3/11/2017 1 • Distribution of water on earth, amount of fresh water available? • U.S. water use, how much, what for • Unequal Distribution: floods and scarcity • Reasons for fresh water shortages? • Some technological solutions to water shortages (Pros and Cons): • Water Pollution: general definition, analysis, source, major types of water pollution Supply of Water Resources & The Hydrologic Cycle (good news) annual transfer rates in thousands of cubic kilometers (10 3 km 3 ) The Salt Water Planet • Oceans: 71% of Earths surface • ~97.4% salt water – Unusable for drinking, irrigation and most industry • ~2.6% fresh water – Ice – groundwater – surface water All water Fresh water Readily accessible fresh water? Oceans and saline lakes 97.4% Fresh water 2.6% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% Lakes 0.007% Soil moisture 0.005% 0.014% Maps of US Rivers http://www.wired.com/design/2013/06/infographic-this-detailed-map-shows-every-river-in-the-united-states/?viewall=true Groundwater accounts for ~ 35 – 55 times as much water as in all lakes, rivers, atmosphere and soil Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater? Biota 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.001% Lakes 0.007% Soil moisture 0.005% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% 0.014% 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Water use (cubic kilometers per year) Total use Agricultural use Industrial use Domestic use Year Fresh Water: A Potentially Renewable Resource Global Water Use 1900 - 2000
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3/11/2017
1
• Distribution of water on earth, amount of fresh water available?
• U.S. water use, how much, what for
• Unequal Distribution: floods and scarcity
• Reasons for fresh water shortages?
• Some technological solutions to water shortages
(Pros and Cons):
• Water Pollution: general definition, analysis, source, major
types of water pollution
Supply of Water Resources &
The Hydrologic Cycle (good news)annual transfer rates in thousands of cubic kilometers (103 km3)
The Salt Water Planet
• Oceans: 71% of Earths
surface
• ~97.4% salt water
– Unusable for drinking,
irrigation and most industry
• ~2.6% fresh water
– Ice
– groundwater
– surface water
All water Fresh water Readily accessible fresh water?
Oceans andsaline lakes97.4%
Fresh water2.6% Ice caps
and glaciers1.984%
Lakes0.007%
Soilmoisture0.005%
0.014%
Maps of US Rivershttp://www.wired.com/design/2013/06/infographic-this-detailed-map-shows-every-river-in-the-united-states/?viewall=true
Groundwater accounts for ~ 35 – 55 times as much water as in all lakes, rivers, atmosphere and soil
Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater?
Biota0.0001%
Rivers0.0001%
Atmosphericwater vapor
0.001%
Lakes0.007%
Soilmoisture
0.005%
Groundwater0.592%
Ice capsand glaciers
1.984%
0.014%
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Wa
ter
us
e (
cu
bic
kilo
me
ters
pe
r y
ea
r)
Total use
Agricultural use
Industrial use
Domestic use
Year
Fresh Water: A Potentially Renewable Resource
Global Water Use 1900 - 2000
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Use of Water Resources in US
United StatesUnited States
Industry 11%Industry 11%
Domestic 10%Domestic 10%
Powercooling
38%
Agriculture41%
Fig. 13.5, p. 298
US: highest per capita water use in the world: ~1280 - 1370 gallons per person/day…OR
500,000 gal/person/year
1 automobile
1 kilogramcotton
1 kilogramaluminum
1 kilogramgrain-fed beef
1 kilogramrice
1 kilogramcorn
1 kilogrampaper
1 kilogramsteel
400,000 liters(106,000 gallons)
10,500 liters(2,400 gallons)
9,000 liters(2,800 gallons)
7,000 liters(1,900 gallons)
5,000 liters(1,300 gallons)
1,500 liters(400 gallons)
880 liters(230 gallons)
220 liters(60 gallons)
1Kg ~ 2.2Lbs
WEB LINK:http://thegoodhuman.com/how-much-water-does-it-take/
Unequal Distribution of WaterWeb Link / Read this:
Challenges: Unequal Distribution of WaterStorms & Floods: too much water
Floods natural phenomena,
replenish nutrients and
groundwater
Floods aggravated by human
activities; removing vegetation
logging, overgrazing of
domesticated animals, forest
fires, mining, destruction of
marsh land……
~39% of natural disasters deaths
are caused by floods
In St. Louis, the Mississippi remained above flood stage
for 144 days between April 1 and September 30, 1993.
Ca Flood of 1862
• A 43 day storm, began in Dec 1881
• Occurs in Ca every 100 – 200 years
• Inland lakes lasted for 6 months, Sacramento was
underwater for over 3 months
• In Central Valley the lake was 300 long X 20 miles
wide and 30 ft. deep
• ¼ of Ca economy destroyed
• >200,000 cattle drowned
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Recent History / Too Much Water
STORM SURGES
Hurricane Andrew
Feb 19th 2017, near Mount Rose
Soquel Ave Bridge, Santa Cruz, 1982(looking toward Front Street)
• ~~158 million ~138,000 killed, 10 million left
homeless, storm surge height was
6 meters , 1.5 billion in damage
>157 million living in an are the size of Wisconsin.80% consists of floodplains.
Clearing of coastal MangroveForests aggravates problems.
Bangladesh Cyclone, April 1991
Pajaro River flood, 1995 1997
Ohio River Valley
1937
Ohio River Valley
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Hurricane Katrina
8/29/05
Villahermosa City, Capital of Tabasco State Mexico Nov 2nd 2007, >800,000 homeless and ~ 80% is underwater
June, 2008
Pakistan Floods, July 2010~2,000 fatalities, >1,000,000 homeless
“Superstorm Sandy”October, 2012
In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected 24 states, including the entire eastern seaboard from Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachia Mountains to Michigan and Wisconsin, with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York.
Its storm surge hit New York City on October 29, flooding streets, tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city. Damage in the United States amounted to over $68 billion.