Warm Up: Vocabulary Unit 1 Introduction to Biology · PDF file1 Unit 1 Introduction to Biology Warm Up: Vocabulary Work in groups at your table to come up with basic scientific method

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Unit 1 Introduction to Biology

Warm Up: Vocabulary

  Work in groups at your table to come up with basic scientific method vocabulary. Discuss and define these words in your groups.

Defining Key Terms

  Science- an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.

  Biology- the study of life.   Observation- the process of

gathering information

Defining Key Terms

  Data- the information gathered from observation.   Quantitative- expressed as numbers   Qualitative- descriptive, involves

characteristics or qualities (no numbers)

Defining Key Terms (continued)

  Inference- a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experiences.

  Hypothesis- a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.   Hypotheses must be testable!!   Typically written in an If….then

format. (If… independent variable, then…dependent variable)

Think About It

  You see a plant that is starting to wilt. It does not appear dead, but clearly needs some love. Is this an observation or an inference?

  In your table groups, come up with as many inferences as you can.

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Scientific Process

  Asking a Question   Forming a Hypothesis   Setting Up a Controlled Experiment   Collecting Data   Analyzing Results   Drawing Conclusions

Science As A Way Of Understanding   Truths About Science

  It is an ongoing process   Scientific understanding is always

changing.   Science explores the universe

and way many systems and processes interact.

  Qualities of a Good Scientist   Skeptical   Open-Minded   Come up with one on your own!

Exit Slip

  In KY, all individuals are required to wear seatbelts in moving vehicles. How could scientific research have had an impact on this decision?

Warm-Up Exercise

  Is a scientific hypothesis acceptable if there is no way to demonstrate that the hypothesis is wrong? Explain.

Designing an Experiment

  Independent Variable- the variable that is changed.   When graphing, the independent

variable is placed on the X axis.

  Dependent Variable (responding)- the variable that is measured.   When graphing, the dependent variable

is placed on the Y axis.

Designing an Experiment

  Controlled Variables (Constants)- factors that remain the same between experimental groups.

  Control Group- used to compare with the experimental groups.

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Theories

  Theory- a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.   To be valid a theory must pass several

tests:   It#must#explain#observa2ons#clearly#and#consistently.#  Experiments#that#illustrate#the#theory#must#be#repeatable.#

  You#must#be#able#to######predict#results#from######the#theory.#

Modeling

  Models;#a#representa2on#of#an#object#or#event#that#can#be#studied#to#understand#the#real#object#or#event.#

  Types#of#Models#  Drawings#on#paper#

  Real#objects#used#to#help#us#picture#things#we#cannot#see#

  A#mental#picture#

  A#set#of#rules#or#mathema2cal#rela2onships#that#describe#how#something#works#

Warm Up

Calvin is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on personal happiness. He plans on having one group run/walk 6 miles per week and lift weights 3 times a week. He plans to have the other group maintain their normal daily routines, which does not include any exercise whatsoever.   Come up with a hypothesis, independent and

dependent variables, identify the experimental group and the control group.

  Evaluate this study. What are some of the problems, and how could it be better?

Where Do Living Things Come From?

  Spontaneous Generation- living things can arise spontaneously from non-living things.   While this was the common belief for

many years, we now know that it is not true and scientists all over the world prescribe to the idea of biogenesis.

  Biogenesis- all living things come from other living things.

Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation Repeating Investigations

  John Needham   Claimed that spontaneous generation

could occur under the right conditions.   Heated sealed flask of gravy and found

microorganisms (thought heat would kill any living things in gravy)

  Found gravy swarming with activity.

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Repeating Investigations

  Lazzaro Spallanzani   Boiled 2 flasks of gravy, sealed 1

immediately and left the other open (thought boiling would definitely kill microorganisms).

  Open jar was full of life. Sealed jar was uncontaminated.

Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings

Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation

Pasteur showed that all living things come from other living things. (biogenesis)

Exit Slip

  What does the term “spontaneous generation” mean?

  How does a scientific theory compare with a scientific hypothesis?

Warm-Up

  There are several things that are similar between my fish and the second hand of a clock. Name some of the similarities as well as some of the differences and think about what makes the fish living but the clock not.

Characteristics of Living Things   Living things are made up of units called cells.

  A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can be considered alive.

  Living things reproduce.   Sexual Reproduction- 2 parents are united to form a

genetically unique offspring.   Asexual Reproduction- a single parent produces offspring

that are identical to itself.

  Living things are based on a universal genetic code.   This information is needed to live, grow, and reproduce.

  Living things grow and develop.   Cells undergo differentiation to perform different

functions.

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Characteristics of Living Things   Living things obtain and use materials and energy.

  All organisms must take in materials and energy to grow, develop, and reproduce.

  Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

  Living things respond to their environment.   Organisms detect and respond to stimuli from their

environment.

