Wars and Rumors of Wars: Compromises to Reconstruction ...schools.misd.org/upload/template/10281/docs/Civil... · slavery came to the territory. The 1855 elections were won by pro-slavery

Wars and Rumors of Wars:

Compromises to Reconstruction

1820-1877

U.S. History 8

The “Inside Guys”

The Debate? To save or not to save

the Union.

• Where did they stand??

• Henry Clay – wanted the N & S to come to an

agreement.

• Daniel Webster – wants to save the Union,

feared Civil War.

• John C. Calhoun – refused to compromise on

the issues at hand.

Henry Clay • KNOWN AS THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

• EVEN THOUGH HE OWNED SLAVES HE OPPOSED SLAVERY – A BORN POLITICIAN!

• *MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820, THE *COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833 AND THE *COMPROMISE OF 1850

BORN TO COMPROMISE!

DANIEL WEBSTER

• HATED SLAVERY

• FROM MASSACHUSETTS

• SUPPORTED HIGHER TARIFFS

• “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

ABOLITIONIST!

JOHN C. CALHOUN

• BEST KNOWN SUPPORTER OF SLAVERY!

• BELIEVED THAT EACH STATE SHOULD DECIDE IF SLAVERY WAS OK

• DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION

• OPPOSED HIGHER TARIFFS

PRO SLAVERY

• ISSUE? MISSOURI

APPLIES FOR

ADMISSION TO THE

UNION AS A SLAVE

STATE.

• PROBLEM?

• –Upset The Balance of

Free to Slave States

• SOLUTION?

• HENRY CLAY

• PROPOSES-

• MISSOURI

• COMPROMISE

• Maine Enters As Free State

• Missouri Enters As Slave

State

• All Land North of 36 - 30’

Closed To Slavery

• *For The Time Being Slavery

Issue Resolved

1. CALIFORNIA

ADMITTED AS A FREE

STATE ( free states

outnumber slave states)

2. TERRITORY DIVIDED

INTO NEW MEXICO

AND UTAH

TERRITORIES- people

would vote whether or not

they wanted slavery - -

POPULAR

SOVEREIGNTY

Main Points of Compromise:

Fugitive Slave Act

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT WAS DESIGNED TO

RETURN AS MANY RUNAWAY SLAVES TO THE

SOUTH AS POSSIBLE. THE LAW MADE IT

ILLEGAL TO HELP RUNAWAY SLAVES ESCAPE

AND OFFERED REWARDS FOR THE SLAVE

CATCHERS AND THE JUDGES.

MANY RUNAWAYS WENT TO

CANADA WHICH HAD NO

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS.

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE HELPED

CAUSE THE CIVIL WAR ACCORDING TO

ABE LINCOLN!!! HER BOOK DESCRIBED

THE BRUTALITY OF SLAVERY AND SOLD

OVER 500,000 COPIES!

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the book “Uncle Tom’s

Cabin”.

This book was extremely popular and influenced many

people

in the North to join the abolitionist movement.

THE ABOLITIONISTS

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

THE GRIMKE SISTERS

JOHN BROWN

FREDERICK DOUGLASS-

Writer, orator, leading abolitionist

The Kansas-Nebraska Act • In 1854, Stephen Douglas (D-

Illinois) proposed a bill to organize

the Kansas-Nebraska territory into

several territories.

• Proposing popular sovereignty as

the solution to slavery in the

territories, Douglas proposed this

method for Kansas-Nebraska, too.

• The bill was passed after a three-

month struggle in Congress.

• The Kansas Nebraska Act

effectively negated the Missouri

Compromise.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Map The Kansas-Nebraska Act,

1854

Bleeding Kansas • As a direct result of the Kansas-

Nebraska Act, Kansas descended into

chaos and bloodshed.

• Thousands of settlers for and against

slavery came to the territory. The

1855 elections were won by pro-

slavery forces with the aid of illegally

voting Missouri „border ruffians“.

• While a pro-slavery government was

set up in Lecompton, free-soil

activists set up a rival government in

Topeka.

• Several massacres and battles erupted

– a de facto civil war.

John Brown‘s raid • In 1859, John Brown, a radical

violent abolitionist attacked the federal arsenal in Harper‘s Ferry, Virginia with ca. 20 followers.

