Water and Sanitation STATE SERIES 2012 ODISHA: AFTER BABY STEPS, RUN!

Water and SanitationSTATE SERIES 2012

ODISHA: AFTER BABY STEPS, RUN!

Water and SanitationSTATE SERIES 2012

ODISHA: AFTER BABY STEPS, RUN!

Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program

2

Water and Sanitation: State Series 2012Odisha: After Baby Steps, Run!

Prepared and published by

Health of the Urban Poor [HUP] Program

Population Foundation of India

B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016

Author

Biraja Kabi Satapathy

Special Inputs

Dr. Sainath Banerjee

Dr. S.K Mondal

Smarajit Chakraborthy

Dr. Hrudananda Mohanty

Anand Rudra, USAID

Editing Support

Ranjan Panda

Shipra Saxena

Design & Layout

Sarita Singh

Photographs

HUP

Published

June, 2012

Copyright

The contents of this publication may be used freely, for not-for-profit purposes,

provided the users duly acknowledge the publishers. However, anyone intending

to use the contents for commercial purposes must obtain prior permission from

the publishers.

3

Abbreviations 4

Preface 6

In brief 7

CHAPTER 1. Urban WATSAN: Odisha Needs to Catch Up 9

CHAPTER 2. Policy, Plan and Program: A Safe Net 11

SPREAD BOX: Community Speaks 14

CHAPTER 3. Schemes: Programmed for Access and Availability 17

CHAPTER 4. Way Forward: Converge and Consult 21

List of Tables

Table 1: Demographic Highlights, 2011 Census (Provisional) 10

Table 2: Urban Household Water & Sanitation Arrangements 10

Table 3: Guidelines for Urban and Rural Water Supply 13

Table 4: Odisha Norms for Water Supply 13

Table 5: Highlights of the Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy 2011 13

Table 6: Highlights of the Slum Rehabilitation and Development Policy 13

Table of Contents

AUWSP Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme

BDA Bhubaneswar Development Authority

BSUP Basic Services for the Urban Poor

BMC Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation

CBO Community Based Organisation

CSP City Sanitation Plan

HUP Health of the Urban Poor

IHL Individual Household Latrine

IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme

ILCS Integrated Low Cost Sanitation

JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency

JnNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

KBK Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput

LPCD Liter Per Capita per Day

NAC Notified Area Council

NFHS National Family Health Survey

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NRCD National River Conservation Directorate

NUSP National Urban Sanitation Policy

NSDP National Slum Development Programme

OBC Other Backward Caste

OMA Odisha Municipal Act

OMCA Odisha Municipal Corporation Act

OMR Odisha Municipal Rules

OUSS Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy

OWSSB Odisha Water Supply & Sewerage Board

PAS Pollution Abatement Scheme

PFI Population Foundation of India

PH Physically Handicapped

PHEO Public Health Engineering Organisation

PPCP Public-Private Community Partnership

RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana

Abbreviations

5

RLTAP Revised Long Term Action Plan

RoR Record of Rights

RTI Reproductive Tract Infection

SC Scheduled Caste

ST Scheduled Tribe

STI Sexual Tract Infection

SLSC State Level Steering Committee

SRDP Slum Rehabilitation & Development Policy

SUSM State Urban Sanitation Mission

UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme

for Small and Medium Towns

UIG Urban Infrastructure and Governance

ULB Urban Local Bodies

USAID United States Agency for International

Development

VAMBAY Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna

WATSAN Water and Sanitation

6

Providing water and sanitation services to the growing urban populace is a challenge

which has to be met in a planned and time bound manner. Housing and Urban

Development Department, Government of Odisha is committed to meet this objective

following an inclusive approach. Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy, 2011, Slum

Rehabilitation and Development Policy, 2011 directly deal with providing water and

sanitation facilities to urban poor by leveraging centrally sponsored schemes such as,

JnNURM, UIDSSMT, IHSDP, BSUP, ILCS, RAY, and the state sponsored PIYUSH

schemes. A convergent approach is followed to increase access, usage and effective

coverage of water supply and sanitation facilities in urban areas in coordination with allied

departments, Urban Local Bodies, development partners, NGOs, CBOs and community

at a large.

I am happy to learn that the Population Foundation of India (PFI), through its Health of the

Urban Poor (HUP) programme is bringing out the “Urban Water and Sanitation Profile” for

Odisha, which will provide the opportunity to various stakeholders not only to reflect upon

what has already been achieved but also help plan the future strategies to bring in

sustained improvement in providing water and sanitation facilities to all the urban

populace, including the poor and other vulnerable sections of the society. Apart from

analysing the status of the water and sanitation services in the slate, the profile also offers

plausible solutions within the current policy framework. Therefore, it should serve as a

useful source of information for all the relevant government departments (Women and

Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, Housing and Urban Development),

Urban Local Bodies, NGOs and others working in the area of urban water and sanitation.

