WASTE MINIMIZATION BY RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MOHD NIZAM BIN YUSOFF AAO71 94 A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources University Malaysia Pahang NOVEMBER 2010
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WASTE MINIMIZATION BY RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE
MOHD NIZAM BIN YUSOFF
AAO71 94
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources University Malaysia Pahang
NOVEMBER 2010
ABSTRACT
Growth in construction activities generates construction waste which is fast
becoming a serious environmental problem with deadly consequences;. Most of the
construction and demolition, waste in our country are not recycled but end up in landfills
occupying valuable land.not to mention the cost incurred in landfilling. in line with this,
a study on the benefits of waste minimization, the materials which could be recycled,
methods used to dispose waste materials and the factors as to why recycling is not
popular was carried out. The scope of study covers construction companies which are
registered with. either CIDB. or PKK (Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor) the building
construction industry. The study will be carry out by an interview and also series of
questionnaire. Data will be analyzed using average index. From this study, the benefits
of waste minimization are conservation of natural resources, increase profit, improve
company image and achieve a cleaner and safer construction site. The material which
could be recycled are ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal, asphalt, brick, concrete, timber,
glass, masonry, paper and cardboard, plastic and fibre-reinforced polymer(FRP). The
methods of 'waste disposal are landfill, dumping, open air burning, recycling, reuse and
incineration.
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AESTRAK
Peningkatan industri pembangunan memberi kesan yang ketara terhadap
penjanaan sisa pembinaan yang merupakan suatu masalah serius pencemaran alam
sekitar yang bakal membawa impak teruk Kebanyakan sisa peja .industri pembangunan
dan perobohan di negara. tidak dikiiar. semula..tetapi. dilupus di kambus tanah(landfihl.).
Kaedah kambus. tanah ban sahaja menyumbang kos tetapi menggunakan kawasan.
tanah yang bernilai. Sehubungan dengan itu, satu kajian tentang faedah meminimumkan
sisa pejal, bahan-bahan yang dápat dikitar semula, kaedah-kaedah pelupusan bahan sisa
dan faktor-faktor kaedah kitar semuia tidak popular telah dijalankan. Kajian tersebut
difokuskan hanya untuk syarikat-syarikat pembinaan yang berdaftar di bawah
CIDB(Construction Industry Development Board) dan PKK(Pusat Kliidmat Kontràktor)
di Malaysia Dua kaedah yang akan dijalankan untuk menjayakan kajian dipilih laitu
temubual dan borang soal selidik Data akan dianalisis menggunakan index purata
Daripada kajian, faedah meminimumkan sisa binaan ialah seperti pemuliharaan alam,
meningkatkan keuntungan dan imej syarikat, tapak pembinaan yang bersih dan selamat.
Bahan yang dapat dikitar semula ialah logam ferus, logam bukan ferus, asfalt, bata,
konkrit, kayu, gelas, masonri, kertas dan kadbod, plastik dan polimer gentian
bertetulang(FRP). Bahan binaan, dapat dilupuskari dengan cara kambus tanah,
'dumping', pembakaran terbuka, kitar. semula dan incinerator.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE i DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I
1.1 Preface 1
1.2 Background of Study 3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5. Scope of Study 5
1.6 Justification 5
1.7 Flowchart of Research Methodology 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction .7
VI'
2.2 Definition of Construction Waste 9 2.3 Definition of Management io
2.4 Definition of Recycling of Construction Waste 10
2.5 Construction Waste Generation 11
2.5.. 1 Design .. . 1.2
2.5.2 Procurement 12
25.3 Handling 12
2.5.4 Construction/Renovation 12
2.5.5 Demolition Works 14
2.6 Types of Construction Wastes 15
2.7 Management of Waste Materials 15
2.7.1 Source Reduction 16
2.7.1.1 Benefits of Waste Minimization 17
2.7.2 Reuse 17
2.7.3 ,Recycling 18
2.7.4 Incineration 19
23.5 Landfill 20
2.8 On-site Recycling 20
2.9 Job-site Recycling 21.
CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.1.1 Asphalt 23
3.1.1.1 Processing of Asphalt . 23
3.1.1.2 Asphalt Recycle Opportunity 24
3.1.2 Brick 25
3.1.3 Concrete 25
3.1.3.1 Processing of Concrete 25
3.1.4 Ferrous Metal 26
3.1.5 Glass . 27
3.1.6 Masonry 28
vi"
3.1.7 Non-ferrous Metal 29
3.1.8 Paper and Cardboard 30
3.1.9 Plastic 30 3.1.10 Timber 31
3.1.. 11 Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) 32
3.2 Specifications, for Recovered Construction and
Demolition Debris 33
3.3 General Issues Affecting Recycling 33
3.3.1 Contamination 33
3.3.2. Collection and Transport 34
3.3.3 Sorting, Transforming and Disposing 34
3.3.4 Standards 34
3.3.5 Size of Market 35
3.3.6 Requirement for Information 35
3.3.7 Time Penalty Clauses 35
3.3.8 Organizational Obstacles 36
3.4 Actions Required Overcoming the Constraints to
Further Recovery 36
3.4. 1. Market Factors 36
3.41 Organizational Factors 37
3.4.3 Technical Factors 38
3.4.4 Economic Factors . 38
3.5 Environmental Aspects of Utilization 38
3.6 Requirements for Recycling of C & D Waste 39
3.7 Management of Debris from Natural and
Human-made Disasters . 40
3.7.1 Natural Disasters 41
3.7.2 Human-made Disasters 41
3.7.3 General Key Issues of Emergency
Construction Waste Management 41
3.7.3.1 Principle of Time 41
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x
3.7.3.2 Principle of Resources 41
3.7.3.3 Principle of Execution 42
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 43 4.1 introduction 43 4.2 Preliminary Stage of Study 43 4.3 Literature Review 44
4.4 Information and Data collection 44
4.5 Analysis Stage 45
4.5.1 Average Index . 45
4.5.2 Mean Index 46
4.5.3 Mean 46
4.5.4. Median 46.
4.5.5 Mod 47
CHAPTER 5. DATA .ANALYSIS. AND. RESULTS. 48
51. Introduction 48.
5.2 Project and Respondents' Background Information 49
5.3 Factors Which Cause Generation of Waste 51'
5.4 Identify the Methods Used To Dispose of
Construction Waste Materials 53
5.4.1 Person In Charge of Waste Disposal 55
5.5 Materials Which Could Be Recycled 56
5.6 Problems in Recycling of Construction Wastes 58
5.7 Factors to Encourage Recycling of Construction