• He wanted to seize weapons for a general slave insurrection.

• After two days fighting he was defeated, tried and sentenced to death in Virginia .

• In the South, Brown was considered a terrorist who deserved death.

• In the North, many abolitionists supported him. Others decried the violence but felt sympathetic.

heroic painting of John Brown

• DRED SCOTT WAS A SLAVE WHO

WORKED FOR HIS MASTER IN A FREE

TERRITORY. WHEN THE MASTER

DIED, SCOTT BECAME THE PROPERTY

OF THE MASTER’S FAMILY BUT

SCOTT CHALLENGED THIS IN COURT

STRESSING THAT HE HAD WORKED IN

A FREE TERRITORY AND HAD THE

RIGHT TO NOW BE FREE.

THE COURT RULING ---

DRED SCOTT v SANFORD 1854:

DRED SCOTT WAS PROPERTY AND

BELONGED TO THE MASTER’S

FAMILY.

1. DRED SCOTT WAS A SLAVE HAD

THEREFORE HAD NOT RIGHT TO SUE

ANYONE IN COURT.

2. SLAVERY BANS IN THE NEW

TERRITORIES WERE BASICALLY

ILLEGAL BECAUSE OF ABSOLUTE

PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE MASTER. DRED SCOTT LOST HIS CASE BUT

SUPPORTERS BOUGHT HIM SO HE

COULD FINALLY BE FREE!

1857 Dred Scott v.Sanford Supreme Court Case

The Election of 1860, Secession,

and the War Begins

The Election of 1860 • Four candidates ran in 1860:

Lincoln for the Republicans,

Douglas for the N. Democrats,

Breckinridge for the S. Dem, and

John Bell for the smaller

Constitutional Union party.

• Effectively two races: Lincoln v.

Douglas in the North, Bell v.

Breckinridge in the South.

• Lincoln won the election with a

majority of the electoral vote, but

he had only ca. 40% of the

popular vote – almost exclusively

gained in the North.

Causes of the Civil War

North and South

Disagreement

• The biggest debate was over states’ rights and slavery.

• Tariffs were being imposed on goods from the North that the South needed. The South felt they were “paying” the North.

• The question of slavery flared with the decision whether the Western territories would allow slavery.

Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address

• In Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address,

Abraham Lincoln reiterated his promise

not to interfere with the institution of

slavery in the United States and affirmed

the rights of states to order and

determine their own institutions. To do

otherwise, he noted, would violate the

U.S. Constitution. Furthermore, he vowed

to enforce the federal Fugitive Slave Act

of 1850, which stipulated that slaves

escaping from southern masters be

returned to their owners.

• Lincoln's main purpose in his First

Inaugural Address was to allay the

anxieties of the southern states that their

property, peace, and personal security

were endangered because a Republican

administration was taking office. At the

same time, Lincoln argued that the U.S.

Constitution was “perpetual,” or

indissoluble. In effect, he was denying

such states as South Carolina the right to

secede. The Constitution could be

amended, but the Union could not be

broken

MAJOR DIFFERENCES!!

FARMING INDUSTRY

SUPER FAST

GROWTH!

LITTLE MANUFACTURING!

INDUSTRY

The Deep South Secedes • Despite Lincoln‘s pledges not to

interfere with slavery in states

where it existed, many Southern

states debated secession.

• In Dec. 1860, South Carolina was

the first to secede. In early 1861,

the rest of the Deep South

followed suit.

• The seceded states set up a capital

in Montgomery, Alabama and

formed the Confederate States of

America. They adopted a

constitution modeled on the

Articles of Confederation.

•South Carolina opened fire on

a U.S. fort in Charleston harbor.

•After Fort Sumter fell,

President Lincoln called for 75,000

troops to put down the rebellion.

•The Civil War had begun!!!!

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

April 12, 1861

Jefferson Davis’ Inaugural

Address • Jefferson Davis Inaugural Address

President of the Confederate States

of America

• Jefferson Davis's Inaugural

Address, delivered on February 18,

1861, pointed toward a tentative

plan for the seceding states’ future.