I take this opportunity to extend my compliments to the Health of the Urban Poor (HUP)

Programme - Population Foundation of India (PFI) for their contribution in compiling the

“Urban Water and Sanitation Profile” for Odisha.

(Injeti Srinivas)Principal Secretary to Government,

Housing and Urban Development Department,Government of Odisha

INJETI SRINIVASPrincipal Secretary to Government,

Housing and Urban Development Department,

Government of Odisha

Bhubaneswar - 751001

D.O. No__________________/HUD,

Date:

P R E FA C E

7

Getting safe water and sanitation to the urban poor is a vital job. Most of the urban poorin Odisha reside in slums which are spreading as urbanization gains momentum. A hostof factors — poverty, lack of legal rights over settlements and difficult housing and

environment conditions — restrain urban poor households’ access to safe drinking water andsanitation. This makes the vital job a difficult task as well.

The Odisha Urban Water Sanitation Profile is a state of affairsreport on the water and sanitation (WATSAN) scenario inurban areas of the state. It doesn't just analyze the status butalso flags off potential solutions within the current policyframework.

Only 16 percent of the state’s population resides in urbanareas. However, the rate of urbanization is very high. The stateof urban water and sanitation is a cause for concern.

As per Census 2011, 48.0 percent of urban households use tapwater for drinking. Of this 42.1 percent water is treated and 5.0percent remains untreated. While 31.7 percent use water fromhand pumps and tube wells, 18.4 percent use water from wells;of which 5.3 percent are covered and 13.1 percent uncovered.56.9 percent of urban households have source of water withintheir premises. The Census 2011 data also shows that 35.2percent of households in urban Odisha do not have latrines.This is the second highest among all states, with Chhatisgarh atthe top position having 39.8 percent households not havinglatrines.

Odisha has separate WATSAN policies and strategies. It alsohas a policy for slum rehabilitation and development. TheOdisha State Water Policy 2007, Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy 2011, and the SlumRehabilitation and Development Policy 2011 directly deal with provisioning water andsanitation facilities for the urban poor.

Schemes like the Accelerated Urban Water Supply Program, Revised Long Term Action Plan,Pollution Abatement Scheme, Odisha Integrated Sanitation Improvement Project, JawaharlalNehru National Renewal Mission, Urban Infrastructure Development Schemes for Small andMedium Towns, Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme, Integrated Low CostSanitation, Rajiv Awas Yojana, PIYUSH scheme are some important schemes that help theurban poor in accessing WATSAN facilities.

48 percent of

households get tap

water for drinking.

Only 42.1 percent

of households get

treated tap water.

In briefThe state of access to water and sanitation

in urban areas is a cause for serious concern

31.7 percent get their

drinking water from

hand pumps and tube

wells. 18.4 per

cent use water from

wells.

8

1 Provisional Census of India, 2011, Odisha profile.2 Census of India 2011, Main Source of Drinking Water 2001-20113 Census of India 2011, Availability And Type of Latrine Facility: 2001-2011

Odisha enjoys many cultural and geographical superlatives. It was the first state in thecountry to be created along linguistic lines in 1936. Its natural resources are enormous,both in quantity and quality. It hosts all major agro-climatic zones: from coastal to semi-

arid upland. However, it is one of the poorest states in the country. Its human developmentindicators, like those related to health, are not very encouraging.

Odisha is predominantly a rural state. According to the 2011 census out of the state’s totalpopulation of 4.19 crore, 83.32 percent reside in rural areas (see Table 1). This makes the stateone of the least urbanized regions of India. However, the state’s urban population growth iscatching up fast. In fact the rate of urban population growth during the last decade has beenvery high at 26.8 percent as against that of rural population which was 11.71 percent.1

As per Census 2011, 48.0 percent of urban households use tap water for drinking. (See Table 2for further details) Of this only 42.1 percent use water from treated sources and the rest 5.9percent from untreated sources. That means, only 42.1 percent of the state’s urban householdsuse tap water that is treated. While 12.8 percent of households use hand pump, 18.9 percentuse water from tube wells or borehole. 18.4 percent households use water from wells, of which5.3 percent are covered and 13.1 percent un-covered. 0.2 percent of urban households dependon springs, 0.5 percent on river or canal and 0.2 percent on tank or pond or lake water.

