Warriors, - ZBROEZNAVzbroeznav.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Battle-axes_in_the_cemeteries... · DTP and cover: Francisc Baja Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

Warriors, Weapons, and harness from

the 5th–10th centuries in the carpathian Basin

Editor Călin Cosma

Academia RomânăInstitutul de Arheologie și Istoria Artei din Cluj-Napoca

Seria / Series / Reihe

INTERFERENŢE ETNICE ŞI CULTURALE ÎN MILENIILE I A. CHR. – I P. CHR.

ETHNIC AND CULTURAL INTERFERENCES IN THE1ST MILLENNIUM B.C. TO THE 1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.

ETHNISCHE UND KULTURELLE INTERFERENZEN IM 1. JAHRTAUSEND V. CHR. – 1. JAHRTAUSEND N. CHR.

Editori / Editors / Herausgeber der ReiheNicolae Gudea, Călin Cosma, Aurel Rustoiu

VOL. XXII / BAND 22

Warriors, weapons, and harness from the 5th–10th centuries

in the Carpathian Basin

Mega Publishing HouseCluj-Napoca

2015

Editor Călin Cosma

DTP and cover: Francisc Baja

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiWarriors, weapons, and harness from the 5th–10th centuries in the Carpathian Basin / ed.: Călin Cosma. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2014 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-543-551-3

I. Cosma, Călin (ed.)

623.44(498)"06/10"

© Călin Cosma, 2015

Cover image I:Reconstruction proposal of the Avar military chieftain from the cemetery at Teiuș

(drawing Narcisa Șugar, Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca).

Editura Mega | www.edituramega.roe-mail: [email protected]

The volume was financed by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0278

Contents

Nicolae Gudea Über die gotischen Foederaten an den Grenzen der römischen Provinzen an der Unteren Donau (4. Jahrhundert-Mitte des 5. Jahrhunderts) Eine archäologische Behandlung im Licht der Waffen 7

Michel KazanskiLes influences steppiques dans l’équipement militaire et équestre des Slaves (Ve–VIIe siècles) 45

Alpár DobosWeapons and weapon depositions in the late row-grave cemeteries in Transylvania 57

Aurel RustoiuShooting the evil. “Scythian” arrowheads in Avar age graves from the Carpathian Basin 89

Gabriel T. Rustoiu, Marius CiutăAn avar warrior’s grave recently discovered at Unirea-Vereşmort (Alba county) 107

Ivan BugarskiAxe, Battle Axes and Battle Knives from Avar-Time Graves in Vojvodina 129

Jozef ZábojníkSaxe und andere Waffen westlichen Ursprungs auf dem Gräberfeld aus der Zeit des awarischen Khaganats in Valaliky-Všechsvätých 147

Csiky GergelyA metrical approach in the study of Avar-age polearms 177

Szenthe GergelyRanderscheinungen einer Randkultur. Awarische Männerrepräsentation und mediterraner Einfluss in Randgebieten des Karpatenbeckens (erste Hälfte 8. J.h. N. Chr.) 215

Călin CosmaAvar warriors in Transylvania, Sătmar and Maramureş, Crişana and Banat. Archaeological landmarks on the political status of western Romania in the Avar Khaganate 251

Naďa ProfantováThe horse harness, spurs and stirrups in Bohemia in 8th and 9th century 281

Michal HoleščákEarly medieval arrowheads from the area of todays Slovakia 299

Dan Băcueţ-CrişanEarly mediaeval arrows discovered in Sylvanian Basin (Romania) 307

Valeri YotovThe find of Sfântu Gheorghe, Covasna County (1943): questions, which might be raised 323

Aurel Dragotă Battle-axes in the cemeteries from Banat, Crişana and Transylvania (10th century) 331

Florin MărgineanAn insight on social status around the year 1000 AD, reflected by the funeral inventory of some graves found on the Lower Mureș Valley* 343

Erwin GállAn attempt to classify the stirrups dating from the 10th century and the first quarter of the 11th century in the Transylvanian Basin, the Crișana/Partium and the Banat with an outlook to the Carpathian Basin 355

Battle-axes in the cemeteries from Banat, Crişana and Transylvania (10th century)

