WASH Gender Strategy - USAID IUWASH PLUS...USAID IUWASH PLUS hopes that this gender strategy contributes to the improved, more equitable and sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene

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USAID INDONESIA URBAN WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE

PENYEHATAN LINGKUNGAN UNTUK SEMUA (IUWASH PLUS)

WASH Gender Strategy

CONTRACT NO. AID-497-TO-16-00003

January 2019

This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency

for International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of DAI Global,

LLC and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Cover Page Photo:

USAID IUWASH PLUS is facilitating the triggering session for a community group in Sukoharjo sub-village, of Sukoharjo district of Central Java. This session were attended by community health cadre and representative of village and neighborhood representatives. This session aimed to assess the WASH conditions and identify the WASH problems in the neighborhood. By end of the session, the community group will develop community action plan to improve WASH condition of their

neighborhood.

USAID INDONESIA URBAN WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE

PENYEHATAN LINGKUNGAN UNTUK SEMUA (IUWASH PLUS)

WASH Gender Strategy CONTRACT NO. AID-497-TO-16-00003

Project Title: USAID IUWASH PLUS: Indonesia Urban Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene Penyehatan Lingkungan untuk Semua

Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Indonesia Office of Environment

Contract Number: AID-497-TO-16-00003

Contractor: DAI Global, LLC

Date of Publication: January 2019

Authors: DAI Global LCC

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ABBREVIATIONS

AMEP Activity Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

ARG Anggaran Responsif Gender/Gender Budget Statement

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

B40 Poorest 40% of the population

Bappeda Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah/Regional Development Planning Agency

Bappenas Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/National Development Planning Agency

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik/Indonesia Statistics

CBOs Community Based Organizations

DAI Development Alternatives, Inc

DFAT Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

DOM Daerah Operasi Militer/Military Operation Area

F-Diagram Fecal to Oral Transmission

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GAP Gender Analysis Pathway

GBS Gender Budget Statement

GBV Gender-Based Violence

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GDI Gender Development Index

GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

Godex Governance Index

GOI Government of Indonesia

HDI Human Development Index

IPLT Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja/Wastewater Treatment Plant

IUWASH PLUS Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Penyehatan Lingkungan Untuk Semua

Program

JMP WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme

LG Local Government

LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender

KPP/KSM Kelompok Pengguna dan Pemelihara/Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat/Community-based

organization for communal sceptic tank or master meter

MHM Menstrual Hygiene Management

MoH Ministry of Health

MSC Most Significant Change

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/Municipal Drinking Water Company

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PKK Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga/Family Welfare Movement

Pokja AMPL Kelompok Kerja Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan/Working Group for Water

Supply and Sanitation

Posyandu Pos Pelayanan Terpadu/Community Health Post

PPRG Perencanaan dan Penganggaran Responsive Gender/Gender Responsible Budget and

Planning

Puskesmas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat/Community Health Center

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

SKPD Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah/Local Government Working Unit

SNV Stichting Nederlandse Ontwikkelingsorganisatie/a Dutch non-profit international

development organization working in agriculture, energy and water, sanitation, and

hygiene

SSEI South Sulawesi and Eastern Indonesia

STBM Sanitasi Total berbasis Masyarakat/Community Based Total Sanitation

TNP2K Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan/National Team for the

Acceleration of Poverty Reduction

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNICEF The United Nations Children’s Fund

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USG U.S. Government

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WB The World Bank Group

WJDT West Java, DKI Jakarta, Tangerang

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. WHY WE NEED A GENDER STRATEGY ........................................................... 1

2. LESSONS LEARNED AND KEY FINDINGS ON GENDER AND WASH ........ 7

3. GENDER STRATEGY FRAMEWORK ................................................................. 13

4. GENDER ACTION PLAN ..................................................................................... 23

5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION .................................................................. 28

6. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 30

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Gender Strategy seeks to promote gender equality in urban WASH and guide further gender

integration in USAID IUWASH PLUS programming as well as in partnerships with the national and

local government of Indonesia, businesses and entrepreneurs, communities and households. The

formulation of this strategy is the result of the combined efforts of people and organizations. It was

made possible by the collaboration and reflections on gender from internal staff, including DAI global

gender expertise and USAID IUWASH PLUS partners. The team responsible for this strategy

comprised of members of USAID IUWASH PLUS Team (Gender Working Group led by Mrs. Alifah

Lestari, Deputy Chief of Party/Program, M&E team, Regional teams and Home Office support) in

collaboration with SNV Subcontractor Mrs. Ismène R.A.C. Stalpers.

USAID IUWASHPLUS acknowledges the importance of the contributions of the Government of

Indonesia (GOI) and other partners in their commitment to gender equality in WASH in Indonesia.

As cited by the government partner female staff member of Public Works of Sibolga city: ‘The

technical assistance of USAID IUWASH PLUS is useful because it is integrated in one of the WASH

programs that will be implemented next year. It’s such an eye opener to know that gender issues

can be found in almost every stage of the infrastructure project’.

The Gender Strategy aims to promote gender equality across all of the organization’s work at the

national, city, and district level in alignment with USAID gender policy. Water and sanitation are

highly gendered issues by nature, and focusing on gender is fundamental to the effectiveness and

sustainability of WASH interventions. USAID IUWASH PLUS hopes that this gender strategy

contributes to the improved, more equitable and sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene services

across Indonesia that benefit the important group of both females and males of the bottom 40th

percentile (B40) of urban poor.

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LIST OF EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT 1: MAP OF USAID IUWASH PLUS LOCATIONS ........................................................................... 2

EXHIBIT 2. DETAILS ON THE REGIONAL DIVERSITY AND DISPARITY ............................................... 5

EXHIBIT 3 LIST OF CITIES AND DISTRICTS OF USAID IUWASH PLUS WORKING AREAS

AND THE NUMBER OF B40 HOUSEHOLDS. ........................................................................... 8

EXHIBIT 4. RESULTS OF BASELINE DATA OF THE GOVERNANCE INDEX ..................................... 12

EXHIBIT 5. GENDER FRAMEWORK (RAO AND KELLEHER) .................................................................. 15

EXHIBIT 6. THE ARROWS DESCRIBE POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ARENAS OF

CHANGE (RAO & KELLEHER) ..................................................................................................... 18

EXHIBIT 7. CHANGE MATRIX: AREAS OF CHANGE CRITICAL TO IMPROVE GENDER

EQUALITY IN ACCESS TO WASH IN USAID IUWASH PLUS REGIONS IN

INDONESIA ........................................................................................................................................ 19

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GLOSSARY

Gender equality: concerns women and men, and it involves working with men and boys, women

and girls to bring about changes in attitudes, behaviors, roles and responsibilities at home, in the

workplace, and in the community. Genuine equality means more than parity in numbers or laws on

the books; it means expanding freedoms and improving overall quality of life so that equality is

achieved without sacrificing gains for males or females1.

Female empowerment2: is achieved when women and girls acquire the power to act freely,

exercise their rights, and fulfill their potential as full and equal members of society. While

empowerment often comes from within, and individuals empower themselves, cultures, societies,

and institutions create conditions that facilitate or undermine the possibilities for empowerment.

Gender analysis: is a powerful analytical tool. It helps us understand women’s and men’s roles and

position in a society, the power dynamics within a household and the wider community, and the

division of labor (who does what) and why. It helps us to analyze when laws and policies and cultural

values, norms and practices affect women and men, girls and boys differently. It is about asking

questions and generating data and qualitative information to shape policy issues, objectives, strategy,

actions and outcomes. To carry out a sound gender analysis, sex disaggregated data on quantitative

gender gaps is complemented by qualitative information on roles, norms, experiences and priorities.

This information is used to inform program design and monitoring. A robust analysis also looks at

the ways gender intersects with other forms of diversity such as race, religion, ethnicity, class and

disability. There is increasing recognition of the discrimination faced by people who do not identify

as straight women or straight men. Where relevant and appropriate, gender analysis examines the

experience of people with non-binary gender identities or diverse sexual preferences.