56.9 percent of urban households have source of water within the premises while 24.7 percenthouseholds have to fetch water from a source located within 100 meters from the premises. Asmany as 18.5 percent households collect water from a source located beyond 100 meters. Thereis an increase of 4.8 percent of households in accessing water source within the premises from2001 to 2011.2

The Census 2011 data also shows that 35.2 percent of households in urban Odisha do not havelatrines within the premises. This is the second highest among all states, with Chhattisgarh atthe top position having 39.8 percent households not having latrines. Out of the 64.8 percent ofthe households in urban Odisha, who have latrine facilities within their premises, 58.8 percenthave water closet, 4.2 percent pit latrines and 1.8 percent other types.3 2 percent of urbanhouseholds use public latrine and almost 33.2 percent of households defecate open.

Pour flush latrine in urban area which was connected to a system of sewer pipes that collectsboth human excreta and waste water is recorded in 11.5 percent of households. At the sametime pour flush latrine connected to a septic tank is recorded in 45 percent of urban households.4.2 percent households use pit latrine out of which 3.1 percent with slab or ventilated improvedpit and 1.1 percent without slab or open pit.

In 2002, keeping in

mind emerging

challenges in the

sector, India

adopted a new

water policy.

Odisha followed it

up with a new state

policy in 2007

9

Chapter 1

Urban WATSAN: Odisha Needs to Catch Up

Only 42.1 percent of urban households get tap water from treated source

In 0.8 percent households in urban Odisha there is latrine facility within the premises but thewaste material is disposed directly into open drain i.e. night soil deposited in open drain. In 0.5percent of household of urban Odisha, even if the latrine facility is available, within thepremises the human excreta is removed physically by human beings. It shows there are stillcases of manual scavenging in Odisha.

10

Indicators Total Rural Urban

Households 9,661,085 8,144,012 1,517,073

Households main source of drinking water (in %)

Tap water 13.8 7.5 48.0

Tap water from treated sources 10.0 4.0 42.1

Tap water from un-treated source 3.9 3.5 5.9

Well 19.5 19.8 18.4

Covered well 2.2 1.7 5.3

Uncovered well 17.3 18.1 13.1

Hand pump 41.4 46.8 12.8

Tube well/Borehole 20.0 20.2 18.9

Spring 1.8 2.1 0.2

River/Canal 1.7 1.9 0.5

Tank/Pond/Lake 0.9 1.0 0.2

Other sources 0.8 0.8 0.9

Availability of drinking water within premises 22.4 16.0 56.9

Availability of drinking water near the premises 42.2 45.2 24.7

Availability of drinking water away from the premises 35.4 38.5 18.5

Households by type of latrine facility

Latrine facilities within the premises 22.0 14.1 64.8

Water Closet 17.7 10.0 58.8

Piped sewer system 2.5 0.9 11.5

Septic tank 13.6 7.8 45.0

Other system 1.6 1.4 2.3

Pit Latrine 3.5 3.4 4.2

With slab/ventilated improved pit 2.1 1.9 3.1

Without slab/ open pit 1.4 1.4 1.1

Other latrine 0.8 0.7 1.8

Night soil deposited into open drain 0.3 0.2 0.8

Night soil removed by human 0.3 0.2 0.5

Night soil serviced by animals 0.3 0.2 0.4

No latrine within the premises 78.0 85.9 35.2

Public latrine 1.4 1.2 2.0

Open 76.6 84.7 33.2

Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets - WATSAN Highlights

Source: Census of India, 2011, Houses Household Amenities and Assets, Figures at a Glance, Odisha

Indicators Total Rural Urban

Population 4,19,47,358 3,49,51,234 69,96,124

Percent of rural urban population 83.32 16.68

Sex ratio 978 988 934

Sex ratio 0-6 years 934 939 909

Literacy rate 73.45 70.78 86.45

Table 1: Demographic Highlights

Source: Census of India, 2011 (Provisional)

11

The Policy

prescribes a

decentralised

approach to

sanitation that

empowers state

and urban local

bodies to develop

their own state-

level strategies and

city sanitation plan

to achieve policy

goals

In 1987, India formulated its first national water policy. Based on this, Odisha formulated itsown policy in 1994. In 2002, keeping in mind the emerging challenges in the sector, Indiaadopted a new water policy. Odisha followed it up with a new state policy in 2007. The

policy of 2007 takes into account all emerging factors and aims at laying down the principles forwise and judicious use of water for the survival of life.

The state policy, as in the national water policy, prioritizes allocation of water for drinking anddomestic use. The policy mandates the following:

The State shall provide adequate safe drinking water for human beings and livestock,both in urban and rural areas. Irrigation and multipurpose projects should invariablyinclude components for domestic use, which should override the demands from othersectors.

Maintenance of water quality and reduction of pollution load are an integral part of thestrategy.4

Chapter 2

Policy, Plan and Program: A Safe Net

Odisha has a strong water and sanitation access policy for the urban poor

4 Orissa State Water Policy–2007, Department of Water Resources, Resolution, Rajiv Bhawan, Orissa, March 16, 2007(http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/SWP2007/SWP%202007.pdf).

