Water Chapters 19 and 20 Advanced Placement Environmental Science La Canada High School Dr. E.

WaterWater Chapters 19 and 20Chapters 19 and 20

Advanced Placement Environmental ScienceLa Canada High School

Dr. E

Key HKey H220 Characteristics0 Characteristics

• Water is the prime constituent of all living organisms.

• Water moves easily-from one physical state to another, and from one place to another.

• Water slowly absorbs and releases large quantities of energy.

• Water is a superior solvent.

• Michael D. Lee Ph.D. Geography and Environmental Studies(Source: Wright & Nebel 2002)

Importance of Water PropertiesImportance of Water Properties

Lack of access to clean water supplies can quickly lead to dehydration and death.

Running water can quickly erode topsoil rendering farmland infertile and streams contaminated.

Chemical spills, excess nutrients & acids dissolved in H20 can lead to massive die offs.

Michael D. Lee Ph.D. Geography and Environmental Studies

• WaterWater–Supply, Renewal and UseSupply, Renewal and Use– Too little Water– Dams and Reservoirs– Transferring water– Groundwater and Saltwater– Efficiency– Too Much Water

• Water Pollution

Available WaterAvailable Water• Total = 326 million cubic miles • 97% of Earth’s water is in

oceans• 2.997% is locked up in ice caps

and glaciers• 0.003% is easily accessible

– Soil moisture– Groundwater– Water vapor– Lakes– Streams

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html

Water Supply & UseWater Supply & Use

www.athensclarkecounty.com/~stormwater/ SW%20Management.htm

Water CycleWater Cycle

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle• Powered by solar energy and gravity • Evaporation and precipitation • Continuous recycling of water

– Runoff – Infiltration – Evaporation – Temporary storage as snow and ice – Temporary storage in lakes – Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals – Chemical reactions with rocks and minerals – Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and

mudflows as melted water mixes with ash – Source of additional water? volcanism (steam)

Surface WaterSurface Water

• Surface runoff flows into streams, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs

• A watershed or drainage basin– Region that drains into a streams, lakes,

wetlands or reservoirs

www.canaanvi.org/assistance/ watershed.asp

GroundwaterGroundwater• As precipitation infiltrates and percolates

through voids in soil and rock– Pores, fractures, crevices, etc.

• Shallow rock has little moisture• Zone of saturation is at a depth were ground

is filled with water • Top of this zone is water table

– Falls in dry weather– Rises in wet weather

Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movement• Groundwater moves from recharge area

through an aquifer and out a discharge area– well, spring, lake, geyser, artesian well, steam,

ocean

• Normally moves downhill at only a meter per year

• Some aquifers get little recharge and were formed thousands of years ago

• Removal from these nonrenewable resources is called water mining

Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh WaterUnited States• 41% agriculture• 38% power plant cooling• 11% industry• 10% public

China• 87% agriculture• 7% industry• 6% public

Water UseWater Use Globally Globally People and Planet

• 70 per cent of all water withdrawn for human use on an annual basis is soaked up by agriculture (mostly in the form of irrigation)

• Industry accounts for 23 per cent

• Domestic use (household, drinking water, sanitation) accounts for about 7 per cent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Irrigation

Industry

Domestic

Water Use Water Use People and Planet

• The average person needs a minimum of five litres (1.3 gallons) of water per day to survive in a moderate climate at an average activity level, according to UN figures.

• The minimum amount of water needed for drinking and cooking, bathing and sanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons).

Water Use - Water Use - (minimum 13 gallons) (minimum 13 gallons) People and Planet

• The average person in the United States uses between 250 to 300 litres of water (65-78 gallons) per day for drinking, cooking bathing, and watering their yard.

• The average person in the Netherlands uses 104 litres per day (27 gallons).

• The average person in the African nation of Gambia uses 4.5 litres per day (1.2 gallons of water).