Gender integration: involves identifying, and then addressing gender inequalities during strategy

and project design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Since the roles and power

relations between men and women affect how an activity is implemented, it is essential that project

managers address these issues on an ongoing basis.

Gender transformation: Gender-transformative approaches aim to move beyond individual self-

improvement among women and toward transforming the power dynamics and structures that serve

to reinforce gendered inequalities. A gender-transformative approach to development goes beyond

the “symptoms” of gender inequality to address “the social norms, attitudes, behaviors, and social

systems that underlie them”3. This approach entails engaging groups in critically examining,

challenging and questioning gender norms and power relations that underlie visible gender gaps4.

1 USAID Gender Equality 2012. 2 USAID Gender Equality Policy (2012) deliberately uses the term “female” empowerment, as opposed to

women’s empowerment, to capture girls and adolescents. This differs from the organizational titles of USAID’s

Office of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, some Position Descriptions and usage in other USAID

program and budget documents. 3 Transforming Aquatic Agriculture Systems towards equality, CGIAR Research program on Aquatic

Agricultural Systems, page 3, 2012. 4 Rottach et al. 2009.

1. WHY WE NEED A GENDER STRATEGY

INTRODUCTION

The USAID Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Penyehatan Lingkungan untuk Semua

(USAID IUWASH PLUS) program is a five-year initiative designed to assist the Government of

Indonesia (GOI) in increasing access to water supply and sanitation services as well as improving key

hygiene behaviors among urban poor. USAID IUWASH PLUS works with governmental agencies,

the private sector, NGOs, communities and others across 32 working areas in North Sumatra,

West Java, Central Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku, and Papua, as well as two

special areas: DKI Jakarta and Tangerang district, to achieve the following "high level" results:

1. An increase of one million people in urban areas with access to improved water supply service

quality, of which at least 500,000 are from the poorest 40 percent of the population (also

referred to as the “Bottom 40%” or “B40”), vulnerable groups or Indonesia’s eastern provinces;

and

2. An increase of 500,000 people in urban areas with access to safely managed sanitation systems.

To ensure that improvements in access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services are

sustained, USAID IUWASH PLUS is guided by a development hypothesis that focuses on

strengthening service delivery systems, so they can more effectively reach the poorest and most

vulnerable segments of the population. In order to achieve this at scale, the program undertakes

activities through four interrelated components, including:

1. Improving household WASH services;

2. Strengthening city WASH institutional performance;

3. Strengthening the WASH financing environment; and

4. Advancing national WASH advocacy, coordination and communication.

While USAID IUWASH PLUS is designed around the above four components, gender integration is

a “cross-cutting” area important to both water supply and sanitation activities. The broad strategy is

to integrate gender with the aim to promote gender equality in USAID IUWASH PLUS programming

as well as in partnerships with the national and local government of Indonesia, institutions,

businesses and entrepreneurs, communities and households across the 32 target areas.

Exhibit 1: Map of USAID IUWASH PLUS locations

This document serves as a guide for the USAID IUWASH PLUS project team and partners to better

analyze the root causes of gender inequalities and assist in integrating gender responses in program

activities so as to strengthen gender equality at household, community, private sector and

institutional levels. It includes an overall conceptual framework for gender analysis in the target

geographies building on existing gender frameworks, policy and guidelines.

When implementing the gender strategy, the ADS Chapter 205 Integrating Gender Equality and Female

Empowerment in USAIDs program cycle is adopted. As part of the design, implementation, monitoring,

evaluation and learning clear guidance on gender integration is vital in achieving USAID IUWASH

PLUS development objectives. This guidance provides the program evidence based investments in

gender equality and female empowerment. Furthermore, this strategy is aligned with USAID’s Gender

Equality and Female Empowerment Policy (2012) which seeks to:

1. Reduce gender disparities in access to, control over and benefit from resources, wealth,

opportunities and services –economic, social, political, and cultural;

2. Reduce gender-based violence (GBV) and mitigating its harmful effects on individuals and

communities; and

3. Increase the capability of women and girls to realize their rights, determine their life outcomes,

and influence decision-making in households, communities, and societies.

Water and sanitation are highly gendered issues by nature, and focusing on gender is fundamental to

the effectiveness and sustainability of WASH interventions as demonstrated by a body of literature.5

The involvement of women and girls is crucial to effective water and sanitation projects. Women

and girls in developing countries bear most of the burden of carrying, using and protecting water.

They also have the most responsibility for environmental sanitation and home health.

Unequal power between women and men means that women and girls often have no voice in

decision-making processes in the household or the public arena. As such, women are often

precluded from the decision-making – within the household, communities, private sector, and

government – that would influence where and how WASH services are provided. Since women and

girls typically have the primary responsibility for obtaining water for domestic purposes, at the

expense of other activities, these decisions on WASH are of critical importance. For instance,

findings on behavior at the household of the B40 in USAID IUWASH PLUS shows that in daily

decision-making women generally have a say, yet when it comes to strategic decision-making such as

installing new toilets, rehabilitation of toilets or signing up for water access at the PDAM water

facility, in the majority of cases it is men that decide6. Furthermore, WASH facility technical

troubleshooting is mostly done by men. The specific concerns and needs for women and adolescent

girls relating to their safety and access to facilities might therefore be overlooked.

At the same time, WASH can also be a strategic entry point for working towards women’s

empowerment, and there is potential for community acceptance of and support for women’s

leadership in this area7. As part of USAID IUWASH PLUS Gender Analysis, one staff team member

indicated that to encourage equal participation in community-based organization (KPP/KSM) manage

the system, the project should increase women’s capacities in various domains: technical, leadership,

financial and managerial (Regional Office covering West Java/DKI Jakarta/Tangerang).

CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF USAID IUWASH PLUS

Indonesia has chartered impressive economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of

the late 1990s. Today, Indonesia’s 260 million people make it the world’s fourth most populous

nation, and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. Despite Indonesia’s strong economic growth,

inequality is still on the rise and as reported to be as high as ever. The Gini coefficient has steadily

worsened in the last 7 years and was as high as 0.51 in 2014 (World Bank, 2014), making Indonesia a

high–inequity country. Moreover, economic progress has not benefited men and women alike as high

disparities reflect the gender inequality with the raw wage gap averaging 41% and women’s Gross

National Income per capita less than half that of their male counterparts.

In terms of access to WASH services, the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have shifted

the emphasis to quality, and Goal 6 focuses on the achievement of universal and equitable access to

safe and affordable drinking water by 20308. More specifically, target 6.2 of SDG 6 is to: “achieve

access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying

special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations”. Unfortunately,

5 References to the gender policies of DFAT, USAID, Waterlines article by Carrard et all. 6 IUWASH PLUS External Gender Needs Assessment report, p10-11, USAID 2017. 7 On ‘Transforming gender relations though WASH’, (Gender Development Network, April 2016). 8 UN (2014) Proposal for Sustainable Development Goals, Outcome of United Nations General Assembly

Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations, New York.

water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by poor levels of access and service quality.

From the recent national data (BPS, 2016), only 71% of Indonesians have access to safe water supply

and 76% of Indonesians have access to improved sanitation services.

Currently, only 33% of the urban population has access to piped water and less than 5% has access

to a piped sewerage system. Furthermore, vulnerable groups, including women, are additionally

disadvantaged by inequality in WASH access. For Indonesian female-headed households, poor

sanitation is even more taxing given that these households are 40% more vulnerable to poverty than

male-headed households.9

Data from national surveys illustrate the extent to which the bottom 40 households have been left

behind in the WASH sector. USAID IUWASH PLUS has a target to support poor households,

including the “bottom 40” (B40) percent as determined by the National Team for the Acceleration

of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), and which, per all reliable data sources, have the lowest rates of

coverage in urban areas in terms of access to piped water, improved sanitation or appropriate

handwashing facilities and hygiene behaviors. While 89% of the country has access to safe drinking

water, for example, surveys show that 46% of the urban population relies on bottled or refilled

water10, thereby creating a significant financial burden for the poor as they struggle to meet

household water needs by purchasing a jerry can at a time. Sanitation and hygiene figures are even

worse, with only 12% of poor households having access to improved sanitation and nearly a quarter

of poor households not having a place to properly wash their hands11.