12

The state

government

brought in a

coherent slum

resettlement and

development policy

in 2011. Its main

objective is to have

'slum free cities'

In 2005, the Government of India set up a taskforce comprising eminent policy makers,practitioners, experts and members of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to formulate apolicy to deal with the challenges in the urban sanitation sector. Setting up the taskforce waspreceded by an extensive consultation with the states.5 Based on the recommendations of thetaskforce, the government approved the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) in 2008. Thepolicy envisions Indian cities to be sanitized, healthy and livable. Its primary goal is to ensureand sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all urban citizens, with aspecial focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.6

The policy prescribes a decentralized approach to sanitation that empowers state and urbanlocal governments to develop their own state-level strategies7 and city sanitation plan (CSP)8 toachieve policy goals.

The Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy (OUSS) 2011 is an outcome of this policy. It wasnecessary given the number of urban local bodies (ULBs) in the state. There are 103 ULBs inOdisha, including three municipal corporations, 37 municipalities, and 63 Notified AreaCouncils (NACs) according to city size. All urban areas in the state are governed by theprovisions of the Orissa Municipal Act (OMA), 1950, the Orissa Municipal Rules (OMR), 1953and the Orissa Municipal Corporation Act (OMCA), 2003.

The OUSS stresses upon achieving open defecation free cities and towns. It speaks of adequatefund allocation for providing services to the urban poor. The strategy calls upon state effort toresolve issues of space and affordability for individual sanitation facilities and communityfacilities where individual provision is not feasible. The OUSS promotes individual householdlatrines, community planned and community managed toilets for groups of householdswherever necessary, and 100 percent upkeep and management of public sanitation facilities forfloating population, and community toilets for the urban poor.9 Under the strategy, the CitySanitation Plans (CSPs) need to be prepared in a participatory manner that is in consultationespecially with urban poor citizens and women.10 In major policy advancement, the strategysays that ULBs and other service providers should not have any problems in extendingsanitation provisions to unauthorised settlements.11

While these overarching policies were being put in place, the state focused on thedisadvantaged communities in urban areas. Urban growth is generally accompanied by growthof slums. All slum dwellers may not be poor, but almost all the poor in the cities live in slumsand shanties.

The state government brought in a coherent Slum Rehabilitation and Development Policy(SRDP) in 2011.12 SRDP’s main objective is to have “slum free cities”. The policy aims atcreating an enabling environment at the city and state level for upgradation and povertyreduction. This, in turn, will improve the quality of life for the urban poor. The policy alsoprovides the framework within which the Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY), a centrally supportedprogramme, shall be implemented.13

5 “Sustaining the Sanitation Revolution”, India Country Paper, SACOSAN III, New Delhi, November 16-21, 2008, p. 246 National Urban Sanitation Policy, Ministry of Urban development, Government of India, 2008, p. 7.7 Ibid., Annexure: I, p. 13.8 Ibid., Annexure: II, p. 16.9 Ibid., pp. 4 & 6. 10 Ibid., p. 10.11 Ibid., p. 13.12 Slum Rehabilitation & Development Policy (SRDP) for Orissa, 2011, Government of Odisha.13 Ibid, p. 2.

13

Classification of Towns/Cities Population Lpcd

Towns provided with pipe water supply but without sewerage system < 50,000 70

Cities provided with proper water supply with sewerage system > 50,000existing/contemplated < 2,00,000 150

Metropolitan and mega cities provided with proper water supply > 2,00,000 150 wherever sewerage system is existing/contemplated

Table 3: Guidelines for Urban and Rural Water SupplyThe following standards are currently applied in the state to assess the domestic water requirements of urbancenters

Note: To reflect real use situations, the consumption rates in liter per capita per day (lpcd) is increased by 30 percent,accounting for unaccounted water use (15 percent) and service loss (15 percent). Where water is provided throughpublic stand points, a rate of 40 lpcd is assumed.Source: Odisha State Water Plan, 2004, Government of Orissa, p. 56.

Urban Lpcd Rural Lpcd

Class 1 70 Big Village 40*

Class 2 135* Small Village 100

Class 3 150*

Livestocks: 45 lpcd

Poultry: 7 lpcd

Table 4: Odisha Norms for Water SupplyThe state has stipulated norms for domestic water supply that entitles more water to urban citizens than their ruralcounterparts

Note: *Add 30% extraSource: Orissa State Water Plan, 2004, p. 4 (http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/SWPlan2004/SWPlan2004.htm).

