Warm-Up How are the following events connected? 1.The French and Indian War 2.The Albany Congress 3.The Battle of Quebec 4.Pontiac’s Uprising 5.The Proclamation.

Warm-Up• How are the following events

connected?1. The French and Indian War2. The Albany Congress3. The Battle of Quebec4. Pontiac’s Uprising5. The Proclamation of 1763

1. Britain vs. France & Spain in a battle for control over North America (Native Tribes fought on both sides)

2. Attempt to achieve greater colonial unity and common defense against the French

3. England emerges as the dominant power in North America and the French are removed from Canada

4. French traders and Indians attack British posts killing thousands, British distribute blankets infected with smallpox to Indians and crush uprising

5. England prohibits colonists to settle beyond the Appalachians to prevent another Indian conflict but colonists are angered and move west anyways defying the crown

KEY CONCEPT

Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States

Roots of Revolution• Republicanism: Political theory of representative government,

based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a emphasis on liberty and civic virtue.

• Radical Whigs: British political commentators who warned against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to violations of their rights

• Americans had grown accustom to running their own affairs• Distance weakens authority • After the French and Indian War the Crown tightened their grip

Mercantilism• Belief that wealth was power and that a country's economic

wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury• Countries needed to export more than it imported

• Possessing colonies provided advantages to England• Raw Materials (reducing the need for foreign imports)• Provided a guaranteed market for exports

• England saw American colonists more as tenants than countrymen• Expected the colonies to provide goods for the mother country

England Tightens its Grip• Navigation Law of 1650: Series of laws passed to regulate

colonial shipping, the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all gods destined for the colonies would first pass through England (loosely enforced)

• The French and Indian War expanded the British empire• It also increased its debt ($140 million) defending the colonies

• Britain begins reinforcing the Navigation Laws again in 1763 to help pay off the debt

England Tightens its Grip• Sugar Act 1764: Increased the tax on imported sugar• 1st law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the

colonies for the crown

• The Quartering Act of 1765: Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

• The Stamp Tax of 1765: Required colonists to use stamps to certify the payment of tax. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about fifty items including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers and marriage licenses

• England believed the colonists needed to pay their fair share of the costs for their own defense

Colonial Frustration Mounts• Why was the British army still needed in the colonies?• Many colonists questioned the crown and believed they were

being stripped of their liberties

• Many began to cry “No taxation without representation!”

• Colonists denied the right of Parliament, in which no Americans were seated, to impose taxes• Believed only their elected colonial legislatures had the right to

legally tax the colonies

• England argues the idea of “virtual representation”• Every member of parliament represented all British subjects

Repeal of the Stamp Act• Stamp Act Congress of 1765: Assembly of delegates from 9

colonies who drafted a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act and in the process helped unify the colonies

• Nonimportation Agreements: Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act• Most effective form of protest against British policies in the

colonies• Helped to further unify the colonists in common protest• Colonists began making their own goods instead of buying them

from England

“Liberty, Property, and No Stamps”

• The Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements against violators• Tar and Feathers• Attacking British officials

and confiscating money

• Public Punishment of the Excise Man 1774

Short Lived Victory• British parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766• Colonists began openly defying the law• Stamp tax collectors had been forced to resign

• Declaratory Act of 1766: Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, reaffirming Parliaments absolute sovereignty over the North American colonies

• Townshend Acts of 1767: Taxes on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea that were used to pay royal governors.

Paul Revere• Silversmith• 1768 painting reflects

the new democratic spirit of the age• Portrays a artisan in

working clothes

The Boston Massacre

• Violence erupts in Boston in response to the Townshend Acts• Paul Reveres engraving depicts armed soldiers slaughtering peaceful colonists• Used as colonial propaganda

Is this an accurate depiction of the events that unfolded in Boston?

Samuel Adam’s• Samuel Adams’s Organized

committees of correspondence in Massachusetts

• Purpose was to spread the spirit of resistance by promoting opposition to British policy

• Within a short time, every colony established a committee

• Significant in stimulating and disseminating sentiment in favor of united action against the crown

The Boston Tea Party• England awards England a

monopoly over the tea business

• Tea is now cheaper than smuggled tea but is still taxed

• Principal remained more important than price

• 100 Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded a British ship docked in Boston harbor dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor

Estimated 1 million colonists drank tea twice a day

The First Continental Congress• The “Intolerable Acts”: passed in response to the Boston Tea

Party, closing the port of Boston, revoking rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter and expanding the quartering act.

• Colonists convened the First Continental Congress in 1774 and called for a complete boycott of British Goods• Meeting in Philadelphia to consider ways of addressing colonial

grievances• 12/13 colonies present (Georgia did not attend)• Fifty Five men attend• Deliberated for seven weeks• Created The Association: called for a complete boycott of British

goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption

Speech in the Virginia Convention-Patrick Henry 1775

The Shot Heard Around the World

• British troops are sent to Boston to seize colonial gunpowder and arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock for conspiring against the crown

• “Two if by land, one if by sea”• Word spreads that the British were coming and colonists prepare• The Legend of Paul Revere

• Shots are exchanged between colonial “minute men” and British soldiers at Lexington and Concord• Over 300 British casualties

Head to HeadEngland

Strength Weakness

7.5 Million Britons War fought 3,000 miles away

Superior Naval / Wealth Poor Leadership

Army of 50,000 including 30,000 German mercenaries and 50,000 American Loyalists (including Native Americans)

Colonists

Strength Weakness

Leadership – George Washington, Ben Franklin

2.5 million colonists

French Aid (Guns, supplies, ect) Lacked Unity

Better marksmen Lack of supplies and money

Moral advantage of fighting for a just cause No navy