0

50

100

150

200

250

United States

Netherlands

Gambia

Water Use - United StatesWater Use - United States• In 1990, about 408,000 million gallons (Mgal/d)

of water were used each day

• Of that, about 339,000 Mgal/d was fresh water and about 69,400 Mgal/d was saline water

• California used the most water, about 46,800 Mgal/d, with most of that going towards irrigation

• The state with the second-highest water use was Texas, with about 25,200 Mgal/d, mostly for use in the power-production industries and for irrigation

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse.html

• Some conversions:

• 1 Mgal/d = 1.547 cubic feet per second

• 1 Mgal/d = 0.6944 thousand gallons per minute

• 1 Mgal/d = 1,121 thousand acre-feet per year

• 1 million gallons = 3.07 acre feet

• WaterWater– Supply, Renewal and Use

–Too little WaterToo little Water– Dams and Reservoirs– Transferring water– Groundwater and Saltwater– Efficiency– Too Much Water

• Water Pollution

Too Little WaterToo Little Water

• Causes– Dry climate– Drought - a period in which precipitation is

much lower and evaporation is much higher– Desiccation - drying of soil because of such

activities as deforestation and overgrazing– Water stress - low per capita availability of

water caused by overpopulation

Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly• US cities vary in their precipitation from an

average of less than 8 to 60 inches a year.• Globally, the extreme is even greater – averages of

less than 1 inch to more than 70 inches per year.• However, this masks variations between years.• Some locations may get ten times more, or less

than 1/10 of their annual average from year to year.• Meeting demands for water when precipitation is

so highly varied creates many challenges.

Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns

Wright and Nebel, 2002.

Michael D. Lee Ph.D. Geography and Environmental Studies

http://www.peopleandplanet.net/graphs/Freshwateravailability.jpg

• In most areas of Nevada and California, potential transpiration and evaporation is in excess of precipitation, which causes a net moisture deficit

• WaterWater– Supply, Renewal and Use

– Too little Water

– Dams and Reservoirs and Dams and Reservoirs and

– Transferring waterTransferring water– Groundwater and Saltwater

– Efficiency

– Too Much Water

• Water Pollution

Egyptians perfected the shadouf to draw water from canals and the river to the adjacent bank and into ditches.

Nomadic herders and, later, sedentary civilizations developed chains of wells – qanats, karez, foggaras, falaj – to route water across miles of desert from distant aquifers.

Michael D. Lee Ph.D. Geography and Environmental Studies

Slaters Mill in Rhode Island, one of the earliest American water powered industrial systems.

Example of noria – water driven wheels lifting water into irrigation ditches or elevated aqueducts (This is in Vietnam)

Artists impression of the Three Gorges Project, Yangtze River, China – world’s biggest hydropower project 19 m kW.

Michael D. Lee Ph.D. Geography and Environmental Studies

Hoover Damwww.wvic.com/res-main.htm

Aswan Dam, Egypt

Fish Bypass System

Chinese Dam

Earthen Dam

Large Dams - ProsLarge Dams - Pros

• Collect and store water from rain and snow

• Produce electricity

• Irrigate land below the dam

• Control flooding

• Provide water to cities, towns and rural areas

• Provide recreational activities such as swimming, boating, fishing

Large Dams - ConsLarge Dams - Cons

• Enormous loss of water due to evaporation

• Mass of water can cause earthquakes

• Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people

• Danger of Dam collapse

• Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich soil, which will eventually clog the reservoir

• Migration and spawning of fish disrupted

• Expensive to build

Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Eastern Sierra

• Started in 1908 by William Mulholland

• appropriated water feeding Owens Valley

LA Aqueduct is

Mono LakeMono Lake • In 1941, L.A. DWP started diverting Mono Basin streams to add to L.A. Aqueduct.

• The state and courts now mandate raising the level of the lake 17 feet. It will take about 20 years.

Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct• Established 1928 to bring water to L.A. and rest of

Southern California

• First delivery in 1940; serves 15 million people

• Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and this amount will be replaced by State Water Project water.

• Five pumping stations

• Diversions for agriculture

The State Water Project: The State Water Project: The California AqueductThe California Aqueduct

• Constructed beginning in the 1960s.• About 1/2 for irrigation, about 1/2 for

domestic use.• Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to

Arizona in 1985 court case.• Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather

River in Sierra foothills. • Pumps at Tracy lift water, then it flows by

gravity to the Tehachapi Mountains.