Community-driven solution Puts local communities and local self-governments in charge of sanitation. Proposes the operation and maintenance of community and public toilets by user groups and ULBs through Public-Private Community Partnership (PPCP) mode.

Institutional development Gives the institutions high political weight by making the chief minister the head of the state apex body, that is the State Urban Sanitation Mission (SUSM).

Table 5: Highlights of the Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy 2011

Source: Orissa Urban Sanitation Strategy, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, 2011,p. 7, 8 & 13.

Policy tenets � Mainstream all slums into city infrastructure with legal, affordable, equitable,and improved municipal networks and social services.

� Provide basic minimum services to all slums till fully upgraded.� Develop affordable housing for slum dwellers in the neighbourhood who

currently reside on untenable sites and are tenants in these settlements. Jointhouse titles in the name of women and men with access to microfinance.

� Implement reforms for tenure security and legislation of property rights,earmarking budgets for the poor, earmarking developed land in housingprojects, rent control, and planning bye-laws.

Institutional arrangements � A State Level Steering Committee will be constituted under the chairmanship ofthe chief minister.

� An Orissa Slum Development Task Force would be constituted at the state levelunder the chairmanship of the chief secretary.

� Slum Free City Planning Team will be constituted in corporation areas andmunicipalities. Notified Area Councils may organize into regional clusters andform Cluster Level Task Forces. These may be headed by the municipalcommissioner in case of a corporation, chief executive officers in case ofmunicipalities and collectors/revenue divisional commissioners in case of theCluster Level Task Force.

Table 6: Highlights of the Slum Rehabilitation and Development Policy

14

The state government has been implementing a large

number of programmes and policies on WATSAN in

urban areas. It is important to listen and understand the

people’s perspective on their own development.

How?Below is an assessment of such programs based on

communities’ perception and experience in four slums—

Harekrishna Basti, Panda Park, Isaneswar Basti and the

Maa Mangala Basti—in the northern part of Bhubaneswar

Municipal Corporation (BMC). This is based on extensive

visits and interactions with residents of slums and

frontline workers. The analysis is done through a

checklist on water and sanitation facilities available with

communities in slums.

What?Water supply: Piped water supply is available at the

household level for those with a record of rights (RoR).

Illegal water supply connections by slum dwellers and

vendors near slums are rampant. There is the provision

of public water stand posts in slums; on average six to

eight households have one post. But this is not uniform

across slums. In most slums, pipelines have been

tampered with, and people use plastic pipes for

collecting water from the main pipelines. Water

conservation activities and economic use of water is

missing among the community.

During discussions it was found that some slum

dwellers treat drinking water before use. We found a

number of cases of diarrhea at the urban slum health

program run by National Rural Health Mission, Odisha in

Harekushanpur slum.

Sanitation facilities: Harekhusna slum has one

community toilet with 16 seats. The people use this

community toilet on pay-per-use basis. However, it is not

an adequate provision to meet the needs. Some

households in this authorized slums have an individual

Community speaks

15

household latrine (IHL) with single pit. There is no

sewerage system in the slums. Individual toilets are

mostly being used by women and children. Sailabala

Sahoo, a resident of Harekrushanpur, says, “We installed

an individual household toilet for my convenience. It’s

difficult to go outside during the night and rainy season.

But not all the family members use this toilet.” In

unauthorized slums, 99 percent people defecate in open

areas. Purnima Digol, a resident of Isaneswar slum, says,

“Most of the people in this slum belong to the SC/ST

community who migrated from Phulbani. We are staying

here for the last 12 to 14 years. There is no electricity in

these slums. How can we expect people to get adequate

water supply and toilet facilities in these slums? Except

one or two households who have toilets at home, all

others defecate in the open.”

Waste management: The BMC collects garbage from a

few points in the slums. But the collection, even in

authorized slums, is not regular.

Hygiene practices: The frontline workers in slums know

the importance of hand washing at critical times. But it is

not a practice among community members. Girls and

women usually use cloth during menstruation. “There are

a large number of cases of Reproductive Tract Infection

(RTI) and Sexual Tract Infection (STI) among women in the

reproductive age group”, says Dr. Santosh Mishra of

Urban Health Centre, Harekrishna Slums. Scarcity of water

adds to problem.

Waterborne Diseases: These are very common in slums

because of unhygienic conditions. The cases increase

during the monsoon.

24,273 hand pumps and tube wells are

functional in different ULBs to cater to the water

demand during non-supply hours and the

demand of the population residing in areas

uncovered by piped water supply system

16

Rs. 2,425 lakhs

was provided for

urban water supply

in the 2010-11

budget for 563

schemes, including

238 new schemes.