Water supply and sanitation is crucial for gender equality, sustainable development and poverty

alleviation. In particular, the linkage between lack of access to sanitation services in domestic

environments, schools12, and institutions and Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) challenges

faced by women and adolescent girls is critical. Women and adolescent girls have specific sanitation

needs, yet in many areas there are no adequate toilet facilities. Urinating, defecating or dealing with

menstrual hygiene in public is not only humiliating but can also be dangerous, especially at night

where rape and assault can be genuine risks. This further exposes women to sexual and non-sexual

violence. Constraints in accessing proper sanitation facilities prevents 13% of girls of menstrual age13

from attending school regularly in Indonesia. Significant challenges exist for women in these settings

to manage their menstruation safely and effectively and without adverse consequences such as

behavioral restrictions, reduced school-attendance, or loss of dignity.

Gender equality in urban WASH is equally relevant at community, institutional and policy levels.

Although most women have the greatest demand for sanitation as outlined above, rarely do they

join local planning meetings and sit on committees. This reduces the chances of investments in

sanitation and hygiene as when both sexes join meetings they can raise budgets and programs on

WASH. Promotion generally targets women through PKK (Family Welfare Movement), Posyandu

and Puskesmas (Community Health Center). Yet at the household level, men largely invest in

9 Nationwide the rate of female-headed households is approximately 15 percent (Demographic and Health

Survey, DHS). 10 2016 SUSENAS National Socio-Economic Survey. 11 2012 Demographic Health Survey 12 From educational perspective, UNICEF Indonesia’s research in 2015 revealed that 1 out of 6 girls chose not

to attend school during their last menstruation, some of the reasons are: poor WASH condition in school and

fear of being bullied by their (male) friends. 13https://www.burnet.edu.au/system/asset/file/2034/2015_Menstrual_hygiene_management_Indonesia_FINAL_

REPORT_February_2015_low_res.pdf

https://www.burnet.edu.au/system/asset/file/2034/2015_Menstrual_hygiene_management_Indonesia_FINAL_REPORT_February_2015_low_res.pdfhttps://www.burnet.edu.au/system/asset/file/2034/2015_Menstrual_hygiene_management_Indonesia_FINAL_REPORT_February_2015_low_res.pdf

sanitation and hygiene. For men to improve their own hygiene habits and set examples for their

children, promotion targets are needed for men and women alike.

The regional diversity of Indonesia’s vast archipelago with more than 17,000 islands is another

important dimension that must be considered when addressing poverty and gender inequalities.

Regional disparity is one of Indonesia’s most important development challenges14. The economic

growth of the last two decades has been concentrated in western Indonesia, which contributes

around 80 per cent of the GDP15 while the eastern regions struggle with poverty rates above 25

percent, on average. It indicates a significant economic focus (and inequality) on the western part of

Indonesia. Further east, regional economies have lagged, despite the fact that many eastern

provinces are resource-rich. To illustrate, in 2017, poverty incidences were highest in Papua (28

percent), while in Aceh 16 percent were living below the poverty line. More detail on the regional

diversity and disparity is illustrated below.

Exhibit 2. Details on the Regional Diversity and Disparity

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Source BPS BPS BPS UNDP UN BPS UNICEF BPS BPS JMP

National 261 890,9 26 582,99 10,12 70,81 91,03 15,17 - 72,04 67,89 N/A

NSumatra 14 262,1 1 326,57 9,28 70,57 90,96 16,21 low level 70,07 73 72,02

Wjava 48 037,6 3 774,41 7,83 70,69 89,11 14,08 Middle level 70,5 64,4 86,36

CJava 34 257,9 4 197,49 12,23 70,52 92,21 16,54 Middle level 76,09 71,84 81,96

EJava 39 293,0 4 405,27 11,2 70,27 91,07 17,97 Middle level 75,54 68,83 75,82

SSulawesi 8 690,3 825,97 9,48 70,34 92,92 19,16 low level 76,34 76,73 73,04

Maluku 1 744,7 320,42 18,29 68,19 92,54 14,92 low level 68,34 63,29 50,45

NMaluku 1 209,3 78,28 6,44 67,2 88,86 11,67 low level 65,73 66,18 50,18

Papua 3 265,2 910,42 27,76 59,09 78,52 9,06 low level 59,09 33,06 33,85

14 In his Nawa Cita agenda (sanskrit for 9 priorities), president Widodo pursues an economic and mental

‘revolution’ transforming Indonesia into a regional power with a strong and self-sustained economy benefitting

especially the poor, high quality education, a clean government and a healthy and proud population (Multi-

annual plan EKN). One of the key strategies of the president is to ‘develop Indonesia from the margins’,

including large investments in infrastructure and efforts to accelerate the development of disadvantaged

regions benefitting especially the poor.

The urban poor that USAID IUWASH PLUS targets, represent a highly diverse population across

and within given municipalities in Indonesia. While some broad approaches may be applied across

the B40 population, WASH programs need to account for the important variations in economic

status, cultural beliefs, household composition, and not to mention variations in the availability of

supporting institutions and infrastructure. Therefore, for purpose of general gender analysis, some

findings and recommendations need to be grouped by the key working areas or regions of the

project which includes North Sumatra province, WJDT (comprising of West Java province, DKI

Jakarta and Benten province), Central and East Java provinces, and SSEI (comprising of South

Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku and Papua provinces).

LIMITATIONS OF THE GENDER STRATEGY

There are certain limitations in preparing and carrying out this strategy. First and foremost, the

strategy is focused primarily on gender only in USAID IUWASH PLUS working areas. An in-depth

and systematic social inclusion analysis such as on social minorities, disability issues, LGBT (lesbian,

gay, bisexual, transgender), religious and cultural issues minority groups face in specific geolocations

has not been included. To be able to address these forms of social exclusion, more research data on

vulnerable groups and discrimination on issues beyond gender would be needed, which are currently

not available. For instance, there are no data for the B40 such as % of disabled women/men, %

elderly in B40 per gender (women/men) accessing services in USAID IUWASH PLUS from the

Formative Research data. The strategy thus focuses on gender, while addressing where possible

areas of intersectionality, such as poor disabled females and their access to WASH services, or

female headed households from the B40 who cannot afford their own toilets with higher exposure

to gender-based violence.

Secondly, according to USAID IUWAHS PLUS Formative Research that was conducted at household

and community levels found that specific gender-related data were not always available, for example

data on gender disaggregated analysis in ‘unpacking the B40’ on the composition of households,

water supply and sanitation services and related gender aspects. Where applicable, gender findings

have been captured in the section on lessons learned.

Thirdly, the impact of WASH on gender per region and regional disparities has been incorporated

where possible, however, it is based on secondary data analysis such as from formative research and

other research findings as well as USAID IUWASH internal assessments. In many cases the research

does not provide a (thorough) gender analysis that considers the diverse socio-cultural settings of

the operating working areas of USAID IUWASH spread across Indonesia.

While ideally there would be a distinct regional analysis tailored to each social-cultural area, USAID

IUWASH PLUS is opting for a general gender equality analysis due to above mentioned data and

resource limitations.