California Aqueduct

Dams and Global Dams and Global River River

DegradationDegradation

Aswan Dam, Egypt Lake NasserAswan Dam, Egypt Lake Nasser

Shasta Dam, CAShasta Dam, CA

The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams

• Over 39,000 large dams by 1986

World Reservoir World Reservoir InundationInundation

Area submerged– size California

Upstream of Dams - Negative Impact Upstream of Dams - Negative Impact • Environment

– Loss of terrestrial/riparian habitat and species

– Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes) system

– exotic species introductions– Reservoir/storage for contaminants

• Cultural / social– Loss of cultural resources– Displacement of families (villages,

regions)– Water quality hazard

• Economic– Shift in land use / economy– Water loss via evaporation– Water loss via seepage

• Aesthetic– landscape inundated

Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Dams• Built 1956-1966.

• Aesthetics: Glen Canyon, Colorado River

• WaterWater– Supply, Renewal and Use– Too little Water– Dams and Reservoirs– Transferring water

–Groundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwater– Efficiency– Too Much Water

• Water Pollution

Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwater

• About half of the drinking water in the United States is pumped from aquifers

• Roughly 40% of the water in streams/river is from groundwater

• The number one removal of water from aquifers is for irrigation for farming

Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problems

• Aquifer depletion – more water is removed than is naturally

refreshed

• Aquifer subsidence – land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater

(Mexico City)

• Intrusion of salt water into aquifers

• Contamination from multiple sources

Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletion • Aquifer Depletion

– 95% of water removed from Ogallala Aquifer is for irrigation and the removal rate is greater than the refreshing rate

– Saudi Arabia, China, northern Africa, southern Europe, Middle East, Thailand, India

www.npwd.org/Ogallala.htm

Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence

• Mexico City’s aquifer has shrunk enough that land has dropped up to 7.5 m

http://www.geotimes.org/july01/sinking_titanic_city.html http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/waton/mexfig2.html

Well casing projecting from the ground (40 years)

Salt Water Salt Water IntrusionIntrusion

• “One-third of the water supply for coastal areas of Greater Los Angeles comes from local ground-water sources.

• Saltwater has penetrated a part of the supply, and a significant part of the remaining supply is at risk.”

• U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 030–02

DesalinationDesalination• Removal of salts from ocean water

– distillation • first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in

the Netherlands

www.oas.org/usde/publications/ Unit/oea59e/ch21.htm

• Removal of salts from ocean water – reverse osmosis

using high pressure

• The Santa Barbara facility began operation in March 1992

http://www.tampabaywater.org/MWP/MWP_Projects/Desal/Desal.htm

DesalinationDesalinationhttp://urila.tripod.com/

• WaterWater– Supply, Renewal and Use– Too little Water– Dams and Reservoirs– Transferring water– Groundwater and Saltwater

–EfficiencyEfficiency– Too Much Water

• Water Pollution

Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste• Up 70% of water is lost through evaporation

& leaks

Specific Uses for Recycled Water

• Subsurface drip irrigation– Safer

• Non-aerosolizing of water and pathogens

– More prone to clogging• Requires more maintenance

– More efficient• Less evaporative water loss

• Feeds roots of plants/grass directly

• Toilet flushing

S t o r m w a t e r in t o c r e e k s ,

r i v e r s & b a y s

3 0 0 k L

7 0 k L

1 0 0 k L

W a t e r i n e f f i c i e n t W a t e r e f f i c i e n t

1 5 0 k L

3 0 0 k L

2 ,0 0 0 L

1 0 0 %

8 0 k L

1 0 0 %

S e w a g e t r e a t m e n t

p la n t

• WaterWater– Supply, Renewal and Use– Too little Water– Dams and Reservoirs– Transferring water– Groundwater and Saltwater– Efficiency

–Too Much WaterToo Much Water

• Water Pollution

FloodingFlooding

Too Much Water: FloodsToo Much Water: Floods

Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena

Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir

Renew and replenishRenew and replenish

Aggravated by human activities

Aggravated by human activities

Water LawWater Law• Riparian Rights (Sharing)

– from English Common Law

– applies to surface waters

– owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other riparian owners.