Rs. 150 lakhs has

been provided for

111 urban

sewerage

schemes. In

addition, Rs. 100

lakhs is available

for sinking of 200

hand pumps and

tube wells

17

Odisha's urban drinking water supply program reaches approximately 45.6 lakhs people.Everyday, around 776.48 million liters of drinking water is supplied to 103 ULBs of thestate along with two census towns. The supply goes through 2,32,186 house

connections and 21,481 public stand posts. In addition, 24,273 hand pumps and tube wells arefunctional in different ULBs to cater to the water demand during non-supply hours and thedemand of the population residing in areas uncovered by piped water supply systems.14

During the fiscal year 2009–10, the government took up 396 water supply projects under thestate plan to augment water supply in ULBs. It made a budget provision of Rs 2,537 lakhs for thesame. In addition, Rs 100 lakhs was provided for 200 hand pumps and tube wells. Renovationand upgradation work started on 145 sewerage works at a cost of Rs 150 lakhs.15

Rs 2,425.01 lakhs was provided for urban water supply in the 2010–11 budget for 563 schemes,including 238 new schemes. Rs 150 lakhs has been provided for 111 urban sewerage schemes.In addition, Rs 100 lakhs is available for sinking of 200 hand pump and tube wells.16

Given below are short profiles of the various programs in implementation to augment WATSANprovisions in urban areas.

Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP)The Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme is a centrally sponsored scheme. The centraland state governments share the cost of the scheme equally. Out of 103 ULBs, 52 qualify for it.So far, the central government has given technical sanction to schemes in 35 towns at anestimated cost of Rs 7,523.97 lakhs. Out of this, 32 schemes have been commissioned17 for thebenefit of around 8.15 lakh people.

Revised Long Term Action Plan (RLTAP)The Revised Long Term Action Plan is a centrally supported program for the backward KalahandiBolangir Koraput (KBK) region which covers Koraput, Malkangiri, Nawrangpur, Rayagada,Bolangir, Sonepur, Kalahandi, and Nuapada. Under this programme, 17 water supply schemes inequal number of ULBs have been given administrative approval. The Government of India willbear the total project cost of around Rs 9,336 lakhs. These schemes will benefit a projectedpopulation of 7.04 lakhs.18

Chapter 3

Schemes: Programmed for access and availability

The state has a wide range of programs covering access to supply tolegal tenureship

14 Annual Activity Report 2009-10, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, p. 6(http://urbanorissa.gov.in/pdf/publications/annual_report/annual_activities_2009_10.pdf).15 Annual Activity Report 2010-11, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, p.716 Ibid., p. 7.17 Ibid., p. 7.18 Ibid., p. 8.

Pollution Abatement Scheme (PAS)The Pollution Abatement Scheme (PAS), under the National River Conservation Directorate(NRCD), covers water pollution control activities in rivers. The Odisha Water Supply andSewerage Board (OWSSB) has successfully completed PAS in the Mahanadi and the Kathajoririvers at Cuttack. Other NRCD projects are being executed by OWSSB in the Brahmani River atTalcher and the sewerage project at Puri.

Integrated Sewerage System for CityThe OWSSB is executing the Integrated Sewerage System for Bhubaneswar city at a cost ofaround Rs 754 crores. The project is funded by a consortium of agencies that include theGovernment of India and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Bhubaneswar hasbeen divided into six sewerage districts for smooth implementation of the project. A similarintegrated sewerage system is being laid out for Cuttack at a cost of around Rs 945 crores.Similar sewerage systems are proposed for four other cities: Sambalpur, Berhampur,Dhenkanal, and Rourkela.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM)The Government of India launched the JnNURM for integrated planned development of 65selected cities. It includes two sub-missions: the Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)and the Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP). In Odisha, JnNURM covers Bhubaneswar andPuri. Besides, two other reform-driven schemes—Urban Infrastructure Development Schemefor Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum DevelopmentProgramme (IHSDP)—were included under JnNURM. These two schemes are beingimplemented in the cities and towns other than Bhubaneswar and Puri.

Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)Under the UIG, which spans from 2005–6 to 2013–14, the state implements seven projects. Oneof the seven projects covers an integrated sewerage and storm water drainage system forBhubaneswar at a cost of Rs 567.24 crores. Another project in Puri involves the setting up of a24x7 water supply and storm water drainage system with an investment of Rs 238.72 crores.

18

In Odisha,

JnNURM covers

Bhubaneswar and

Puri. Besides, two

other reform-driven

schemes – Urban

Infrastructure

Development

Scheme for Small

and Medium Towns

and Integrated

Housing and Slum

Development

Programme –

were included

under JnNURM

19

PIYUSH Scheme

was launched after

amending the

Orissa Water

Works Rules with

the objective of

providing universal

access to safe

drinking water in

ULBs

Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP)The prime minister of India launched the BSUP scheme in 2005. The scheme focuses onupgradation of facilities for slum dwellers in the 63 cities covered under the JnNURM. The mainobjective of the scheme is to have holistic slum development by providing adequate shelter andbasic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers.