• When Davis delivered his Inaugural

Address, the six additional Deep

South states (Georgia, Florida,

Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,

and Texas) had followed the lead of

South Carolina and withdrawn from

the Union. In February 1861, as

Davis spoke, contemporaries

waited to see what Virginia would

do…

• We feel that our cause is just and holy;

we protest solemnly in the face of

mankind that we desire peace at any

sacrifice save that of honour and

independence; we ask no conquest, no

aggrandizement, no concession of any

kind from the States with which we were

lately confederated; all we ask is to be let

alone; that those who never held power

over us shall not now attempt our

subjugation by arms.

President Jefferson Davis - 29 April 1861

THE NORTH, THE UNION, YANKEES,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE SOUTH, THE CONFEDERACY, REBELS, SECESH

(SECESSIONIONISTS) CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA

THE PRESIDENTS

JEFFERSON DAVIS ABRAHAM LINCOLN

General Ulysses S. Grant General Robert E. Lee

General “Stonewall” Jackson-

• Next to Robert E. Lee

himself, Thomas J. Jackson

is the most revered of all

Confederate commanders.

The Mexican War gave

Jackson his first

experiences in battle, and a

fellow soldier

• As an officer, Jackson led by

his own example. One

Confederate soldier wrote of

Jackson: “From the calm,

collected [person that he

appears to be], he becomes

the fiery leader”…

• General “Stonewall”

Jackson was mistakenly

shot by his own side while

he was returning from a

patrol, and he died shortly

after surgery.

Battle Hymn of the Republic

• -a hymn or song written

by Julia Ward Howe

using the music from a

popular Southern song

of the time called “John

Brown’s Body”

published in 1862, it

became popular during

the Civil War.

• Since that time it has

become extremely

popular and well-known

patriotic song.

• http://www.youtube.co

m/watch?v=p5mmFP

yDK_8

THE EMANCIPATION

PROCLAMATION

FREED ONLY THE SLAVES IN

OCCUPIED TERRITORIES.

LINCOLN DID NOT FREE THE

SLAVES IN THE BORDER STATES

OF MISSOURI, KENTUCKY, AND

MARYLAND BECAUSE HE NEEDED

THE VOTES IN THE UPCOMING

ELECTION AND WAS AFRAID THEY

MIGHT SECEDE LIKE THE OTHER

11 SLAVES STATES.

THE PROCLAMATION WAS ISSUED

JANUARY 1ST, 1863

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• JANUARY 1ST 1863

• GAVE THE UNION A NEW CAUSE

TO FIGHT FOR

• THE NORTH WAS FIGHTING TO

PRESERVE THE UNION AND FREE

THE SLAVES!

• THE ABOLTIONISTS WERE HAPPY!

GETTYSBURG & VICKSBURG

• GETTYSBURG WAS

THE SECOND AND

FINAL SOUTHERN

INVASION OF THE

NORTH. GENERAL

LEE WAS DEFEATED

WITH 28,000 DEAD,

WOUNDED, & MIA.

• JULY 1ST, 2ND, AND

3RD 1863.

• VICKSBURG WAS THE LAST SOUTHERN FORT ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THE Last Battle of the War!!!

• THE SOUTH WAS SPLIT IN HALF!!!

• Both victories were celebrated on July 4th, 1863.

The Gettysburg Address

given by President Lincoln

is considered one of the

greatest speeches of all

time.

What did people think of

the speech when it was

delivered on November 19,

1863?

according to history….

• The speech was only two minutes long. Someone in the crowd

asked, “Is that all?”

• A few newspapers described the speech as “silly,” “dull,” and

“commonplace.”

• Most of the newspapers at the time liked the speech.

• The featured speaker, Edward Everett, said President Lincoln

accomplished in two minutes what Everett tried to accomplish

in two hours.

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address

• Abraham Lincoln's

Second Inaugural

Address was delivered

on March 4, 1865, during

the final days of the Civil

War and only a month

before he was

assassinated. In his

second inaugural

address, Lincoln

discussed the war and

slavery, and ends with

these words of

reconciliation:

• "With malice toward none; with

charity for all; with firmness in

the right, as God gives us to

see the right, let us strive on to

finish the work we are in; to

bind up the nation’s wounds; to

care for him who shall have

borne the battle, and for his

widow, and his orphan—to do

all which may achieve and

cherish a just, and a lasting

peace, among ourselves, and

with all nations."

The War Ends!!!

• April 9, 1865. Lee surrenders to

Grant. At Appomatox Court

House, Virginia.

