water

Water

IntroductionWater is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. As a chemical compound , a water molecule  contains one oxygen  and two hydrogen  atoms  that are connected by covalent bonds . Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure , but it often co-exists on Earth  with its solid  state, ice ; and gaseous  state,steam  (water vapor ).Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It is vital for all known forms of life . On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as , vapor clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation .[Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater , and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater . Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

facts If the entire world’s water were fit into a 4 litre jug, the fresh water available for us would equal only about one tablespoon.

It takes 200,000,000 litres per second to grow food for the planet.Human blood is 83% water . Over 90% of the world’s supply of fresh water is located in Antarctica. 70% of the Earth is covered with water but only about 1% of the world’s water is readily available for human use. Nearly 97% is salty or otherwise undrinkable. Another 2% is locked in the ice caps and glaciers. If the entire adult population of England and Wales remembered to turn off the tap when they were brushing their teeth, we could save 180 mega litres a day - enough to supply nearly 500,000 homes and fill 180 Olympic swimming pools! (One Olympic sized pool is 1 million litres / 1Ml)

While most people know that water boils at 100 °C (212 °F), this is at the normal conditions of sea level. The boiling point of water actually changes relative to the barometric pressure. For example, water boils at just 68 °C (154 °F) on the top of Mount Everest while water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can remain in liquid form at temperatures much higher

than 100 °C (212 °F).Water expands as it cools from 4 °C to 0 °C (above 4 °C it does the opposite).

In freezing conditions, water has been known to burst water pipes as it freezes to ice.

Water can move up narrow tubes against the force of gravity in what is known as capillary action. Check out this capillary action experiment for

more.Most people around the world have access to clean drinking water but it is a major problem in poorer areas of the world. Water pollution and low quality water can lead to dangerous bacteria, disease and viruses such as E coli and

Cryptosporidium.Drinking water is needed for humans to avoid dehydration, the amount you

need each day depends on the temperature, how much activity you are involved in and other factors.

An important use for water is in agricultural irrigation, this is when water is artificially added to soil in order to assist the growth of crops.

facts

PROBLEMS RELATED TO

WATERThere are several principal  manifestations of the water crisis.Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about 884 million peopleInadequate access to water for sanitation and waste disposal for 2.5 billion peopleGroundwater over drafting (excessive use) leading to diminished agricultural  yieldsOveruse and pollution of water resources harming biodiversity

Waterborne diseases and the absence of sanitary domestic water are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. For children under age five, waterborne diseases are the leading cause of death. At any given time, half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from waterborne diseases . According to the World Bank , 88 percent of all waterborne diseases are caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.

WATERBORNE DISEASES

Vegetation and wildlife are fundamentally dependent upon adequate freshwater resources. Marshes, bogs and riparian zones are more obviously dependent upon sustainable water supply, but forests and other upland ecosystems are equally at risk of significant productivity changes as water availability is diminished. In the case of wetlands, considerable area has been simply taken from wildlife use to feed and house the expanding human population.

EFFECTS ON VEGETATION

Economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers or other water sources, or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. One quarter of the world's population is affected by economic water scarcity. Symptoms of economic water scarcity include a lack of infrastructure, causing the people without reliable access to water to have to travel long distances in or fetch water, that is often contaminated from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses.

ECONOMIC WATER

SCARCITY

Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate waste water with high concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other non conventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated waste water to the municipal system.

INDUSTRIAL WATER WASTE

NEWS ARTICLE ON

GANGA RIVER PLAN

GANGA RIVER MAP

NEW DELHI: Aligning its ambitious clean Ganga mission with the goal of overall development of the river, the government has formally transferred its nodal agency — National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) — from environment ministry to water resources ministry.Besides, mission directorate of the 'National Mission for clean Ganga' and other related matters have also been transferred from the environment ministry to the water resources.These transfers are in tune with the government's recent move to expand the role of the water resources ministry by adding 'Ganga rejuvenation' and 'river development' in it. The ministry had got new nomenclature with these additions when Prime Minister Narendra Modi's cabinet was formed in May. "All issues related to conservation, development, management and abatement of pollution in river Ganga and its tributaries will also be looked after by the ministry of water resources, river development and Ganga rejuvenation", said an official statement on Monday.Earlier, these tasks were the responsibilities of the environment ministry which was also the administrative ministry of the NGRBA

The NGRBA was constituted in February, 2009 when the then UPA-II government had given Ganga the status of a 'national river'. The Authority is a planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating body of the centre and the states.The objective of the NGRBA is to ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach for comprehensive planning and management The Authority has both regulatory and developmental functions.Since its inception, 76 schemes (70 infrastructure investment, 5 institutional development and one relating to implementation support) have been sanctioned by the Authority. These schemes are being implemented in 48 towns along the river in different states at a total cost of over Rs 5004 crore

Water scarcity is a real problem, with manageable

solutions

Since its inception five years ago, the 2030 Water Resources Group has been working help address water scarcity problems in different parts of the world. Built on unique partnerships, one of the Group’s main goals is to bring practical analysis to the limelight to help address the problem – always in collaboration with strategic partners and water experts. On previous occasions this analysis was restricted to print. This time we’re trying something different, something more dynamic. And with this tool, we hope that you’ll be better informed and inspired to act.

Solutions to the Global Water Crisis:Here are ten keys to addressing the global water crisis from the Forum:

1. Build partnerships

2. Include farmers

3. Include communities, especially women

4. Measure water

5. Put a realistic price on water

7. Integrate water into trade policy

6. Waste less food:

8. Upgrade the infrastructure -- and ASAP

9. Choose your words carefully

10. Protect the poor

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MADE BY :Harshpriya kaur

Kritika MohanMehak Gupta

Diksha Beniwal Shreya Jhori