Under the scheme, six projects for slums in Bhubaneswar and Puri have been taken up. Thisincludes construction of 2,508 dwelling units in the two mission cities.19

Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)The UIDSSMT scheme aims at improving infrastructure in towns and cities and creatingdurable public assets and services in a planned manner. It subsumes the existing schemes of theIntegrated Development of Small and Medium Towns and the Accelerated Urban Water SupplyProgramme. The scheme applies to all cities/towns as per the 2001 Census, except cities/townscovered by JnNURM.

The cost of the scheme is shared between the central and state governments, in an 80:10 ratio,while the balance 10 percent has to be raised by the nodal/implementing agencies.

Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)The IHSDP combines the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana and the National Slum DevelopmentPlan integrated approach in improving housing and living conditions of slum dwellers. TheIHSDP is applicable to all cities and towns (based on 2001 census) except Bhubaneswar andPuri, which are covered under the JnNURM. It covers upgradation/new construction of housesand infrastructural facilities like water supply and sewerage. Eighty percent of the scheme's costis shared by the central government, while the rest is contributed by the stategovernment/ULB/Parastatal. The beneficiaries contribute a minimum of 12 percent of thehousing cost, and beneficiaries from the SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH contribute 10 percent.

19 Information collected from JnNURM cell, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, till August31, 2011.

20

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, has alreadysanctioned 32 projects in 29 ULBs under IHSDP for 12,773 houses along with infrastructurefacilities with an estimated cost of Rs 258.79 lakhs.20

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)The scheme is specifically designed to cover the economically weaker section of society. Itconstructs or converts low cost sanitation units through sanitary two pit pour flush latrineswith superstructures and appropriate variations to suit local conditions. For those who practiceopen defecation, new toilets are built under the scheme. The central government shares 75percent of the cost while the state government contributes 15 percent. Beneficiaries contributethe remaining 10 percent.

Odisha has submitted a detailed project report on a two-phase ILCS. The first phase will cover12 municipalities and 13 NACs. The second will cover Bhubaneswar, Sambalpur, and 18 NACs.

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)The scheme, to be implemented from 2009 to 2016, aims at providing central governmentsupport to states that attempt to assign property rights to slum dwellers. RAY is thegovernment's key program to achieve a “slum free India”. The scheme advocates an integratedapproach to slum development by giving legal tenure to dwellers and building decent housing,and providing basic civic and social amenities. Further, the benefits of health, education, socialsecurity, construction workers’ welfare and livelihood, and public transport linkages forholistic slum redevelopment are to be provided through convergence of schemes availableunder the respective sectors. All ULBs are entitled to access funds under the scheme. TheBhubaneswar Development Authority (BDA) has been declared the state-level nodal agency forRAY. In the first phase, six cities of the state—Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Berhampur,Sambalpur, and Rourkela—have been included.

PIYUSH SchemePIYUSH Scheme was launched after amending the Orissa Water Works Rules with the objectiveof providing universal access to safe drinking water in ULBs. The scheme enables the urbanpoor to avail a household water supply connection by paying only Rs 500 in five equal monthlyinstallments.

The Public Health Engineering Organisation (PHEO) opens a temporary office for a day or twoin a target area, and conducts one-day “connection mela”. The local dwellers put in theirapplications and get to know of their connection status the same day.

20 Annual Activity Report 2010-11, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, p.17

21

The problem of

sanitation in slums

is critical and

complex. This is

due to high

population density,

poor quality of

infrastructure, lack

of space and clarity

on tenure. There

is hardly any

space to install an

individual

household pit

latrine

Water scarcity in slums forces people to use water from polluted or unprotectedsources. At times, they are forced to buy water, often of dubious quality, fromvendors at highly inflated prices. Invariably, poor families pay more per liter than

the better off, who can secure piped connections or afford to invest on their own sources. Inhigh population density areas, the possibility of groundwater pollution is high. In these areas,hand-dug wells, commonly built in rural areas, are not suitable.

The problem of sanitation in slums is critical and complex. This is due to high populationdensity, poor quality of infrastructure, lack of space and clarity on tenure. There is hardly anyspace to install an individual household pit latrine. Community or shared toilets are thesolution. But in this case, operation and maintenance by community is critical, requiringcommunity contribution in management and maintenance that involves monetary contribution.Experience indicates that this requires a strong community mobilization process.

