Water pollution 37

Water Pollution

Prepared by : Govind Bhati Class = 9th

Water is essential to life on earth.

Introduction

dgk tkrk gS fd ‘dy;qx es ty Hkh ‘kq) ugh feyrk’ ;g okD; gh ty iznw”k.k dk izek.k gS |

The impurities in water has raised such an extent that it has been considered that it develops many types of diseases.

According to V.P.Kudesiya water is the soul of nature and its pollution may cause the end of the world.

Definition

Any unwanted change in the property of water which causes harmful effect on health of humans

or animals due to which many disease are developed is called water pollution.

Where do Water pollutants come from?

Point Sources – A single definable source of the pollution, e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source pollution is usually monitored and regulated.

Non-point sources – No one single source, but a wide range of sources, e.g. runoff from urban areas, or farmland. Non-point sources are much more difficult to monitor and control.

Types Of Pollution

Surface water pollution

> found on the exterior of the Earth's crust, oceans, rivers and lakes

Groundwater Pollution

>found in soil or under rock structure or aquifers

Types Of Pollution

Microbiological pollution

>microorganisms that thrives on water and fishes that can cause illness to

lands, animals and humans.

Oxygen Depletion pollution

>microorganisms that in water and feeds on biodegradable substances.

Freshwater Lake PollutionDilution as a solution in

lakes less effective Little vertical mixing Little water flow

(flushing)Makes them more

vulnerable Toxins settle Kill bottom life Atmospheric

deposition Food chain disruptions

1. Classes of Water pollutants

Pathogens Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Parasitic Worms, Colliform Bacteria Used As Indicators Of Water Quality

Oxygen Demanding Wastes Organics That Are Decomposed By Bacteria And That Use A Lot Of O2, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Decreases, And BOD Increases

Water Soluble Inorganic Chemicals Acids, Salts, Toxic Metal Compounds Like Mercury, And Lead.

Inorganic Plant NutrientsWater Soluble Phosphates, Nitrates => Algal Blooms, Decreased Dissolved O2, Increased BOD, Methemoglobinemia(="blue baby syndrome")

2. Classes of Water pollutants

Organic Chemicals Oil, Gas, Plastics, Pesticides, Cleaning Solvents, Detergents, Etc.

Sediment & Suspended Mater Insoluble Soil Particulates & Other Solids. Clouds The Water, Decreasing Photosynthesis, Carries Pesticides And Disrupts Aquatic Food Webs.

Radioactive Isotopes Are Biologically Amplified To Higher Concentrations In The Food Chain. Ionizing Radiation & Birth Defects, Cancer.

Warmed Water From Power Plants, Decreases DO And Increases Susceptibility To Diseases And Parasites And Toxic Wastes.

Alien Species Zebra Mussels, Asiatic Catfish, Sea Lamprey, etc. Out compete Native Species And Ultimately Decrease Biodiversity

Major Sources of Water Pollution

Agriculture: by far the leader

Sediment, fertilizers, bacteria from livestock, food processing, salt from soil irrigation

Industrial: factories and powerplants

Mining: surface mining toxics, acids, sediment

How It Causes

Sewage, mainly

from Households.

Industrial Waste.

Agriculture Discharge.

Nuclear Power Plants.

Industrial Water pollution

Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in their wastewater including heavy metals , resin pellets, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids.

Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water supplies, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation. This has led to widespread microbial contamination of drinking water.

Water-associated infectious diseases claim up to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.

Microbial contamination of water

Eutrophication of LakesEutrophication: nutrient

enrichment of lakes mostly from runoff of plant nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)

During hot dry weather can lead to algae blooms

Decrease of photosynthesis

Dying algae then drops DO levels

Fish kills, bad odor

Drought Drought causes more damage and

suffering than any other natural disaster.

80 countries experience droughts lasting more than 1 year.

According to the UN, almost 500 million people, in 31 countries (~40% of the world’s population) experience chronic water shortages today.

Flooding: oversupply of water

Water Logged Soil

Nutrient Leakage

Topsoil Erosion

Groundwater Pollution: Causes

Low flow rates Few bacteria

Cold temperatures

Coal strip mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Water pumping well Landfill

Low oxygen

Its Effect

Effects on Ecosystem-

When sewage water, agricultural run-off that contain organic materials are discharged into fresh water, causes increase in the growth of algae in turn causing oxygen depletion.

Ground water and surface water are contaminated with heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and nutrient.

Some More Effect

Effects on Animal Health-

Oil spills in water causes animals to die .

Bioaccumulative and non-biodegradable pesticides are accumulated in animal bodies.

Biomagnification of hazards chemicals like organochlorine pesticides like DDT, BHC, Endrin.

Some More Effects

Effects on Human Health-

Causes minamata disease.

Causes methemoglobinema disease.

Yamuna Action Plan [YAP]

The Govt. of India launched YAP in April,1993 to tackle the river’s pollution . But it did not worked and Yamuna still stinks.

Ganga Action Plan[GAP]

Ganga, the Symbol of purity is now Polluted. During its journey from the hills to the sea, large amount of effluents are discharged in it from industries and urban centers.

For This, Govt. launched Ganga Action Plan in 1986 By the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. And recently PM Modi started ‘Namaami Ganga’ project emphasing for time bound effort to pollution of Ganga.

Disease burden from water

pollution Water-associated infectious diseases claim up to

3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.

The burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8 million deaths and the loss of greater than 75 million healthy life years.

Water borne diseases

Diseases caused by the ingestion of water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites include:

Cholera

Typhoid

Schistosomiasis

Dysentery and other diarrheal diseases

Purification of urban drinking water

Surface Water: (like Delaware River)

Removed to reservoir to improve clarity

Pumped to a treatment plant to meet drinking water standards

Groundwater: often does not need much treatment

Safe Drinking Water Act

54 countries have drinking water laws

SDWA passed 1974 requires EPA to set drinking water standards

Maximum Contaminating Levels (MCLs)

Safe Drinking Water Act

Privately owned wells exempt from SDWA

SDWA requires public notification of failing to meet standards and fine.

MCLs often stated in parts per million or parts per billion

Control

Turn off running water

Stabilization of the ecosystem.

Reutilisation and Recycling of Waste.

Removal of Pollutants.

Spread awareness

Bottle Water

U.S. has the world’s safest tap water due to billions of $$$ of investment

Bottle water 240 to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water

25% of bottle water is tap water

Bottle Water

1.4 million metric tons of bottle thrown away each year

Toxic fumes released during bottling

Bottles made from oil based plastics

Water does not need to meet SDWA

What Can You Do?Water Pollution

• Fertilize garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer.

• Minimize your use of pesticides.

• Do not apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water.

• Grow or buy organic foods.

• Do not drink bottled water unless tests show that your tap water is contaminated. Merely refill and reuse plastic bottles with tap water.

• Compost your food wastes.

• Do not use water fresheners in toilets.

• Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet.

• Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.

Laws & programs relating to water pollution in India

Laws

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

Federal Act, followed by the states

Prevention and control of water pollution,

maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of

water, Establishes CPCB & SPCBs

Programs

National River Conservation Plan

National Lake Conservation Plan

Effluent Treatment Plan

Submitted To:Madhu Mam