– Works well in areas with water surplus

• Prior Appropriation (1st come, first served)– from Spanish law

– no preference given to those adjoining water course

– water rights based on use; earliest has rights

– use protected as long as it is continuous and “reasonable”

Water PollutionWater PollutionChapters 13 and 20Chapters 13 and 20

Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment, 11, 11thth Edition, Miller Edition, Miller

Advanced Placement Environmental ScienceLa Canada High School

Dr. E

Water Quality DefinitionsWater Quality Definitions

ContaminantsPollutants

Contaminants

isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

Water PollutionWater Pollution• Any chemical, biological and physical Any chemical, biological and physical

change in water quality that has a harmful change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes it effect on living organisms or makes it unusable for agricultureunusable for agriculture

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

• Types and Sources of Types and Sources of PollutionPollution

• Pollution of Streams and Lakes

• Ocean Pollution

• Groundwater Pollution

• Drinking Water Quality

• Waste Water Treatment

• Water Legislation

•Point sources (e.g., factories, sewage treatment plants, mines, oil wells, oil tankers)

•Nonpoint sources (e.g., acid deposition, substances picked up in runoff, seepage into groundwater)

•Agriculture is largest source of water pollution in the U.S. (64% of pollutants into streams and 57% of pollutants entering lakes)

Sources Sources of Pollutionof Pollution

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Types of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents – pathogens

• Oxygen Demanding Agents – organic waste: manure

• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals – acids, toxic metals

• Inorganic Plant Nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus

• Organic Chemicals – oil, pesticides, detergents

• Sediment or Suspended Material – erosion, soil

• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes – radon uranium

• Heat – electric and nuclear power plants

• Genetic Pollution

Waterborne BacteriaWaterborne Bacteria

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli Vibrio sp.Vibrio sp.Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio

• Disease symptoms usually are explosive Disease symptoms usually are explosive emissions from either end of the digestive emissions from either end of the digestive tracttract

Waterborne Protozoans

Giardia sp.**P. Darben

Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio

• Disease symptoms are usually explosive emissions from either end of the digestive tract

Waterborne Human Viruses

Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis E virus

Norwalk virus* Rotavirus**F. Williams

Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio

Dracunculiasis

Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward

http://www.pmeh.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/GUINEA/

The Guinea The Guinea Worm grows Worm grows

down the leg and down the leg and its sex organs its sex organs appear at the appear at the

ankle or on the ankle or on the foot usually, foot usually,

bursting when it bursting when it senses water, senses water, releasing ova.releasing ova.

Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward

• No vaccine for Guinea worm is available.

• People do not seem to build up any resistance and the disease can be reinfected over and over.

• No research is being conducted for any vaccine or cure.

• Worms are removed slowly each day by winding around a stick.

http://www.pmeh.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/GUINEA/Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens

• Oxygen Demanding AgentsOxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat• Genetic Pollution

Fish DieFish Die

BOD and Oxygen Sag CurveBOD and Oxygen Sag Curve

All streams have some capability to degrade organic waste. Problems occur when stream is overloaded with biochemical oxygen-demanding waste.

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents

• Water-soluble Inorganic ChemicalsWater-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat• Genetic Pollution

Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals

• Metallic elements having a density Metallic elements having a density greater than 5 g/cmgreater than 5 g/cm33

• Most are extremely toxicMost are extremely toxic

Heavy Metals by Dr. Jena Hamra

Acid RainAcid Rain• Broad term used to describe several Broad term used to describe several

ways that acids fall out of the ways that acids fall out of the atmosphereatmosphere

http://www.pacificnet.net/http://www.pacificnet.net/~fastoso/sm_acid.jpg~fastoso/sm_acid.jpg

Dr. Harvey F. Thomas @ Illinois State University

Wet and Dry Acid RainWet and Dry Acid Rain

• Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. and snow.

• Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles.particles.

Causes of Causes of Acid RainAcid Rain

• Sulfur dioxide (SOSulfur dioxide (SO22) and nitrogen oxides (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOxx) )

are the primary causes of acid rain. are the primary causes of acid rain.

• In the US, about 2/3 of all SOIn the US, about 2/3 of all SO22 and 1/4 of all NO and 1/4 of all NOxx

comes from electric power generation that relies comes from electric power generation that relies

on burning fossil fuels like coal.on burning fossil fuels like coal.