• Five days later, on April 14, 1865,

President Lincoln is assassinated.

• Known as the Great Emancipator,

Lincoln is the last great casualty

of the war.

LEE WAS FORCED TO SURRENDER HIS

SMALL AND STARVING ARMY AT

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VA.

Effects of the Civil War

•Tragic loss of life – over 600,000

•Paid economic price, especially the

South.

•Bitterness between North & South.

•Changed the way of waging war.

•End of Slavery.

•Preservation of the Union –

power of the federal gov’t grew.

Congressional Medal of Honor

Recipients • William Carney – An African American soldier

during the Civil War who

received the Medal of Honor

for his actions during the Battle

of fort Wagner (GLORY)

• Phillip Bazaar – a

Hispanic sailor who was

awarded the medal of honor

for his actions during the battle

for Fort Fischer of the Civil War

Thirteenth Amendment

1865

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

THE 13TH AMENDMENT ABOLISHED

(BANNED) SLAVERY!

Fourteenth Amendment

1868 Section 1. All persons born or

naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

THE 14TH AMENDMENT MADE ALL PERSONS

(INCLUDING FORMER SLAVES) CITIZENS AS

LONG AS THEY WERE BORN HERE. IT ALSO

FORBID THE STATES FROM DENYING BASIC

RIGHTS TO ANY CITIZEN!

Fifteenth Amendment

1870

Section 1. The right of

citizens of the United States

to vote shall not be denied or

abridged by the United

States or by any State on

account of race, color, or

previous condition of

servitude.

THE 15TH AMENDMENT GAVE

BLACK MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE

(RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE)

FREE…CITIZENS…VOTE Civil War/ Reconstruction Amendments

• 13th Amendment ended slavery.

• 14th Amendment required all states to

grant citizenship to all who had federal

citizenship; to grant equal protection and

due process to call citizens.

• 15th Amendment granted the vote to all

males over 21 years of age.

Key Questions

1. How do we

bring the South

back into the

Union?

2. How do we

rebuild the

South after its

destruction

during the war?

3. How do we

integrate and

protect newly-

emancipated

black freedmen?

4. What branch

of government

should control

the process of

Reconstruction?

For the South: A Tale of Ruin • Economic Devastation –

destruction of labor force, end

of plantation system, small

amount of infrastructure

ruined, extreme poverty,

hyperinflation, worthless

currency (money), source of

wealth (slaves) erased, land

values plummeted

• Social Changes – destruction

of planter aristocracy, 1/5 of all

white males dead

• White Desires –

reimplementation of slave,

gang labor/wage labor with

blacks in fields, removal of

federal troops and northern

encroachment in labor

contracts and regulations

Charleston, South Carolina

(1865)

For the North: A Tale of Two

Stories • Economic Opportunity – rebuild the South

with northern free labor ideology, invest in

southern infrastructure (especially RR) and

help the South industrialize,

“carpetbagging” (make money off of get

rich schemes)

• Social Opportunity – educate

southern blacks.

• Bring South into 19th century

with abolition and more

equal society

For African-Americans: A Fresh

Start • Social Changes – freedom,

demanded to be Mr. and Mrs.,

married, migration to West,

clothing upgrades, churches

(Baptist), prioritizing education

• Political Wants – should be able

to vote, testify in court, serve in

government

• Economic Desires – to own land, remove women and children from fields, subsistence farming only, become own masters

Presidential Reconstruction vs.

Congressional Reconstruction

Lincoln

vs.

Johnson

vs.

Thaddeus Stevens

(H.o.R.), Charles

Sumner (Senate),

and Company in

Congress

3 Types of Reconstruction

what’s the Plan???

Lincoln’s 10% Plan:

• Avoided “punishing” the South and sought to reunite country as quickly as possible.

Radical Reconstruction Plan:

• intended to “punish” the

South and make Southerners

“pay” for their wrongdoing.

• Involved dividing South into

military districts and martial

law. • Johnson’s Plan

Lincoln’s Plan

10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and

Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal

rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress

regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking

military and civilian Confederate

officers.

* When 10% of the voting population

in the 1860 election had taken an

oath of loyalty and established a

government, it would be recognized.

“Carpetbaggers” & “Scalawags”

• “ Carpetbaggers” -northerners that came South to profit from the aftermath of the war, former Union sympathizers, dominated politics and economic life.

