas also selected by 16respondentsbutagainwearenottoassumethattheother15respondentsdonotwashtheirhandsafterchilddefecationbecause the lackof informationabout theirchildbearingstatus.Sevenoutofthe9respondentswhohaveaccessto latrinestatedthattheywashtheirhandsafterusingthelatrine.Everyrespondentusessoapwhentheywashtheirhandsalthoughonly20ofthemreportedthattheyusewater(seeFigure15blowontheright);thismightbeduetoanassumptionsomerespondentsmakingthatusingsoapautomaticallymeansusingwateratthesametime.Figure14:WhenDoYouWashYourHands?
Wethenaskedtherespondentswhattop3changesorimprovementstheythinkwillprovidetothemandtheirfamilymembersafterreceivingtheHFHC’sWaSHinterventions.Theresponsesinclude increased access to safe drinkingwater, improved awareness of proper hygiene, andsanitation,whichsuggestedbymorethantwothirdsoftherespondents.Despitethefactthat28 respondents expect HFHC to assist them in constructing individual latrines, only 11respondents mentioned increasing access to sanitary latrine facility as one of their top 3changes they think the Habitat WaSH interventions could provide in the future. Otheranticipatedimprovementsstatedbytherespondentsincludegoodlivingenvironment,securingenoughwater, and having profits (see Figure 17 on the next page). Lastly, the respondentswere asked about three long‐term impacts of changes and improvementsmentioned above;themajorityofresponseswasfocusedaroundimprovedhealthconditionofchildrenaswellasreducedincidenceofwaterbornediseasesandsickness(seeFigure18onthenextpage).
ConclusionThis baseline survey was able to show a scope of our beneficiaries’ water, sanitation, andhygienepracticesandwhattheyareexpectingtochangeorimproveinthefuture.Theresultsshow that almost everyone does have access to constructedwaterwellswhere they collecttheirhouseholdsourcesofdrinkingwater.Regardlessofthenumberoffamilynumbersineachhouseholdorthefrequencyofwatercollection,manyhouseholdsusemorethan41 littersofwateraday.Althoughtheyshouldatleasthaveaccesstomorethan15litersofwaterperdayperperson.Theirwatersourcesarerelativelyclosetotheirhouses;however,consideringthemost ofwater is collected by adultwomen formultiple times a day, carrying a heavywaterbucketsmightbeaphysicalburdenonthem.Themajorityoftherespondentsareperformingasafedrinkingwatertreatmentsuchasboiling,using bleach or chlorine, and using a water filter. They also indicated that they wash theirhandswithsoap,whichourprojectencouragesparticipantstodo.Ourrespondentsseemtobeaware andpracticingproperwater treatment, handwashingpractices, andother health andhygieneinformationtheylearnedthroughtrainings,workshops,andpromotionsheldbyHFHCas well as other organizations. In spite of the positive answers we received from therespondents,we suspect that the respondents couldhavebeenhesitant topresentnegativeanswerstotheinterviewerssincetheyarealsotheoneswhoprovidetheWaSHinterventionsat HFHC. Almost every respondentwho has a latrine in their household reported that theywashtheirhandsafterusingthelatrinewhilealackoflatrinesinmanyhouseholdsremainstobearestrainedforcethatkeepspeoplepracticingopendefecation.HFHCdoesnotofferextensivetrainingsorworkshopsonwastesmanagementyetinformsourbeneficiaries about the basic householdwastesmanagement. Given the results,we believethatHFHCiscontributingtoraiseawarenessofproperwastesmanagementamongtheprojectparticipants.Finally, our survey indicates that the participants are very much interested in having anindividual latrine constructed for their household aswell as learning aboutproper sanitationand hygiene behaviors. They hope to gain access to safe drinking water and improvedknowledge of sanitation and hygiene from HFHC that could ultimately reduce the risks andincidentsofwaterbornediseasesandimprovetheoverallhealthoftheirchildren.