Buffering CapacityBuffering Capacity

• Acid rain primarily affects sensitive bodies Acid rain primarily affects sensitive bodies of water, which are located in watersheds of water, which are located in watersheds whose soils have a limited “buffering whose soils have a limited “buffering capacity” capacity”

• Generally high in limestone depositsGenerally high in limestone deposits

Effects on WildlifeEffects on Wildlife• Generally, the young of most species are Generally, the young of most species are

more sensitive to environmental conditions more sensitive to environmental conditions than adultsthan adults

• At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatchAt pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch

• At lower pH levels, some adult fish dieAt lower pH levels, some adult fish die

• Some acid lakes Some acid lakes have no fishhave no fish

Nutrients

• Acidic water dissolves the nutrients and helpful minerals in the soil and then washes them away before trees and other plants can use them to grow.

• Releases Al+3 which is toxic to fish

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals

• Inorganic Plant NutrientsInorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat• Genetic Pollution

Selected Pollutants: NutrientsSelected Pollutants: NutrientsPhosphorus and nitrogen are the major concerns

Sources:•Human, animal (e.g., Hog Farms), and industrial waste •Storm water•Soil erosion •Excessive use of fertilizers for crops, lawns, and home gardens

Eutrophication

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients

• Organic ChemicalsOrganic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat• Genetic Pollution

concentrations increase at increasing levels in the food chain – PCBs, DDT, etc.

Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification

Fig. 12–20 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals

• Sediment or Suspended MaterialSediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat• Genetic Pollution

Effects of Sediment LoadingEffects of Sediment Loading

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material

• Water-soluble Radioactive IsotopesWater-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat• Genetic Pollution

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes

• HeatHeat• Genetic Pollution

Types and Sources of Pollution• Disease-causing Agents - Pathogens• Oxygen Demanding Agents• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals• Inorganic Plant Nutrients• Organic Chemicals• Sediment or Suspended Material• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes• Heat

• Genetic Pollution – Invasive SpeciesGenetic Pollution – Invasive Species

ZEBRA MUSSEL DISTRIBUTION

• Types and Sources of Pollution• Pollution of Streams and Pollution of Streams and

LakesLakes• Ocean Pollution• Groundwater Pollution• Drinking Water Quality• Waste Water Treatment• Water Legislation

flowing water can recover rapidly by dilution and decay

Pollution of Streams and LakesPollution of Streams and Lakes

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

Accelerated results with human input of nutrients to a lake

EutrophicationEutrophication

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

• Types and Sources of Pollution• Pollution of Streams and Lakes• Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution• Groundwater Pollution• Drinking Water Quality• Waste Water Treatment• Water Legislation

Ocean Pollution: PetroleumOcean Pollution: Petroleum

• Oil spills can Oil spills can be caused by:be caused by:– Tanker Tanker

accidentsaccidents– Intentional Intentional

dumpingdumping– Drilling/ Drilling/

pumping pumping operationsoperations

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

Ocean Pollution: Ocean Pollution: PetroleumPetroleum

• Petroleum is biodegradablePetroleum is biodegradable• Many pollution experts Many pollution experts

consider oil to be among consider oil to be among the least damaging ocean the least damaging ocean pollutantspollutants

• Data from the 1989 Data from the 1989 Exxon Exxon ValdezValdez oil spill shows the oil spill shows the recovery of key organismsrecovery of key organisms

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

Ocean Pollution: PetroleumOcean Pollution: Petroleum

Various Various processes act processes act to break up to break up and degrade and degrade oil in the oil in the ocean ocean environmentenvironment

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

• March 24, 1989, tanker in Prince William Sound, Alaska, worst oil spill in U.S. waters

• Coated 1,600 of shoreline, killed wildlife, and caused serious contamination

• Exxon spent $2.2 billion on direct cleanup + $1 billion fines and damages; another $5 billion being appealed

Case Study: Exxon Valdez Oil SpillCase Study: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/47791000/gif/_47791601_oil_spills466.gif&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8664684.stm&h=494&w=466&sz=21&tbnid=xBnM3fQZWoqnVM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=79&zoom=1&usg=__t6mq8hpGq6yVtY5Q8cz3m71vzfw=&docid=A8Xjm-zFkO-ddM&sa=X&ei=uvwHUZzyB8TJiwLdm4CADQ&ved=0CEUQ9QEwAw&dur=588

Ocean Pollution: Sewage SludgeOcean Pollution: Sewage Sludge

• Sewage sludge is the Sewage sludge is the semisolid material that semisolid material that remains after sewage remains after sewage treatmenttreatment