Aurel Dragotă Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract: Battle-axes (fokos/fokosch, fejsze, balta) appear mostly in warrior graves dated in the 10th century. In our territory, three major types of axes can be distinguished: the balta type shape, axes with faceted edge and a type displaying two blades bowed in the same direction.In the graves containing axes, a horse offering is sometimes present, but also in various combinations: pottery (Alba Iulia- Stația de Salvare/S. VIII/M. 1; Cluj-Napoca- Str. Pata/M. 15), sabre (Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 6), quiver fragments (Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 6), arrowheads, knives, a strike-a-light, stirrups (Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 2, M. 6; Tiszavasvári – Aranykerti tabla/M. 4), curb bit, trapezoidal or oval buckle and rings 13 Giesler.In the 10th century, the axes were deposed in the chest area on the right side, in the pelvic area, on the right arm, on the lower limbs, with the blade towards the edge of the grave, stuck between the legs or layed in the quiver. The analysis of the funerary inventories (Hungarian adornments of Eastern invoice, arms and harnesses) demonstrates the indisputable fact that the second path of the Hungarian penetration in Transylvania, the Mureș Valley, was used only after the mid–10th century.

Keywords: weaponry, axe, socket hole, blade, edge

Battle-axes (fokos/fokosch, fejsze, balta) appear mostly in warrior graves dated in the 10th century. In our territory, three major types of axes can be distinguished: the balta type shape, axes with faceted edge and a type displaying two blades bowed in the same

direction.– Alba Iulia- Stația de Salvare. S. XXXIII/M. 1 (?). Battle-axe made of iron with socket hole and

long edge, square in section and bent in the same direction with the blade /L = 14,1 cm, W = 2,5 cm MNUAI F. 7991 (Pl. IV/2)1. The funerary inventory of the grave also included a strike-a-light and a flint piece.2 S. VIII/M. 1 . Identical battle-axe displaying the same shape /L = 15 cm, W = 3,7 cm, MNUAI F. 7318 (Pl. III/7; IV/1) discovered in the second phase of the cemetery, / associated with two pots, an iron knife, a strike-a-light and flint piece as well as two finger rings. At the lower limbs of the deceased, a horse offering was deposed, consisting of its skull and limbs. The axe was laid near a pot on the left side, nearby the knees / the joint of the femur with the leg.3

– Alba Iulia- Palatul Apor4

– Biharia- Dealul Şumuleu/M. IV. Iron battle-axe with socket hole and two blades (Pl. I/1). One of the blades is wider; the other is longer and flattened. Both blades are curved in the same direction

1 Ciugudean 1996, 15, fig. 86; Ciugudean 2006, 30, fig. 43. R. R. Heitel indicates that the axes were identified near the right arm.2 We express our thanks to Dr. Horia Ciugudean (Muzeul Naţional al Unirii din Alba Iulia) for his kindness in delivering us the graphic material and information upon the discovery context of these weapon pieces.3 Ciugudean 2006, 30, fig. 44; Ciugudean 2007, 257.4 Heitel 1994–95, 418–419.

332 A u r e l D r a g o t ă

/L = 18,5 cm, W. blade = 3,5 cm; 9,5 cm. Funerary inventory: flint piece, articulated curb bit, four ar-rows, iron strike-a-light, stirrups.5

– Cluj-Napoca- Str. Pata/M. 15. Iron battle-axe deposed near the right femur. In the inventory of this grave also appear a knife, a strike-a-light, a flint piece, pottery, ring 13 Giesler, finger ring and two beads.6

– Deva- Micro 15/M. 5. Battle-axe (MCDR 27128) made of iron with curved blade and elongated faceted edge displaying a socket hole. The inventory of this grave also includes a ring 13 Giesler and a strand of beads of clay, amber and snails.7

– Dudeştii Vechi- Movila lui Dragomir/M. IV. Iron battle-axe with deteriorated blade and socked hole /L = 11,3 cm, W. blade = 5,4 cm (Pl. II/1).8

– Gîmbaş- Măguricea/M. 3. Battle-axe with inwards curved blade and elongated socket hole (L = 155 mm; Pl. II/2)/deposed on the left side of the deceased.9 Another iron axe discovered in this necropolis displays the same characteristics of the IV B Kovács shape (Pl. III/3).10

– Orăştie- Dealul Pemilor X2/ M. 18. Funerary inventory: a bracelet on the right forearm, a quiver near the right shoulder where also arrow heads and a battle-axe were found (L = 15 cm, W = 4,8 cm; Pl. III/6), four iron chain loops, two stirrups on both sides of the left tibia, articulated curb bit with bone stopper / near the right foot, and two earrings (?) in the parietal areas.11

