Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. Which of the following kingdoms is characterized by autotrophic multicellular organisms? A. AnimaliaB. Fungi C. PlantaeD. Eubacteria.

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which of the following kingdoms is

characterized by autotrophic multicellular organisms?

 A. Animalia B.  Fungi C. Plantae D. Eubacteria

2. Which statement correctly describes a virus? A. Viruses are living organisms made up of

proteins and DNA B. Viruses are non-living, non-cellular particles

made up of genetic material and a protein coat called a capsid

 C. Viruses are cellular particles made up of RNA, lysosomes, and proteins

 D. Viruses are non-living particles that reproduce by combining with other virus particles

Agenda

• Warm-Up• Notes• Plant Evolution Worksheets• Whiteboards• Mini-posters• Clean-Up• Cool-Down

Plant Evolution-Day 1

Guided Notes 44

• Plants can be divided into two large groups:

Nonvascular plants

• Nonvascular: have no vessels, no roots, no stems or leaves. Examples: Mosses & Liverworts

Nonvascular plants

• Transport materials using diffusion and osmosis.

• Many of these plants produce a sperm that must swim to an egg to fertilize it.

• These guys live close to the ground in moist shady environments.

Vascular plants

• Vascular: have vessels to transport food and water. They have roots, stems and leaves. Example: Grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes

Vascular plants

• Vascular tissues are an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels

• Vascular plants can be: Gymnosperms or Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

• "naked seeds" • cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) • needle like leaves • usually stay green year round • wind pollinated • Examples: pine trees

& evergreens

Angiosperms

• flowering plants • seeds are inside a fruit • most are pollinated by birds & bees • have growing seasons that end (plants lose

leaves)• Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions • Divided into two main groups: Monocots &

Dicots

• Vascular plants have three kinds of tissue: 1.Dermal tissue 2.Ground tissue 3.Vascular tissue

• Vascular tissue contains a system of interconnected tubes and vessels that carry materials throughout the plant. There are two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water and phloem carries nutrients.

• Ground tissue is specialized for photosynthesis in leaves and for storage and support in stems and roots.

• There are two types of leavessimple leaves and compound leaves.

• Dermal tissue covers a plant and serves to protect the plant and help with gas exchange.

• Another important structure in some plants is bark, which contains phloem and cork cells.

Angiosperm vs. Gymnosperm• Compare & contrast Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.• Include the following information for each:– Definition– How seeds are dispersed? – What type of pollination?– Leaves or no leaves? What type?– 3 examples– 1 picture

Use pages 566-569 in textbook for information.

Cool-Down

1. Name two differences between nonvascular and vascular plants.

2. Name two differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. In the Linnaean system of nomenclature, crickets and

grasshoppers belong to the same order and therefore belong to the same…

A. Family B. ClassC. Genus D. Species

2. A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships is called a… A. Classification tree B. Cladogram

C. Dichotomous Key D. Kingdom Chart

Agenda

• Warm-Up• Plant Vocabulary Matching• Notes• Leaf Anatomy Worksheet• Clean-Up• Cool-Down

Plant Adaptations-Day 2

Guided Notes 45

• Early land plants faced many challenges including the following:

1. Conserving water-two things help this happen. The cuticle, a waxy, watertight covering that prevents water loss and the stomata-holes which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. These holes can be opened or closed by guard cells, which lie on either side of the stomata.

• GUARD CELL-GUARD CELL (closed)

• GUARD CELL-STOMA-GUARD CELL (open)

2. Absorbing minerals from the rocky earth-helped by roots

3. Reproducing on land-sperm is contained in pollen-which can be carried by the wind or animals

• The ancestor’s of present plants were probably green algae (protist).

• As plants appeared on land, they developed some adaptations (changes made to survive in their environment). You learned before that vascular plants have an internal system of connected tubes and vessels and nonvascular plants do not.

• 1. First Adaptation: Vascular system-vascular tissues allow the materials of the plant to be distributed.

• The vascular system is made up of two types of tissue: xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water up from the roots and Phloem carries nutrients down from the leaves after making food in photosynthesis and up from roots. They run in long tube cells which line up like sections of pipe.

2. The second adaptation is the development of the seed. A seed is a structure that contains the embryo of the plant. The embryo is the early stage of development in a plant.

• Seeds provide 4 advantages: 1.Protection 2. Nourishment (food) 3. Plant dispersal (spreading of offspring) 4. Delayed growth until conditions are good

• The third adaptation is the flower, which is a reproductive structure that produces pollen and seeds. Most plants today are flowering plants, which make plant reproduction more efficient.

• Flowers are produced by angiosperms and help transfer gametes (reproductive cells) by attracting birds, insects, or other animals, which then carry the pollen from flower to flower.

• Flowers also participate in something called coevolution. In coevolution, back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of a community occur over time.

• An important example of coevolution is between flowering plants and their pollinators. Natural selection has often led to a close match between the characteristics of flowers and its pollinators.

• Adaptations appear in the flowering plants that promote efficient dispersal of their pollen by insects and other animals and adaptations appear in pollinators that help them get food or other resources from the plants they pollinate.

• The three major parts of a plant are:• 1. Roots-absorb water and dissolved

nutrients

• There are two types of roots:

a. tap root b. fibrous roots

Tap roots appear as one large root. Fibrous roots branch so that no single root grows larger than the rest. All roots also have structures called root hairs, tiny projections which increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption.

2. Stem-support system for the plant body, transport system that carries nutrients between the root and the leaves, and a defense system that protects the plants against predators and disease.