• “Scalawags” – southerners who worked with republicans and were considered traitors

President Andrew Johnson

Jacksonian Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincoln

that states had never

legally left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting

these traitorous aristocrats, their

masters!

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property

over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimum

conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and

called them to oversee elections for constitutional

conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.

2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back

to political power to control state organizations.

3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite

were back in power in the South!

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on

Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 President

vetoed the Freedmen’s

Bureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnson

vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over

Johnson’s vetoes 1st in

U. S. history!!

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were

more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24

before even

drawing up the

charges by a

vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted

35 to 19 (one short of

required 2/3s vote).

Radical Plan for Readmission

Wanted South to slowly integrate back into Union

Blacks to have the vote so they could take care of selves w/o

Republican involvement and form political base.

Blacks to gain more basic rights, and South to accept abolition

Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military

supervision.

Required new state constitutions, including

black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th

Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the

military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of

constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that

refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military

districts.

Effects of Radical Republicans • FREEDMEN’S BUREAU – (1866) – est.

agency to assist transition for freedmen

and white refugees; distributed clothing,

food, and fuel; hoped to rent out

confiscated land to freedman and show

South power of northern free labor.

Greatest Accomplishment is the

establishment of schools with teachers

from the North…also set up African

American Colleges.

• NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS–helped

elect blacks into political bodies, tax

system introduced to finance public

schools, infrastructure improvements, &

public works

• The Big 3… 13,14,& 15THAMENDMENTS

– provided protection for blacks

until(1877)

Resistance to Radical Republicans

• Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – formed in

1866 by southern elites

(merchants, lawyers, former

planters) to intimidate southern

Republicans and blacks;

• Congress passed the Ku Klux Act

on 20th April, 1871. This gave the

president the power to intervene in

troubled states with the authority

to suspend the writ of habeas

corpus in countries where

disturbances occurred. However,

because its objective of white

supremacy in the South had been

achieved, the organization

practically disappeared until the

early 1900’s

• Without federal troops, South gradually

reclaimed old power structures

w/implementation of black codes and Jim

Crow laws to economically and socially

oppress blacks; grandfather clauses, poll

taxes, and literacy tests implemented to

disenfranchise (hold them back) blacks as

well; phasing out of black congressmen and

senators (after 1901, no blacks served in

Congress for the next 28 years, and none

represented any southern state for the next

78 years); South was “redeemed”

Election of

Hiram Rhodes Revels

• The first African

American to serve in

the United States

Senate and United

States Congress, he

represented

Mississippi in 1870 –

1871 during

Reconstruction

Ulysses S. Grant elected president

IN 1868

Effects of Reconstruction

Both a success and failure… • The South would still

remain rural and poor

until until the 1950s (crop

liens, cotton lock, debt

peonage, tenant farming

and sharecropping)

• Better education for

blacks (public schools,

increased literacy rates),

more black institutions

created (churches and

colleges established)

• 13th, 14th, and 15th

Amendments (in place, but not

enforced with a true exercise

of freedoms)

• “The slave went free; stood a

brief moment in the sun; then

moved back again toward

slavery”. W.E.B. Du Bois

• Racism would become firmly

entrenched in the South and

the South would return to a

segregated society.

A Divided Society

Literacy Tests – can’t read and explain

difficult parts of the Constitution??

Can’t Vote (even kept some whites from

voting!!)

Poll Taxes – Afr. Amers can’t afford

to pay tax?? Can’t Vote!!!

Grandfather Clauses – did your father

or grandfather vote before

Reconstruction?? Than you can

vote…A.A”s excluded b/c they couldn’t

vote prior to 1867

BLACK CODES

Jim Crow Laws

Purpose:

* To keep blacks separated

from the “superior race”.

* Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

est. idea of separate but

equal. Provided a legal

foundation for segregation

lasting until the 1960’s

Effects of Legislative Acts

• Homestead Act 1862

– a federal law that

gave a “homestead”

(160 acres) of

undeveloped federal

land west of the

Mississippi Rv. to

anyone who had

never taken up arms

against the U.S.

Gov’t ,including

freed slaves

• Dawes Act - law

that gave the same

to Native Americans

1887

• Morrill Act - law that

provided 30,000

acres of land for

each member it had

in congress to be

used for colleges &

universities