– Timişoara-Cioreni/M. B (man). Battle-axe (fokosbalta) with diamond shaped passive side (L = 14 cm, W. blade = 2,7 cm; Pl. III/1). The funerary inventory is made of a bronze button, arrow-heads, two circular iron finger-rings, fragment of a quiver and a bracelet of shape 4 Giesler.12

The axe with narrow blade and slightly elongated socket hole (III A Ruttkay, VIII A Kirpičnikov, VI C Kovács) has its origin in the Eastern area13 where similar pieces have been identified14 in Gorodistsche/oblast Chmelnizki15 and the Hungarian cemeteries from Pécs-Somogy (L = 13 cm)16, Kecskemét17, Kiskunfélegyháza-Radnóti Miklós utca (11,8 × 3,2 cm; 2,6 × 2,1 cm)18, Székesfehérvár-Demkóhegy/M. 6 (L = 13 cm)19, Tiszaeszlár-Sinkahegyi (pl. II/3)20 and Majs/M. 844 (Pl. II/5)21. The piece discovered in Püspökladány-Eperjesvölgy/M. 205 (L = 13, 7 cm, W = 2,6 × 2,05 cm) can be associ-ated with a pair of stirrups, arrowheads, a knife and trapezoidal buckle.22This type of axe has a length of 10,2–15,5 cm and a width of 3,2–5,4 cm.

In Tiszabercel-Ráctemető/M. 10 (man), the iron axe deposed on the right arm (L = 10,2 cm; Pl. II/4) near some arrowheads. The horse’s skull and limb bones have been found on the left side of the pelvis down to the ankles, whereas stirrups were placed between the knees and a curb bit between the legs.23 This type shows parallels in the area of the Kievan Rus and can be dated before the mid–10th century.

In Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 2 (man) this type of axe appears on the right side of the chest, com-bined with five arrowheads /near the right arm and an iron knife /near the left foot.24

The axe of an elongated diamond shape (IV A Ruttkay, IV B Kovács, I Kirpičnikov) is spread mostly in the Hungarian milieu25 and shows analogies in the Eastern space26, so at Gorodistsche/

5 Karácsonyi 1903, 410, fig. 6/8 a-b; Cosma 2001, 172, Pl. 7/1; Cosma 2002, 153, 176, Pl. 56/1.6 Heitel 1994–95, 415; E. Gáll / B. Gergely / S. Gál, 2010, 128.7 Ţuţuianu 2005, 264.8 Bejan et alii 2005, 28, fig. 4/2.9 Dragotă et alii 2010, 66, pl. II/18.10 Nagy 1913, 271.11 Ţiplic-Pinter 2007, 155; Pinter-Ţiplic 2006, 81, fig. 179.12 Rădulescu-Gáll 2001, 156, 180, Fig. 18/3; Gáll 2013, 485, pl. 263/1.13 Kovács 1980/81, 249.14 Aleškovskij 1960, pl. 2/16–17.15 Kirpičnikov 1986, pl. X/25.16 Dombay 1961, 80, fig. 7.17 Hampel 1905, 636, pl. 422/10.18 Fodor 1996, 333, fig. 2.19 Hampel 1905, 580–581, pl. 393/4 a-b; Vaňa 1954, pl. VIII/2; Fehér et alii 196270; Kiss 1966, 47, fig. 2/5–5 a.20 Jósa 1914, fig. II.21 Kiss 1983, 133, Fig. 78.22 Fodor 1996, 252, fig. 21; Nepper 2002, 219, fl. 183/9.23 Istvánovits 2003, 193, 338, pl. 182, fig. 171/3.24 Széll 1941, 233, pl. I/16; Fehér et alii 1962, 74.25 Ruttkay 1976/2, 310, fig. 42; Kovács 1980/81, 249.26 Aleškovskij 1960, pl. 1/6, 9; Starostin et alii 1973, 260, Pl.2/19.

333Battle-axes in the cemeteries from Banat, Crișana and Transylvania (10th century)

oblast Chmelnizki27, Tankeevka/M. 3028 (Pl. I/8), M. 4229 (Pl. I/9), M. 35130 (Pl. II/10) or in the exca-vations of Karos III/M. 3 (17,2 × 4,5 cm; Pl. I/7)31, Trnovec nad Vahom/H. Jatov Trnovec32 (Pl. III/6), Ibrány- Esbó- halom /M. 147 (Pl. III/5)33 and Nagyhalász-Homok-tanya (L = 17,4 cm; Pl. III/2)34. The length of this shape measures between 14, 1 cm–17, 4 cm, whereas the blade’s width is between 2,5 cm–4,8 cm. A. N. Kirpičnikov considers that type I occurs in the discoveries dated in the 10th–13th centuries. Its characteristics are an elongated shape and a square head.