2. LESSONS LEARNED AND KEY FINDINGS ON GENDER AND WASH

This gender strategy draws upon a variety of sources and research conducted under USAID USAID

IUWASH PLUS and builds upon the existing body of work on gender of the USAID IUWASH

project, predecessor of USAID IUWASH PLUS covering March 2011-July 2016. It references the

USAID IUWASH Final Evaluation Assessment findings and recommendations to better address how

gender activities affect WASH results and how it benefits men and women from the household to

government levels. The evaluation concluded that “there is scope for developing a more strategic and

holistic gender approach”16. Thus with this Gender Strategy, USAID IUWASH PLUS aims to

strengthen program implementation, gain a better understanding of gender roles and relations and

how gender perspectives affect and are affected by water and sanitation interventions in the urban

poor context. In addition to the Final Assessment, several analyses conducted by USAID IUWASH

PLUS helped develop this strategy, listed below:

• Final evaluation report of USAID IUWASH (April 2016)

• Internal (rapid) analysis of USAID IUWASH PLUS Regional Offices staff on gender issues in

“Access, participation, control and benefits” of WASH at household and community levels

(2017)

• Internal Gender Analysis: Gender assessment findings (September 2017)

• External Gender Analysis: Gender needs assessment findings (August 2017) which forms part of

the Formative Research on Behavior Change at the household level (finalized in May 2018);

• Summary of the internal and external gender assessments at the community and institutional

levels, see Annex A. Key Points Gender Analysis of USAID IUWASH PLUS (October 2017).

• Secondary information through interactions with USAID IUWASH PLUS staff (February-June

2018)

LESSONS LEARNED ON USAID IUWASH’S GENDER ACTIVITIES

In 2011, USAID IUWASH focused on establishing a foundation for its gender mainstreaming

program by ensuring interventions were gender aware. This implied that in all USAID IUWASH

activities gender was to be explicitly mentioned, that internal policies such as a gender workplace

policy were to be put in place and that (practical) gender issues were to be addressed in WASH

programming.

Furthermore, the experience of USAID IUWASH yielded important recommendations that were

taken used as secondary information on gender integration for USAID IUWASH PLUS, below:

16 USAID IUWASH Final Evaluation, page 19, 2016.

1. Ensuring gender integration under USAID IUWASH PLUS is backed up by the resources

(staffing and budgets) necessary to succeed in such programming.

2. Undertaking additional analysis at the early stages in program implementation, including a

review of current sector literature and approaches, with the purpose of developing a holistic

gender approach and identifying the barriers and enablers for changing current conditions.

3. Importantly, and to the extent feasible, disaggregating data by region or cultural setting and

allowing for varied implementation approaches that respond to such settings.

4. Providing user-friendly WASH facilities for women, girls, men and boy

5. Encouraging gender integration into decision-making relating to WASH

6. Encouraging the expanded use of women’s organizations such as PKK in the implementation

process, while being aware that these often are volunteer organizations.

7. Working to expand the involvement of women (or men) in what may be perceived of as non-

traditional roles (such as construction), but where opportunities may in fact exist.

8. Developing indicators that measure both process and outputs and that provide for qualitative

assessment of progress.

9. Continuing to critically analyze the impact of both specific gender activities as well as more

general WASH activities on various segments of society and gender.

LESSONS LEARNED ON USAID IUWASH PLUS GENDER ACTIVITIES

While several project activities provided important information for the development of the gender

strategy, this section will focus on the Formative Research carried out in 2017 and published in May

2018 as it provided both quantitative and qualitative data. The Formative Research aimed to

understand current knowledge, understanding and behavior on WASH faced by urban B40

households in 15 selected cities and districts of USAID IUWASH PLUS working areas17 listed below.

Exhibit 3 List of cities and districts of USAID IUWASH PLUS working areas

and the number of B40 households.

No. Name Classification Province No. of B40 households

1 Medan City North Sumatra 110,011 2 Pematang Siantar City North Sumatra 17,762 3 Jakarta City DKI 264,809 4 Bekasi City West Java 95,537 5 Tangerang District Banten 180,166 6 Surakarta City Central Java 41,075 7 Magelang District Central Java 153,589 8 Surabaya City East Java 147,723 9 Gresik District East Java 51,835 10 Probolinggo District East Java 83,239 11 Makassar City South Sulawesi 50,526

17 The Formative Research was conducted by IUWASH PLUS staff, including the Behavior Change and

Marketing (BCM) Advisor, BCM Associate, WASH Facilitator and M&E Team in every regional office and was

supported by National Teams consisting of Component 1, M&E and Gender staff as well as a number of

external staff, particularly for the household survey.

No. Name Classification Province No. of B40 households

12 Bulukumba District South Sulawesi 7,263 13 Maluku Tengah District Maluku 7,060

14 Ternate City North Maluku 3,518

15 Jayapura City & District Papua 16,179

This allowed for samples of people with diverse cultural/ethnic backgrounds and a variety of WASH

conditions. The data collection process was divided into three stages:

1. household observations in 60 B40 households with young children;

2. household survey of 3,458 households across 14 municipalities and

3. 60 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant interviews.

Though not randomly selected, the research team felt that the broad array of study location – which

spanned the Indonesian urban landscape from North Sumatra to Papua – provided a good

representation of the WASH conditions of B40 households in the project’s priority provinces and,

to a reasonable extent, the urban poor population nationwide18. This initial external gender needs

assessment was an essential part of the Formative Research. The external gender analysis was

undertaken during PY 1 to ensure that gender perspectives are considered in program interventions.

Key findings and lessons on gender issues from the external gender assessment and the behavior

change Formative Research at household level and community level include the following:

• In terms of gender roles at the household, both the

household observations and FGDs indicated that

“typical stereotypes concerning childcare duties and

income generation may not always hold up” (ref.

page xiii). In areas where there is ample work

opportunities for women of the B40 such as

factories (especially in urban areas of Java), and

women are fully employed, several people (other

family members) take responsibility of child rearing

(see observation field note).

• Also, concerning decision-making, almost half of all

respondents of the household surveyed stated that

decisions regarding large expenditures were made

jointly.

• In terms of safety of women, (adolescent) girls and boys:

the unavailability of toilets at home puts them at risk

of verbal and non-verbal violence such as when they

are taking a bath, defecating or washing. Perception

of the safety issues that women, girls and boys

associate with the use of public or communal water

and sanitation facilities also came out strongly from

the formative research. Further, lack of clean water

18 Final report Behavior Change Formative Research, Page xii, USAID IUWASH PLUS, 2018.

Observation Field Note:

Flexibility in the division of labor

Ibu Dwi of Surakarta City, Central Java

earns the only regular salary in her

household as a housemaid working for a

neighboring family from 7 am to 1 pm. Her

husband, Pak Jupri, stays at home and takes

care of their three children, taking their 11-

year-old to school and their 4-year-old to

kindergarten and caring for the 3-year-old

at home.

As soon as Ibu Dwi returns home, he goes

out to work as a becak driver, searching for

customers around the nearby market area

until early evening when he returns home.

Pak Jupri was also observed washing

clothes and hanging them out to dry. This

case is not unique. Ibu Daimah of Magelang

District, also in Central Java works in a

textile factory and her husband, Pak

Sadikun, who has no regular employment,

does most of the childcare for their two

children aged 9 and 3, with assistance from

a neighbor.

Illustration of division of labor and decision-

making within B40 households, observations

Formative Research

and proper sanitation facilities at home puts children and women at risk of illnesses (diarrhea,

fever, skin illness).

• In terms of behavior on using private toilets, different family members used different toilet options,

offering clues concerning decision-making and social relations around defecation. Variation was

observed along gender and generational dimensions as well as temporal dimensions. In three

households, for example, it was revealed that the

men used a public toilet whereas the women and

children used a neighbor’s toilet or a nearby river.

The public toilets used by the men in these

households were dirty and poorly maintained and

there was a clear preference by the women to look

for alternatives.

• In terms of the role of cleaning the toilet, 83% of

the female respondents shared that this duty fell

principally to an adult female in the home while 11%

of female respondents stated that a male adult

undertook this role. Interestingly, however, the

proportions shifted considerably when male

respondents were asked the same question, with

58% of male respondents said that an adult female

usually cleaned the toilet and 34% stating that this

function was carried out by a male adult. This

indicates a gender bias in perceptions of division of

labor around toilet cleaning suggesting that survey

results need to be interpreted with care.