  Living things maintain a stable environment.   Although conditions outside an organism may change

dramatically, most organisms need to keep conditions inside their bodies constant. (Homeostasis)

  Taken as a group, living things change over time.   Individuals do not change, but groups of organisms tend

to evolve over time.

Branches of Biology   Biosphere- all living things   Biome- group of similar ecosystems   Ecosystem- living things and their nonliving

surroundings   Community- populations that live together in a

defined area   Population- group of organisms of one type that live

in the same area   Organism- individual living thing   Groups of cells- tissues, organs, and organ systems   Cells- smallest functional unit of life   Molecules- groups of atoms; smallest unit of most

compounds

Microscopes

  Microscopes- produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.

Light Microscopes

  Produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays.

  Uses 2 lenses to form an image.   The only microscope that can be

used to study living things.

Electron Microscope   Use beams of electrons to produce images.   Can produce images up to 1,000x more

detailed than light microscopes.   Cannot view living cells.   2 Types:

  Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs)- Has the most magnification. Used to view the fine structures inside a cell. (organelles)

  Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs)- used to view the detailed surface of a specimen.

Early Microbiologists

  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek   Viewed “animalcules” or

microorganisms, in pond water, rain water, and dust.

  Credited for advances in the microscope.

  Robert Hooke   First to describe and coin the word

“cell.”

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Exit Slip

  What is homeostasis? Give an example of how it is maintained.

  What biological processes includes chemical reactions that break down materials?

  List some observations that could be made to determine whether an object that is not moving is living or nonliving.

Warm Up

  List at least two differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.

  What does it mean/why is is necessary for cells to differentiate?

Making Measurements

  Length;#a#measure#of#the#straight;line#distance#between#two#points.#

  Mass;#a#measure#of#the#amount#of#maFer#in#an#object.#  Weight;#a#measure#of#the#gravita2onal#force#exerted#on#an#object.##(weight#=#mass#x#gravity)#

  Volume;#a#measure#of#the#size#of#the#body#or#region#in#three;dimensional#space.##

Units of Measurement

Quantity Unit Abbreviation Length Meter m

Mass Gram g

Time Second s

Temperature Celsius C

Volume Liter L

  SI System- the standard units of measurements used by scientists.

SI Prefixes   SI#prefixes#are#used#for#very#large#and#small#measurements.#  SI#prefixes#are#all#based#in#mul2ples#of#10.#  Ex:#5,000#kilometers#=#500,000,000#cen2meters#

Kentucky(Has(Dark((base(unit((Deep(Coal(Mines## ### #K#–#kilo# # #De#–#deci## # ## #H#–#hecta # #C#–#cen2### #Da#–#deca# # #M#–#milli##

Class Practice

  Convert#486#milliliters#to#cen2liters.#  Convert#312#kilometers#to#meters.#  Convert#0.32#hectagrams#to#decigrams.#

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You Try It!

  Convert#1.85#meters#to#cen2meters.#  Write#55#decimeters#as#meters.#  Change#1.6#kilograms#to#grams.#

Warm Up Exercise

  How many milliliters are on 0.45 liters?   How many grams are in 500,000

kilograms?

Scientific Notation

  Scien2fic#Nota2on;#a#method#of#expressing#a#quan2ty#as#a#number#mul2plied#by#10#to#the#appropriate#power.##(10x)#  When#you#mul2ply#in#scien2fic#nota2on,#you#ADD#the#exponents.#

  When#you#divide#in#scien2fic#nota2on,#you#SUBTRACT#the#exponents.#

Class Practice

  Write#the#following#measurements#in#scien2fic#nota2on.#•  800,000,000#meters#

•  0.0015#kg#

•  67,453#L#

You Try It!

  Write#the#following#measurements#in#scien2fic#nota2on.#•  0.00046#mL#

•  42,000,000,000#km#

•  89,265#g#

Class Practice

 Write#these#measurements#in#long#form.#•  4.5#x#103#g#

•  1.99#x#10;8#cm#•  0.422#x#104#m#

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You Try It!

  Write#these#measurements#in#long#form.#•  9.53#x#105#dm#

•  0.1223#x#103#cg#

•  6.04#x#10;4#mL#

Class Practice

  Perform#the#following#calcula2ons#•  (5.5#x#104#cm)#x#(1.4#x#104#cm)#

  Perform#the#following#calcula2ons#•  5.2#x#108#cm3# ##

#9.5#x#102#cm3#

You Try It!

  Perform#the#following#calcula2ons#•  (4.34#g/mL)#x#(8.22#x#106#g/mL)#

•  (3.8#x#10;2#cm)#x#(4.4#x#10;2#cm)#x#(7.5#x#10;2#cm)#

  Perform#the#following#calcula2ons#

######•#####6.05#x#107#g##############8.8#x#106#cm3#

Graphing Scientific Data

  Line#Graphs;#show#con2nuous#changes#  Bar#Graphs;#compare#the#values#of#items#  Pie#Graphs;#show#the#parts#of#a#whole#