The axe of Biharia (IV C Ruttkay, II Kirpičnikov, I A Kovács) shows similarities with the pieces of Eastern origin35. Typologically close discoveries were evidenced in the upper basin of the river Tisza, whiche were dated at the beginning of the 10th century or in its last third. Analogies are known in Demecser – Borzsova puszta36 (L = 17,1 cm, W = 2,3 × 2,7 cm; 3,3 cm; Pl. I/3), Tiszavasvári – Aranykerti

27 Kirpičnikov 1986, pl. X/8.28 Khalikova-Kazakov 1977, 96, pl. III/1.29 Khalikova-Kazakov 1977, 967, pl. IV/7. M. 42 is the only grave where two axes appear, both on the left femur.30 Khalikova-Kazakov 1977, p. 122, pl. XII/8. At Tankeevka appears an axe on the grave, mostly laid on the lower limbs (right or left). The blade is mostly directed towards the edge of the grave. Alongside horse offerings, these graves also show various artifacts: Saltovo earrings, buckle, knives, buttons, rhombic appliques on a band on the skull, ceramics near the skull and curb bit. 31 Révész 2006, 175, pl. 113/8.32 Točik 1955, 489–494, fig. 241; Fehér et alii 1962, 42.33 Istvánovits 2003, 90, pl. 79.34 Istvánovits 2003, 338, pl. 133/2, fig. 171/8; Jósa 1914, Fig. VIII.35 Kovács 1980/81, 248.36 Hampel 1905, 629, pl. 418/3.

Map 1. The spreading of axes III A, IV A and IV C Ruttkay in Banat, Crișana and Transilvania.

♦

♦


tabla/M. 4 (L = 15,3 cm, W = 2,3 x2, 6 cm; 2, 7 cm; Pl. I/5)37, Nagyhalász-Zomborhegy /M. A (L = 15,6 cm, W = 5,3 cm; Pl. I/2)38 and Bodrogvécs (Somotor-Več)39 (L = 18,1 cm, W. blade = 7,5 cm, W = 2,7 × 2,8 cm, Pl.I/6).40 Regarding this shape whose origins seem to be much older,41 L. Kovács repertorized six pieces discovered in the Hungarian excavations from the Carpathian Basin. The Eastern origin of this type of axe could be sustained by some pieces close to the Kievan milieu of the 10th century, but their spread starting from this area is still unclear. In hypothetical terms, two possibilities have been advanced: their dissemination by the Hungarian communities of the space between the rivers Dnieper and Don (Lebedia-Etelköz) or by means of the Russian druzhinas of the 10th century.42 The length of this shape varies between 17,1–18,5 cm, and the width of the blade measures 3,3–9,5 cm. The picker shaped and flattened side measures 2,3–3,5 cm.

The presence of this shape in the Eastern areas, especially along the river Volga, is supported by a series of discoveries, which show close characteristics.43

A battle-axe of this shape was identifies in the cemetery of Szentes- Szentlászló /M . 7 (man). The axe was discovered near the deceased’s pelvis and has the following measurements: L = 17,1 cm and W = 5,1 cm/1,8 × 1,9 cm (Pl. I/4). The grave inventory also included a pair of stirrups, an iron curb bit, an iron buckle and an iron knife44. Type II Kirpičnikov shows analogies in the Eastern area at Tschernigow and has been dated in the 10th–11th centuries.45

The type IV of the battle-axes is frequent in the Hungarian horizon and shows certain differences in dimensions and shape. Type IV A has a trapezoidal curved shape with a length between 14,5–15 cm and a blade width of 4,6 cm. Type IV C is characterized by a more palpable curving and measures: L = 19 cm, W. blade = 7,8 cm46.

In the graves containing axes, a horse offering is sometimes present, but also in various combi-nations: pottery (Alba Iulia- Stația de Salvare/S. VIII/M. 1; Cluj-Napoca – Str. Pata/M. 15), sabre (Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 6), quiver fragments (Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 6), arrowheads, knives, a strike-a-light, stirrups (Szentes-Szentlászló/M. 2, M. 6; Tiszavasvári – Aranykerti tabla/M. 4), curb bit, trapezoidal or oval buckle and rings 13 Giesler.