• Regarding the role of men and women at the household

level, most of the care of under-fives is done by the

mother, who is also responsible for food

preparation and serving and for cleaning the home,

even if other household members, especially girls,

often help out. Because of the need to multi-task,

such as a baby needing cleaning in the middle of

food preparation, it may be hardest for the mother

to maintain good hygiene. On the other hand,

mothers appear to be more aware of the need for

cleanliness. Men spend more time outside of the

house, and when at home their priorities are to

rest, relax and play with their children. Men tend to

regard handwashing as something that is only

necessary when hands are visibly dirty. These

gender differences in perceptions may be the result

of health promotion that has targeted mothers at

the posyandu (health post) via female volunteers and

bidan (midwife).

• A key finding from the household observation study was that the mother in the household was

usually the person who used soap the most. Handwashing with soap was observed in 36 out of

Observation Field Note:

Gender roles in the collection of water

One of the most labor-intensive tasks relating to

water is its collection and transport. If water is

accessed from an open dug well in the yard, for

example, then collection involves lowering and

raising the bucket and carrying the water into

the house. If piped water is accessed from a

more distant source such as public tap or a

neighbor, however, then it must be carried or

carted back to the home one or more times a

day, usually in 20 liter plastic tanks referred to as

“jerry cans”.

Liz Anwar/USAID IUWASH PLUS

Among the case study households, the most

senior female (the wife of the household head or

a female head of the household) was responsible

for water collection in about one third of the

cases. The male head collected water in 10

households (17%) and individuals falling into

more than one category collected water in 16

households (27%). While these results are

representative of a small group of households,

they are in line with the conventional wisdom

that women are the most likely household

members to be charged with water collection.

Illustration of women’s role in collecting, fetching

water in B40 household, observation Formative

Research

the 60 case study households and in 22 of these, the mother washed her hands with soap more

than anyone else. In a further six households, the mother and other family members (father or

children) practiced handwashing with soap with the greatest frequency. Mothers tended to use

more soap because they were the ones who cleaned the dishes and washed the clothes and

handwashing was often combined with these activities. There were only two cases where

children washed hands more than adults even though they were supposed to receive training in

handwashing at school. No cases were recorded where grandparents washed hands with soap

more than those of younger generations. Analysis of gender roles in collecting water found that

the most senior female (the wife of the household head or a female head of the household) was

responsible for water collection in about one third of the cases. The male head collected water

in 10 households (17%) and individuals falling into more than one category collected water in 16

households (27%). While these results are representative of a small group of households, they

are in line with the conventional wisdom that women are the most likely household members to

be charged with water collection.

Besides learnings and findings at the household and community level, USAID IUWASH PLUS is

assisting government at the intuitional level; national and sub-national governance institutions, such

as districts (Kabupaten) or city (Kota) governance institutions. USAID IUWASH PLUS specifically

supports in gender-responsive planning, budgeting and capacity building on governance. USAID

IUWASH PLUS has developed baseline data in support of the Governance Index, dubbed “GoDex”

has five indicators to measure the local government performance. The five indicators of GoDex are:

responsive budget, accountability, inclusive aspect, professionalism and regulation. Gender indicators

falls under inclusive aspect that consist of 5 sub-indicators as follow:

1. LG institutions driver for Gender Responsive Planning and Budgeting (PPRG/Perencanaan dan

Penganggaran Responsive Gender)

2. Gender Working Group

3. Gender Focal Point in WASH LG institutions

4. PPRG Regulation

5. PPRG Implementation Budget

Data collection on GoDex was conducted for three months, from February to April 2017 through

workshops with staff from several government agencies. This activity was conducted in 31 cities of

USAID IUWASH PLUS (Governance Index is not applied for DKI Jakarta). The Governance Index is

coordinated by the Governance Specialist in each Regional Office with support from the national

team. The findings from the baseline data collection on the inclusive aspect is described in the

exhibit below:

Exhibit 4. Result of Baseline Data of the Governance Index

No Sub-indicator under

inclusive aspect General Results

1 LG institutions driver for

Gender Responsive

Planning and Budgeting

(PPRG/Perencanaan dan

PenganggaranResponsive

Gender)

Out of 31 cities/districts, there are 27 cities/districts with LG

institutions driver for Gender Responsive Planning and Budgeting have

been established and 4 cities/districts with LG institutions driver for

Gender Responsive Planning and Budgeting have not been established

yet

2 Gender Working Group Out of 31 cities/districts, there are 27 cities/districts, with Gender

Working Group that have been established and verified by Decision

Letter of Regent/Mayor and an additional 1 city in the process of

establishing Gender Working Group

3 Gender Focal Point in

WASH LG institutions

Out of 31 cities/districts, there are 11 cities/districts, with Gender

Focal Point that have been established in all WASH LG institutions and

8 cities/districts, with Gender Focal Point having been established in

some WASH LG institutions.

4 PPRG Regulation Out of 31 cities/districts, there are 15 cities/districts with PPRG

regulation and 6 cities/districts in the process of developing PPRG

regulation.

5 PPRG Implementation

Budget

Out of 31 cities/districts, there are 14 cities/districts with PPRG

implementation budget and 6 cities/districts in the process of

developing PPRG implementation budget.

Based on these USAID IUWASH findings, Gender Analysis and Formative Research, USAID

IUWASH PLUS has adopted a more tailored Gender Analysis Framework as highlighted in the next

section.

3. GENDER STRATEGY FRAMEWORK

As USAID’s Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy (2012) underlines, Gender Equality

concerns women and men, and involves working with men and boys, women and girls to bring about

changes in attitudes, behaviors, roles and responsibilities at home, in the workplace, and in the

community. It does not mean that women and men are the same. Gender inequality is a result of

unequal power distribution between women and men, exacerbated by ongoing discrimination,

weaknesses in laws, policies and institutions, and social relations that normalize inequality.

In recent years, the concept of gender transformative approaches has emerged. Gender-

transformative approaches aim to move beyond individual self-improvement among women and

toward transforming the power dynamics and structures that serve to reinforce gendered

inequalities. Likewise, several frameworks have been developed and used by development

practitioners explored further below.

AVAILABLE FRAMEWORKS

USAID IUWASH PLUS considers the gender transformative approach in its program, meaning that

promoting gender equality—the shared control of resources and decision-making—and women’s

empowerment are central to its intervention. In improving access to services for the B40,

particularly women, but also supporting communities (and partners) understand and challenge social

norms that perpetuate inequalities between men and women. It also means engaging men and boys.

There are several gender analysis frameworks that are widely used among development

practitioners. Most frameworks are based on practical experience and have been synthesized into

processes, the purpose of which is to assist the user in performing a gender analysis, avoiding their

own potential biases and blind-spots on where gender difference may be contextually significant to

consider.19 Below are listed 5 frameworks USAID IUWASH PLUS has identified for making a gender

analysis:

• Moser Gender Planning Framework – is a tool for planning and assessing assumptions related to

gender in development interventions at all levels. Moser introduced the notion of women’s triple

roles (i.e. productive, reproductive, and community involvement);

• Levy Framework – for gender mainstreaming in institutions;

• Kabeer’s Social Relations Framework – takes a structural feminist approach in looking at

relationships between the government, market, useful for policy analysis;

• Veneklasen & Miller’s New Weave of Power Framework - identifies power over; power with;

power to; power within in the public, private and intimate relationships in an unending process,

or weaving of change and empowerment;

19 From: Approach to Gender and Social Inclusion in WASH, p 2 Gender Analysis Frameworks, Gabrielle

Halcrow, SNV 2018.

• Rao & Kelleher’s Change Framework - describes different contexts in which gender power

structures operate and supports the understanding of what needs to change and how

organizations can facilitate change. It is used for ‘assessment, strategy development and mapping

outcomes’.