3. Leaves–structure is made for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis

Cool-Down

1. Name two examples of adaptations of plants and their functions.

2. What is coevolution? This occurs between the flower and their…?

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. An example of coevolution is back and forth evolutionary

adjustments between a flower and a ___? A. predator B. seed

C. pollinator D. plant

2. An adaptation of early land plants included _______, which are opened and closed by guard cells to allow for gas exchange.

A. bundle sheath B. petioleC. cuticle D. stomata

Agenda

• Warm-Up• Notes• Plant Reproduction Worksheet• Flower Paragraph• World of Plants Video• Clean-Up• Cool-Down

Plant reproduction-Day 3

Guided Notes 46

• There are slightly different life cycles for the different types of plantsseedless plants, seed plants, vascular, nonvascular, plants with cones, and plants with flowersHowever, they have the same basic plan with a haploid stage and a diploid stage.

• The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the sporophyte.

• Sporophyte- the diploid formThis is usually the plant you actually see.

• The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the gametophyte.

• Gametophyte- produces gametesA plant needs to gametes to create the diploid form

• In the cycle above, the diploid sporophyte (2n) goes through meiosis, so the chromosome number is cut in half to form spores (n).

• The spores then undergo mitosis, producing cells that are exact copies to build a multicellular gametophyte that is still haploid (n). The gametophytes, which can be either male or female, produce gametes that are also haploid (n).

• These gametes-pollen or sperm from the male-and eggs from the female-combine in fertilization to form a zygote (2n) that grow into a sporophyte.

• In seed plants, female gametophytes produce eggs (just like human females). A male gametophyte on the other hand, develops into a pollen grain.

Sexual Reproduction

• Pollination occurs when the male part (pollen) arrives at the stigma-the top of the female part (pistil). The combining of the male part-pollen and the female part-egg cell creates a fertilized egg (zygote). This zygote will grow into a fruit that protects the developing seeds.

Pollination

• Self pollination–pollen falls from

the anthers to the stigma of the same plant

• Cross pollination–transfer of

pollen to another plant of the same species.

Seeds and Fruits

• Ovule develops into a seed.

• The ovary develops into a fruit.

• The egg must be fertilized in order for the fruit to develop.

• Parts of the flower:• Pistil-entire female part Made of: stigma and

style and ovary• Stigma-tip of female part• Style- tube holding the stigma above the ovary• Ovule-egg cell (combines with pollen to form

the zygote)• Ovary- where fertilization occurs

• Stamen-entire male part Made of: anther and filament

• Anther-produces pollen, Filament-stalk that holds anther

• Pollen-plant sperm

• Petal-colorful-attract bees and birds to pollinate

• Sepal-surrounds the petals-protects them• Group of petals = corolla, group of sepals =

calyx

Flower Paragraph1. On side 1 of your paper-

Write at least 7 sentences about how pollination occurs in plants. Include important flower parts and their function, and explain how the male and female parts (and what they are) combine to make a new plant. Use your notes-but DO NOT COPY. It must be in your own words. Copying straight from your notes will result in a 0%. Explain and summarize-do not copy.

2. On side 2 of your paper-Draw and label the important parts of the flower: pg 612

TURN IN WHEN DONE!

Cool-Down

1. Name the female and male parts of a flower.

2. Contrast self pollination and cross pollination.

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which best describes the sporophyte stage of a plant life cycle? A. diploid form, makes spores

B. diploid form, makes gametesC. haploid form, makes sporesD. haploid form, makes gametes

2. The disappearance of bees across the United States has had a negative impact on the business of …?A. cattle ranchers B. fruit growersC. pine tree farmers D. hatchery managers

Agenda• Warm-Up• Notes• Tropism Diagrams• Classification Crossword• Clean-Up• Cool-Down

Plant Hormones and Tropisms-Day 4

Guided Notes 47

• The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called photoperiodism.

• A tropism is a response in which a plant grows either toward or away from a stimulus.

• Tropisms demonstrate the ability of plants to respond effectively to external stimuli like gravity, light, and touch.

• Phototropism is when a plant usually grows toward a source of light.

• Gravitropism is the response of a plant to the force of gravity. Gravitropism causes roots to grow downward.

• A hormone is a substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same individual.

• Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s pattern of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental conditions.

• Examples of plant hormones include:

1. Ethylene-causes fruit to ripen.

2. Gibberellins-produce dramatic increases in size, particularly in stems and fruit.

3. Cytokinins-produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds. Cytokinins cause cell division, the growth of buds, and dormant seeds to sprout.

4. Auxins-cause cell elongation ( make cells longer)

Tropism Diagrams• Copy these diagrams into your Guided Notes. – When finished, start on the crossword puzzle.

Positive Phototropism

Positive Gravitropism

Negative Gravitropism

• Complete the Classification Crossword Puzzle on the back side of notes.

Gymnosperm autotroph roots nonvascular angiosperm heterotrophflagella bacteria vascular sporophytegreen algae gametophyte antibioticsvirus

Seed stigma cilia flower leavesprotista stamen stem pistilpseudopods

Cool-Down

1. Explain gravitropism. How does it affect the growth of a plant?

2. How do harvesters pick fruit that is not yet ripe but is ripe when it hits the shelves of a grocery store?

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which of the following is responsible for maintaining

homeostasis inside the cell in an ever-changing external environment?

A. Cell wall B. Plasma membraneC. Ribosome D. Mitochondria

2. Which kingdom contains photosynthetic organisms?A. Plantae and protista B. Plantae and fungiC. Animalia and protista D. Fungi and protista

Agenda• Warm-Up• Life• Plant Booklet• Clean-Up• Cool-Down