The Public Health Engineering Organisation (PHEO) provides pipe water supply to a fewauthorized slums. However, there are problems of availability of water and distribution. Whilewater supply is much less than demand, public taps are not equally distributed within a slum

Chapter 4

Way Forward: Converge and ConsultWater and sanitation must be mainstreamed into the overall development

discourse

22

thus leading to exclusion. Wateris supplied for two hours per dayto each slum. This is way belowthe demand. Also, dependenceon a public tap varies within aslum. A few taps may have 10households depending on thembut there are others on which 30to 40 households depend.

Slum dwellers don't have thesecurity of land tenure. Thisdiscourages them from making amonetary contribution towardinfrastructure development or acommunity fund for theiroperation and maintenance offacilities.

Majority of slums are located onprivate or government lands.This poses a key challenge forsetting up community toilets.The state needs to get theconsent or agreement oflandowning agencies forconstruction of communitytoilets.

Hygiene education, stressing the importance of safe water and sanitation, plays a critical rolein generating their demand. Currently, this is not a priority area. There is more focus oncurative health services and the development of services in urban areas. Hygiene education willhelp the community minimize health risks.

There is a need to build in the benefits of safe water and sanitation in all allied departmentsand sectors. And this must be done starting from conceptualization to implementation of aprogram.

Overlapping jurisdiction and the absence of coordination and convergence among variousprograms and activities is a serious problem. There is an urgent need for integrated andunified arrangements for effective redressal of problems in urban areas. Both intra andinterdepartmental convergence will lead to improved services. This will facilitate bettertargeting of programs, effective identification of beneficiaries, and less participation ofcommunity-based organizations in the concerned programs.

The Housing and Urban Development Department is the umbrella organization for theimplementation of programs and schemes for the poor. In addition, there are a large number ofagencies responsible for implementing programs aimed at poverty reduction and other servicesfor the urban poor. These include departments of revenue, school and mass education, healthand family welfare, Scheduled Castes (SCs) & Scheduled Tribes (STs), women and childdevelopment, and civil society organizations, community-based organizations, and academicinstitutions.

The Housing

and Urban

Development

Department is the

umbrella

organisation for the

implementation of

programs and

schemes for the

poor. In addition,

there are a large

number of agencies

responsible for

implementing

programs aimed at

poverty reduction

and other services

for the urban poor

23

Various agencies are involved in state water and sanitation facilities for the urban poor. ThePHEO plans, executes, operates, and maintains the urban water supply and sewerage systems ofthe state. The OWSSB is a state government undertaking, set up in 1991–92 as per the OWSSBAct 1991, with the objective to develop infrastructure for supplying drinking water andsewerage facilities to the urban areas of the state. It executes major/mega water supply andsewerage projects, and, after completion, hands them over to the PHEO for operation andmaintenance. Rapid and unplanned urbanization causes problems for both the state and theULBs in management of solid-liquid waste in cities.

For more information please contact:

Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) ProgramPopulation Foundation of India

B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, Tel: 91-11-43894166, Fax: 91-11-43894199E-mail: [email protected], www.populationfoundation.in

Local HUP Office: Population Foundation of India

M-76, Madhusudan Nagar, Unit 4, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751001E-mail: [email protected], www.hupindia.org

This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Thecontents are the responsibility of the Population Foundation of India and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

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HUP in Odisha

Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program is supporting governmentof India (GOI) and eight state governments and five cities inimproving the health outcomes in the urban areas. In Odisha, theHUP Program is being implemented by Population Foundation ofIndia’s Odisha office with funding support from USAID India. One ofits important objectives is to ensure availability of safe and qualitydrinking water in a sustainable manner in the urban areas ofOdisha. The Program has been taking up a range of activities tomainstream WASH for urban poor in the state. Odisha WATSAN,Need assessment report, Odisha State water and sanitation profile,best practices documentation, urban WASH policy briefs of majorallied departments etc. are some key sectoral documents preparedby the Program so far. The Program in Odisha has been workingclosely with different departments of the Government of Odisha byproviding technical services and taking up various collaborativeactivities with them. Each year HUP organizesd sensitizationprograms on the occasion of World Water Day with Governmentdepartments, development partners, civil society organisation,academic institutions and other concerned to sensitize on variousissues related to fresh water. Capacity building of variousstakeholders like Govt. officials of allied departments,representatives from ULBs, NGOs, CBOs etc. on urban WASH hasbeen done through several orientations, sensitization workshopsand training programs at various cities and towns of the State.Indicators on WASH have been incorporated in the monthlyreporting format of Urban Slum Health Project (USHP), under NRHM,Odisha with the support of HUP in developing a managementinformation system for USHP. HUP-PFI also focuses on Point of Usewater purification that helps to improve water quality at householdlevel. IEC materials on WASH in Odiya have been developed for citydemonstration program in Bhubaneswar city and replicating thesame in other urban areas of the State.