GENDER FRAMEWORKS AND USAID

USAID indicates that there are different gender analysis frameworks and “there is no framework

that has been adopted as the standard USAID approach. Nevertheless, most gender analysis

frameworks involve collecting quantitative and qualitative information on a similar set of issues.

These are called ‘domains’ and for the purposes of gender analysis at USAID”, which are the

following20:

1. Laws, policies, regulations, and Institutional;

2. Practices that influence the context in which men and women act and make decisions;

3. Cultural Norms and Beliefs;

4. Gender Roles, Responsibilities and Time use;

5. Access to and Control over Assets and Resources;

6. Patterns of Power and decision-making – issues of power often cross-cut the other domains of

gender analysis as well.

As can be seen, there is an alignment with USAID’s policy and the chosen gender framework, Rao &

Kelleher, as the first five domains are clearly reflected in the approach. In addition, the last domain

related to “Patterns of Power” is embedded in all aspects of analyzing gender equality concerns in

projects and program and is reflective of lessons learned from previous programming.

THE GENDER FRAMEWORK EXPLAINED

The Rao & Kelleher (2002) framework, developed by Aruna Rao and David Kelleher, comprises

quadrants, which describe different contexts in which gender power structures operate (see Figure

3 below). It helps analyze the context of a particular development issue or program. It stresses

collaborative refection and analysis in ways that put power relations and women at the heart of the

project and provides a clear classification of different ways in which gender can structure society.

The framework further helps to identify expected changes for development agencies to support.

As the framework clearly shows the (inter)relationship between the different domains of power, it

can be well applied to the USAID IUWASH PLUS program. It is a helpful tool that will help measure

change in the context at multiple levels of society the project deals with (from the private, individual

up to broader governance institutions).

20 USAID ADS Chapter 205 on Integrating Gender Equality and Female Empowerment in USAID’s

Program cycle, page 11-12.

Exhibit 5. Gender Framework (Rao and Kelleher)

Quadrant 1: Women’s and men’s consciousness

This refers to attitudes, beliefs and capabilities of individual women and men – in other words their

consciousness. It focuses on women’s and men’s knowledge of and commitment to change toward

equality and women’s rights, and willingness to take action to empower women.

Quadrant 2: Women’s access to resources and opportunities

This refers to changes in individual women’s access, to and control over resources, human and social

assets such as credit, jobs, health, education, or leadership positions.

Quadrant 3: Laws, policies and budgets

This is about the institutional and collective aspects of consciousness, and refers to institutional

shifts that further women’s empowerment and gender equality. It concerns formal arrangements,

including laws, policies, strategies, and budgets.

Quadrant 4: Cultural norms, beliefs and practices

This refers to traditions, norms, and practices that are deeply embedded in culture and the deep

structures that inform gender norms in a society. These shape how women and men are treated by

each other and their communities and within organizations, such as how women are excluded from

exercising their rights even when constitutions or laws mandate equality.

APPLYING THE GENDER FRAMEWORK

In applying the Gender Framework to USAID IUWASH PLUS supports us to uncover barriers and

opportunities to gender equality for the B40, communities and government institutions USAID IUWASH

PLUS assists to support.

In order to understand gender issues facing women and men, girls and boys, particularly vulnerable

groups of the B40, we have conducted a more in-depth analysis of their: biased self-perception,

biased structural mechanisms and biased social norms and beliefs. We looked at various domains,

the private sphere, social and community networks, government institutions and professional life, to

assess inequalities predominantly in relation to WASH. As a source, we used outcomes of the

USAID IUWASH PLUS Gender Analyses (internal and external), Formative Research, secondary

data and observations from USAID IUWASH PLUS staff (including regional teams). The gender

inequalities to WASH for the B40 in the 32 cities in target areas of USAID IUWASH PLUS in

Indonesia result from a complex interaction of social cultural norms and values, as detailed below.

Domains

Mechanisms

Households and

family networks

(private sphere)

Local - Social and

Community

networks

Broader -

National

District or City

governance

institutions

Professional

Biased

Self-

Perception

• Wife should be loyal,

obedient, and skillful

at domestic roles.

• Girls are taught to

do domestic chores

early on and

become good

mothers/ wives

• Wife is a household

treasurer so women

should financially

manage WASH

facilities to fulfill

family's needs of

water payment, refill

bottle, fees if

connected to a

communal tank, etc.

• B40 often do not

make the

connection

between WASH

and gender, with

little consideration

for specific needs,

privacy or safety

concerns for women

and girls

• Ideal women

should be

reserved and not

too vocal including

during community

or social meeting

• Women should

not play key role

in WASH

management

committees or

key role in CBOs

• Male influencer

pajabat high

level officer,

believe that

gender is a

women’s issue.

• Women have

assigned

traditional gender

roles and rarely

take on decision-

making positions

in government

• Some women

consider their

business as

merely side

jobs, with

professional

ambitions

secondary

• Women are

less productive

at work than

men due to

their

reproductive

roles

• Women

entrepreneurs

having double/

multiple

burden,

balancing

domestic

responsibility

and professional

demand

Biased

Structural

Mechanisms

• Low access to

sanitary facilities

and feeling of

safety for women

and children from

B40, especially at

night due to

exposure to gender-

based violence

• Women from B40

often have limited

control in

important WASH

decision making (f.i.

new connection to

PDAM, toilet

construction).

• Barrier for

women to take

on public

leadership role

beyond what is

believed their

‘sphere of

influence’

• Mostly male

WASH members

such as member of

CBOs for

communal sceptic

tank or master

meter

• Women are still

facing barriers to

have decision

• Indonesian

Marriage Law no.1

of 1974, Article

31 (3) states the

husband is the

head of the

household and

the wife is the

housewife

• Men are more

advanced in

technical fields,

reflected in

government

functions such as

male domination

in Public Work

Office, the

• Women’s

interests tend

to be clustered

around caring

and rarely in

other domains

or in high-level

positions

• Working

women more

vulnerable to

work

termination

because they

are considered

as additional

income earners

Domains

Mechanisms

Households and

family networks

(private sphere)

Local - Social and

Community

networks

Broader -

National

District or City

governance

institutions

Professional

• Many valuable

assets registered

under male head of

household’s name

such as land,

properties

• Majority of B40

households do not

have bank

accounts, and if they

have one, it is

registered under

adult males. Also

Women cannot

easily access micro-

finance as the need

of husband to

register at an MFI.

• Female headed

households have

low accessibility to

micro-finance

(majority being self-

employed)

making position

in CBOs due to

discriminatory

criteria such as

requirement for

educational degree

or skills

• Women are

better in

managing finance

or treasury rather

than technical or

managerial

aspects; their roles

in WASH

organizations being

mostly an

extension of their

domestic roles

PDAM (municipal

water company)

and the IPLT

sewage treatment

plant

• Complex

networks of

social/cultural

relationships

impact on

Indonesian

women’s

ability to

become

entrepreneurs

or maintain,

once

established21

• Female

headed

households

constrained to

access loans

or credit due

to lack of

property

ownership

Biased

Social

Norms

• The most senior

women should

fetch and store raw

water from its

source (well, water

hydrant, mobile

truck, spring, etc.)

• Mothers educate

children especially on

handwashing with

soap, as educating

the husband is not

accepted (women

cannot teach

husband)

• Very strong stereo-

type for men to be

the expert of the

WASH technical

aspects (such as

O&M).

• General agreement

in B40 households

that women

• Women are not

expected to

participate in

public decision

making processes,

although they are

seen as influencers

of their husbands

• Community

Health promotion

is dominated by

women seen as

their responsibility

to teach and care

for children

• Stigma to B40

female headed

household, young

widows and

female with

disabilities

inhibiting

participation in

community events

• Most men are

the decision

makers at

highest level

(SKPD driver,

local institution)

• Most SKPD

driver have the

role to motivate

and accelerate

gender main-

streaming in

local budget and

planning process,

and are mostly

women

• WASH

technical role

is more for

men rather

than women

• Women are

deemed to

make no

qualification

to occupy

decision

making

positions in

WASH due to

their

reproductive

functions and

domestic roles

• Stigma of

working

women often

constrain

career

advancement

21 Women in WASH enterprises, reference to study on female entrepreneurs in Indonesia (Loh, 2013), as part

of the ‘Enterprise in WASH Working Paper 6’, page 28-29, UTS-ISF DFAT 2017.