The axes have been deposed on a certain part of the deceased’s body or stuck in the grave, so that it conferred protection to the defunct.47 In the 10th century, the axes were deposed in the chest area on the right side, in the pelvic area, on the right arm, on the lower limbs, with the blade towards the edge of the grave, stuck between the legs or layed in the quiver.

Battle-axes III A and IV C Ruttkay disseminated in our area during the first half of the 10th cen-tury, and the IV A variant is correlated with discoveries from the second half of the century. The last variant often occurs on the river Mureș, where it forms the majority (61%), being followed by the variants III A (31%) and IV C (8%). The analysis of the funerary inventories (Hungarian adorn-ments of Eastern invoice, arms and harnesses) demonstrates the indisputable fact that the second path of the Hungarian penetration in Transylvania, the Mureș Valley, was used only after the mid-10th century.

Translated by: Ioan Albu

37 Révész 2005, 166–177, pl. VIII/5; Révész 2007; Tóth 2014, 137, Pl. 92/6.38 Istvánovits 2003, 147, 338, pl. 134, fig. 171/5; Jósa 1914, fig. IV; Kovács 1989, 167, fig. 2.39 Hampel 1905, 459, pl. 339/7 a-b.40 Kovács 1989, 170, fig. 4/3.41 A primary shape placed in the 7th century was identified in the necropolis from Kerepes/M. G. Cf. Török 1973, 117, fig. 9/4.42 Kovács 1989, 171.43 Ahmerov 1955, 160, pl. VI/2. This axe is a primary variant, like the one in Kerepes, with rectangular blade and with both components showing an incipient bending in the same direction; Aleškovskij 1960, pl. 1/1.44 Széll 1941, 234, pl. II A/1; Fehér et alii 1962, 74; Kovács 1989, 170, fig. 4/5.45 Kirpičnikov 1986, pl. X/10.46 Ruttkay 1976/2, 307.47 Tettamanti 1975, 110.


Fig. 1. Chart types of axes percentage values.

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Pl. I. 1: Biharia – Dealul Şumuleu/M. 4 (after Cosma 2002); 2: Nagyhalász-Kiszombor – hegy (after Jósa 1914); 3: Demecser – Borzsova puszta (after Hampel 1905); 4: Szentes – Szentlászló /M . 7 (after Kovács 1989); 5: Tiszavasvári – Aranykerti tabla/M. 4 (after Tóth 2014); 6: Bodrogvécs (after Hampel 1905); 7: Karos III/M. 3 (after Révész 2006); 8: Tankeevka/M. 30 (after Khalikova-Kazakov 1977); 9: Tankeevka/M. 42 (after Khalikova-Kazakov 1977).

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9


Pl. II. 1: Dudeştii Vechi – Movila lui Dragomir/M. IV (after Bejan et alii 2005); 2: Gîmbaş – Măguricea (after Hampel 1905); 3: Tiszaeszlár-Sinkahegyi (after Jósa 1914); 4: Tiszabercel-Ráctemető/M. 10 (after Istvánovits 2003); 5: Majs/M. 844 (after Kiss 1983); 6: Püspökladány-Eperjesvölgy/M. 205 (after Nepper 2002); 7: Székesfehérvár-Demkóhegy/M. 6 (after Hampel 1905); 8: Kecskemét (after Hampel 1905); 9: Pécs-Somogy (after Dombay 1961); 10: Tankeevka/M. 351 (after Khalikova-Kazakov 1977).

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10


Pl. III. 1: Timişoara-Cioreni/M. B (after Gáll 2013); 2: Nagyhalász-Homoktanya (after Jósa 1914); 3: Gîmbaş – Măguricea (after Nagy 1913); 4: Orăştie-Dealul Pemilor X2 (after Pinter-Ţiplic 2006); 5: Ibrány – Esbó- halom /M. 147 (after Istvánovits 2003); 6: Trnovec nad Vahom/H. Jatov Trnovec (after Točik 1955); 7: Alba Iulia – Stația de Salvare. Inv. 7318 (drawing: Horia Ciugudean).

1 2 3 4

5 6 70 3 cm


1

2

Pl. IV. 1: Alba Iulia – Stația de Salvare. M. VIII/M. 1; 2: Alba Iulia – Stația de Salvare. S. XXXIII/M. 1. Inv. 7991 (drawing: Horia Ciugudean).

0 3 cm

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