• Much sewage sludge Much sewage sludge was dumped offshore was dumped offshore until laws restricted until laws restricted sewage dumpingsewage dumping

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

Mercury and Minamata DiseaseMercury and Minamata Disease

• Mercury has many Mercury has many industrial uses but is industrial uses but is extremely toxic extremely toxic

• A chemical plant A chemical plant released large released large quantities of mercury quantities of mercury into Minamata Bay, into Minamata Bay, JapanJapan

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

Ocean Pollution: Non-Point Source

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

Plastic in the Ocean Environment

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

• Types and Sources of Pollution• Pollution of Streams and Lakes• Ocean Pollution• Groundwater PollutionGroundwater Pollution• Drinking Water Quality• Waste Water Treatment• Water Legislation

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

75% of 175,000 known waste disposal sites in US may be producing hazardous subsurface plumes (contaminated regions of the subsurface)

• Types and Sources of Pollution

• Pollution of Streams and Lakes

• Ocean Pollution

• Groundwater Pollution

• Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality• Waste Water Treatment

• Water Legislation

Municipal Water Purification PlantMunicipal Water Purification Plant

Coagulation Coagulation

• Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)

isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

Sedimentation Sedimentation

• Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)

isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

Filtration Filtration

• Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

AdsorptionAdsorption

• Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

• Types and Sources of Pollution

• Pollution of Streams and Lakes

• Ocean Pollution

• Groundwater Pollution

• Drinking Water Quality

• Waste Water TreatmentWaste Water Treatment• Water Legislation

Septic TanksSeptic Tanks• Approx. 22 million systems in operation ( 30% of US Approx. 22 million systems in operation ( 30% of US

population)population)• Suitability determined by soil type, depth to water table, depth Suitability determined by soil type, depth to water table, depth

to bedrock and topographyto bedrock and topography• Commonly fail due to poor soil drainageCommonly fail due to poor soil drainage• Potential contaminants: bacteria, heavy metals, nutrients, Potential contaminants: bacteria, heavy metals, nutrients,

synthetic organic chemicals (e.g. benzene)synthetic organic chemicals (e.g. benzene)

• Types and Sources of Pollution

• Pollution of Streams and Lakes

• Ocean Pollution

• Groundwater Pollution

• Drinking Water Quality

• Waste Water Treatment

• Water LegislationWater Legislation

Legal Attempts to Control Water Legal Attempts to Control Water PollutionPollution

1.1. Clean Water Act 1977, now a state-federal partnershipClean Water Act 1977, now a state-federal partnership2.2. The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act 1987The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act 19873.3. Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1972 amended to Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1972 amended to

create:create:4.4. Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974, amended 1996Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974, amended 19965.5. London Dumping Convention (1975) is the international London Dumping Convention (1975) is the international

treaty regulating disposal of wastes generated by normal treaty regulating disposal of wastes generated by normal operation of vessels operation of vessels

6.6. MARPOL 73/78 is implemented in the U.S. by the Act to MARPOL 73/78 is implemented in the U.S. by the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, under the lead of the U.S. Prevent Pollution from Ships, under the lead of the U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard

bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20andbss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

Clean Water ActClean Water Act

• The Clean Water Act is a 1977 amendment to the Federal The Clean Water Act is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972Water Pollution Control Act of 1972– Set the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants in Set the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants in

the USthe US

• The law gave EPA the authority to set water quality The law gave EPA the authority to set water quality standards for industry and for all contaminants in surface standards for industry and for all contaminants in surface waterswaters

• The CWA makes it unlawful for any person to discharge The CWA makes it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters unless a permit (NPDES) is obtainedunless a permit (NPDES) is obtained

• The amounts and types of pollutants than can be The amounts and types of pollutants than can be discharged or allowed to run in to waters from watersheds discharged or allowed to run in to waters from watersheds are regulatedare regulated

Environmental Science ENSC 2800 - Environmental Science ENSC 2800 - Pollution in the Bay-DeltaPollution in the Bay-Delta

Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act• The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) was The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) was

established to protect the quality of established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.Sdrinking water in the U.S

• This law focuses on all waters actually or This law focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or whether from above ground or underground sourcesunderground sources

Environmental Science ENSC 2800 - Environmental Science ENSC 2800 - Pollution in the Bay-DeltaPollution in the Bay-Delta