Domains

Mechanisms

Households and

family networks

(private sphere)

Local - Social and

Community

networks

Broader -

National

District or City

governance

institutions

Professional

manage family

expenses because

they must pay

costly water supply

lacking physical

assets (vehicle,

mobile phone) and

social assets

(unable to go out

alone at night)

e.g. if business

demands

frequent travel,

there is feeling

of neglecting the

responsibility of

family care-

taker

HOW CHANGE HAPPENS

Rao, Sandler, Kelleher and Miller describe the framework of ‘Gender at Work’ as follows: “By

reminding us to look at change in terms of all four quadrants, the framework stresses the need for work to

happen at all levels (individual, community, formal politics, etc.). To use the framework, think about how the

different aspects of the change process that you are considering fit into the different quadrants. Aspects of

individuals’ access to resources, such as credit, or jobs, or health and education, belong in the top right

quadrant; what is going on inside their heads—issues of awareness, confidence and ‘power within’, belong on

the top left. At a systemic level, visible power exercised through laws and policies goes on the bottom right,

but often, as we have seen, more informal institutions such as social norms play a significant role, and belong

on the bottom left. Change processes will flow between the different quadrants, and the activist’s attention

may move from one to another”.22 See below illustration of change that happens.

Exhibit 6. The arrows describe potential relationships between arenas of change

(Rao & Kelleher)

22 From: Gender at Work: Theory and Practice for 21st Century Organizations, by Rao, Sandler, Kelleher and

Miller, 2016.

According to Rao & Kelleher et.al, the key ideas include: ‘Accomplishments in one quadrant can be

strategies for change in another. For example a gender policy (a lower right achievement) can be

leveraged to obtain more resources for women’s organizations (an upper-right accomplishment),

which may be invested in training local women in advocacy techniques (an upper-left change).

Sooner or later a successful change effort must come to grips with the social norms and deep

structure issues of the bottom left quadrant’23.

Applying the Gender Framework, we have identified areas of systematic change that we would like

to have in USAID IUWASH PLUS project interventions, presented in the figure below.

Exhibit 7. Change matrix:

Areas of change critical to improve gender equality in access to WASH

in USAID IUWASH PLUS regions in Indonesia

Women’s and men’s consciousness Women’s access to

resources and opportunities

• Perception and understanding of relationship of gender

equity in WASH (particularly in B40), such as using

gender-friendly toilets, and the equity benefits of a

household connection

• Perception of male parents on specific needs and role

of girls and women, understanding gender and need

for reproductive health and MHM services in

promotional activities in hygiene behaviors

• Perception of men and women as women to

participate in household and community decision

making processes beyond domestic and health issues.

• Established gender roles on financial management

of WASH facilities (water payment, drinking

water refill, soap, fees if connected to a

communal tank, etc.)

• Women’s participation in household investment

decisions in accessing micro-finance for WASH

procurement of financial services

• B40 women and vulnerable groups’ ability to own

assets and to independently procure financial

services, with targeted measures for female

headed households

• Improvement of women, children, and elderly in

poor households (B40) accessing gender friendly

toilets through gov. subsidy programs or MFIs

targeting the B40;

• Enrollment criteria WASH committees gender-

balanced and inclusive for vulnerable groups

(now most women inhibited to join)

• Participation in WASH community events which

are more inclusive (selection, timing) and safe for

specific women and men (young widow, person

living with disabilities) to attend

• Change the professional stance of women within

the WASH sector and open opportunities for

related income activities, in line with their

professional interests and preferences, such as

female entrepreneurship in WASH

23 Ibid.

Informal cultural norms and

exclusionary practices Formal laws, policies and budgets

• Practices of handwashing with soap being exclusively

an educational responsibility of mothers/women

• Practices that prevent women from owning assets and

needing husbands’ permission to access loans/credit

• Practices hampering B40 access to water supply,

having to pay more money (buying from other

households with PDM connection or “gerobak” with

water connection)

• Gender roles for both men and women’s engagement

in technical aspects of WASH such as O&M,

challenging norms in society that prevent women from

being acknowledged as ‘WASH experts’ instead of

dutiful/taking the domestic role

• Practices preventing women from declaring themselves

as heads of household which could prevent benefiting

government programs

• Practices that deny or neglect women’s participation in

community

• Change general perception of government staff that

gender in WASH is a women’s issue (address behavior

of government staff sending mostly women to gender-

related trainings).

• Review regulation for local government partners

to be more gender responsive in budget and

planning, conform PPRG

• Create opportunities for gender responsive

budget to be inclusive of B40 (gender budget

analyses & tracking)

• Change representation SKPD drivers for

accelerating gender mainstreaming in local budget

and planning process

• Change incentives and capacity of POKYA PUG

governmental gender working group established

in the 26 cities

As observed, change needs to happen at all levels to ensure systematic change and sustainable

progress. When applying the Gender Framework, we are deliberately working within all four

quadrants of the Framework and applying interventions to achieve change for B40 and vulnerable

groups:

A first step is thus to increase both men and women’s awareness - including positive local and other role

models - that highlights equality between men and women and that showcases women’s leadership

abilities. While domestic work in B40 is often done by women, instead of considering them in these,

considering women as WASH experts, consulting them on specific WASH concerns and needs can

be further deepened in household dialogues and FGDs in the community. This will contribute to

strengthening women’s self-confidence to participate more actively in the decision-making processes in

issues in the household and beyond, while engaging the community as a whole.

Further, for the households in the category B40, increased access to information and awareness on the

linkage between WASH and gender needs to be stimulated. For example, women and girl’s needs

for sanitation in a private sphere such as using gender-friendly toilets, and the equity benefits of a

household connection, setting the tap at own house for safety reasons for different groups (elderly,

children, women and men). Safe access to public facilities coupled with sanitation and hygiene

concerns have emerged, particularly for those the B40 group that do not have their own toilet. This

issue is related to the observations from the formative research that women, girls and boys with

various backgrounds indicated they feel less safe when they do not have facilities in their own house

or accessing communal facility and potential exposure to gender-based violence.

Male parent’s awareness of the specific needs and role of girls and women, in understanding gender and

the need for reproductive health and MHM services in promotional activities in hygiene behaviors

will be encouraged.

Secondly, closely linked to these changes in perceptions, is women’s current limited access to resources and

opportunities. While WASH issues are a particularly favorable entry point to increase women’s

empowerment, its potential will be limited if not followed by an improvement in women’s ability to

manage assets and to independently procure financial services, most notably for those in the B40

women and vulnerable groups.

It is therefore important that a tailored supply of sanitation and hygiene products is made available that

suit the particular needs of women and that financial service providers provide solutions that do not

require men’s involvement or approval. Moreover, access to financing helps to boost WASH

coverage and has to be assessed for the most vulnerable groups including young (female) widows,

female-headed households to not leave them behind. Advocating towards government for subsidy

programs or MFIs targeting the B40 will particularly support these vulnerable groups to access WASH

services. Besides micro-finance, WASH savings schemes have been recommended options (for instance,

for construction of toilets or installation of piped water connections).

The assessment and encouragement of inclusive criteria to be assigned as committee of KPP/KSM for

women in the B40 emerged as an important recommendation for equal participation. Suggestions are to

adjust timing that meetings are set when women can join, and utilizing women religious congregation

to conduct socialization/promotion that target women so that they overcome the barrier to voice

their opinion.

Stereotypically, public events in the WASH sector is a domain for men especially for community

activities of WASH construction. On the other hand, for several health-related activities of WASH

improvement are generally done by women, such as handwashing with soap campaign, due to the

strong stereotype that it is women’s responsibility to teach/take care of the children. As part of

improving decision-making process of women and men, these stereotypical roles should be

considered when planning an intervention at the community level.

A stronger stigma still upholds for certain groups of women (female headed household, young

widow, female with disabilities,) inhibits their participation in the community events/meetings.

An important intervention is increasing capacity of women to improve their leadership in managing

WASH communal facilities regardless of their marital status, age, ethnic background or level of

income. While female participation in management of WASH communal activities is acknowledged,

the community stakeholders are not aware of doing harm in another domain: as often increasing

leadership capacity of women can create a double burden for women because most stakeholders

fully rely on women’s participation. It is observed that particularly women entrepreneurs have a

double burden in managing domestic and professional work. Creating awareness on this and having

an open dialogue at the household and community level with women and men how to better and

more equally divide resources and responsibilities has to be openly discussed in order for women to

meaningfully participate.

Thirdly in the formal domain of policies and institutional policy practices, changes at national, kabupaten and

kota levels are also required. Government staff need to be aware of how their programs contribute to

biases in WASH programming, delivery and budgeting. USAID IUWASH PLUS interventions will

build on successful SKPD drivers – especially male role-models such as influential male influencer

(pejabat) – to accelerate gender mainstreaming in local budget and planning processes; and

encourage both male and female participation as SKPD drivers. USAID IUWASH PLUS will continue

to advocate for regulations for development of PRRG as many cities (14/32) do not have a

regulation to gender responsive planning and budgeting, or are outdated. Pak Rudi from Bappeda

said that the existing policy on PPRG was not fully implemented due to lack of understanding among

decision makers about PPRG. Similar statement was conveyed by Ibu Etty Asmuruf from Bappeda of

Jayapura City. "Awareness raising on PPRG should target decision makers as well to ensure optimal

implementation of PPRG."

Lastly, changes in the social norms and beliefs, including the diversity of roles available and acceptable

for women and vulnerable groups in public and private sector spheres are needed.

Unfavorable social norms that perpetuate discrimination will be challenged through mass media,

behavior change campaigns and peer-to-peer learning, targeting mostly religious, government and

traditional community leaders. An example is using male religious congregations for hygiene

promotion to stimulate practice of using soap for handwashing by men. Another emerging issue is

that there is the social norm that women cannot conduct the trouble shooting when WASH

services are dysfunctional, this could be an opportunity to introduce technical trainings for women –

on a voluntary basis recognizing the double or triple burden they might face as a result. Change the

professional stance of women within the WASH sector and open opportunities for related income

activities, in line with their professional interests and preferences will be encouraged. Recommendations

can be to encourage women and men as local sanitation entrepreneurs who can offer toilet and sceptic

tanks upgrading, which supports the strengthening of the sanitation supply chain24. In promoting

women in WASH enterprises, it is recommended to support female entrepreneurs in accessing tailored

financing, in conjunction with business skills training and networking, for instance supporting access to

women’s networks, access to technology and income generation programs25.

24 ‘Enterprise in WASH’ research found that men and women have different perceptions about whether it is

possible for women to become sanitation masons or work in other roles in the sector. Preconceptions based

on traditional gender roles and other barriers were found to limit women’s opportunities, ISF-UTS, 2016. 25 Recommended strategies for WASH female entrepreneurs in Indonesia, From: Enterprise in WASH

Working Paper 6, page 32-33, UTS-ISF and DFAT 2017.

4. GENDER ACTION PLAN Taking into consideration the lessons learned from USAID IUWASH project, the need for a holistic

gender approach and the selected Analysis Framework referenced above, USAID IUWASH PLUS

has identified a series of interventions that will promote gender equality in USAID IUWASH PLUS

programming with project staff, local partners and stakeholders alike. The areas of intervention are

broken down to 6 broad Strategies. Each Strategy has listed certain outcome(s) as well as illustrative

activities and aligns with the overarching goal of the USAID IUWASH PLUS Gender Strategy to:

Improve gender equality in USAID IUWASH PLUS programming as well as in partnerships with national and

local government of Indonesia, institutions, businesses and entrepreneurs, communities and households

across the 32 target areas.

Strategy 1:

Improving women’s and men’s consciousness and resources towards women in

equal decision-making and ownership in WASH services

Outcome 1. Increased awareness of men and women on the linkage of gender and WASH and

facilitated change in women's empowerment (in terms of decision-making) over household

resources; and improved decision-making and voice of all women and men in WASH services

Illustrative Activities:

1) Invite men and women on the meetings for making agreements on the type of water and

sanitation facility installed, as well as shared responsibility of managing (O&M) of water and

sanitation facility, based on their different roles and needs.

2) Gender awareness/training, particularly for male parents, in understanding of gender and the

need for reproductive health and MHM services for women and girls.

3) Include both men and women in the selection of WASH technology options; and design WASH

technology options for women/men.

4) Development of friendly design of WASH facilities, accessible for the diversity of B40 women,

men, children, elderly, people with disabilities especially for the location of water tap and toilet

design at household.

5) Community awareness trainings that encourage the needs and demands of WASH services for

vulnerable groups (such as young women, fathers, single/ widowed, grandparents)

6) Promoting safe access to WASH facilities (free from gender-based violence) particularly for

those in the B40 group that do not have their own toilet at home and rely on communal

facilities (including at night)

7) Encourage participation of men in socialization of promotional activities for behavior change and

handwashing practices.

8) Training for women and men in communities on joint responsibilities of financial management of

WASH facilities (i.e. water payment, drinking water refill, soap, fees if connected to a communal

tank)

9) Increased awareness through advocacy to government high level decision makers, such as Mayor

and Head of Local Government institutions on concept of gender, encouraging male

representation in gender trainings

Outcome 2. Increased amount and control over income earned by women, including access to

financial products/saving systems, with a focus on B40 households.

Illustrative Activities:

1) Develop a microfinance product for poor women that can support increased access to improved

WASH facilities, so they may own assets and independently procure financial services, with

targeted measures for female headed households.

2) Conduct promotional activity on WASH Microfinance that will support the affordability and

access to WASH facilities by B40, such as promoting Master Meter system for B40 households

to get direct connection to safe water supply (PDAM connection) instead of accessing safe water

supply from the jerry can/’gerobak’.

3) Invest and promote existing savings schemes for B40 for particularly vulnerable groups to access

WASH services, for instance, for the construction of toilets or installation of piped water

connections.

4) Negotiate with financial service providers to create products for B40 women that do not

require men’s involvement or approval.

Strategy 2:

Enhancing women's control over resources, leadership positions and promoting

local and social community networks

Outcome 3: Increased women’s leadership with inclusion of the B40.

Illustrative Activities:

1) Develop short-term leadership training/activities for women and men in communities of the B40

2) Provide leadership coaching to discuss the importance of women's roles and contribution in

WASH committees.

3) Increase capacity for B40 women participating in WASH committees and holding positions of

leadership in Community-based organization managing WASH facilities.

4) Encourage B40 women to take on non-traditional jobs such as construction work based on their

interests.

Strategy 3:

Private sector opportunities and increased male and female entrepreneurship in

WASH (MSMEs) and WASH businesses

Outcome 4: Women’s & men’s business leadership and opportunities to participate in WASH

MSMEs increased.

Illustrative Activities:

1) Further enhance training for women and men including from B40 on financial literacy, which is

applied in their business.

2) Facilitate of tailored financing for female entrepreneurs in WASH.

3) Coaching and building capacities of women in business development in WASH MSMEs, including

training on business skills and supporting female entrepreneurs’ access to women’s social and

business networks.

4) Expanded use of women’s organizations such as PKK in the implementation process.

5) Increased number of women and men from B40 becoming role models for access to sanitation

for all in their district or Kota at provincial and nat