Warm up: Define biochemistry What does “Chemistry of Life” mean?

Warm up:Warm up:

Define biochemistryWhat does “Chemistry of Life” mean?

Objectives:Objectives:Students will be able to:

Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.

Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.

Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.

Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

Carbon Carbon Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things. Therefore, all living organisms contain carbonMost inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.

Carbon BondingCarbon Bonding

Carbon atoms can form: •four covalent bonds•single, double and triple bonds•ring, branched or straight chains

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

Monomers: subunit of larger molecules

Polymer: 3 or more monomers

Monomers/PolymersMonomers/Polymers

Monomer: Polymer:

Monomer: Polymer:

Condensation Reactions remove water and combine monomers to make polymers

Hydrolysis break down polymers into smaller macromolecules and monomer

Condensation Reactions/HydrolysisCondensation Reactions/Hydrolysis

Energy for lifeEnergy for life• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy

during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.• ATP is the fuel/energy for life!

Organic MoleculesObjectives:Organic MoleculesObjectives:

Students will be able to:Identify the 6 most abundant elements of life are

C-H-N-O-P-SDistinguish 3 types of carbohydrates-monosaccharide's,

disaccharides and polysaccharides. Explain how enzymes are a type of protein and catalyze

chemical reactions.Identify the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates,

proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

6 Most abundant elements in nature6 Most abundant elements in natureCarbon HydrogenNitrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfur

We classify the major organic compounds into 4 groups:

CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic acids

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio- CH2o2oUsed as short term energyEnd in ‘oseAnimals store energy as glycogenPlants store energy as starchPlant cells made of celluloseFungi cell walls contain chitin

Carbohydrates: Sugars and StarchesCarbohydrates: Sugars and Starches

• Monosaccharide's • The monomers of carbohydrates are called

monosaccharide's, simple sugars such as glucose, fructose and galactose

• Disaccharides • Two monosaccharide's join to form a double sugar

called a disaccharide such as sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose

• Polysaccharides • Three or more monosaccharide's join to form large

macromolecules such as starches, cellulose, chitin & glycogen. These are complex carbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

C-H-O-N• Proteins have many functions: --

structural-such as muscle fiber collagen & keratin, defensive-antibodies, and catalytic roles-enzymes.

• Found in

ProteinsProteins

• Amino Acids: Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids.

• There are 20 different types identified by their R group.

• Dipeptides: Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide.

• Polypeptides: A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide. Usually 1000’s of amino acids joined together by

• peptide bonds.

ProteinsProteins

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

• There are 20 different amino acids. Each is different depending because of it’s

R group.

Structure of ProteinsStructure of Proteins

• Enzymes:– are globular proteins that

speed up chemical reactions and reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction.

– There are 2200 different types of enzymes that catalyze 2200 specific types of reactions

– End in ‘ase: catalase, amylase, lipase are examples

ProteinsProteins

Enzyme ActivityEnzyme Activity

• Fatty Acids-building blocks of lipids (monomers)– they have a hydrophilic

(water loving) end and a hydrophobic (water fearing) end.

• Triglycerides– Triglycerides consist of

three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.

LipidsLipids

Lipids are: •nonpolar molecules that store long term energy •are an important part of cell membranes. Fats are a type of lipid:•saturated (animal fat/solids/lard)•unsaturated (fats from plants-oils/liquid)

Carbons are fullSingle bonded

Carbons not fullDouble bonded

LipidsLipids

• Phospholipids: make up cell membranes; have a polar head and nonpolar tail

• Waxes: A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol. Protect animal ears and plant leaves.

• Steroids: A steroid is a lipid composed of four fused carbon rings that help regulate body functions-testerone and estrogen Cholesterol is a steroid found in cell membranes that contributes to its permeability (letting things in and out)

LipidsLipids

• A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.

• The monomers , building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides.

• Nucleotides contain a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

• DNA’s 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose

• RNA’s sugar is ribose

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

NucleotideNucleotide

• The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities.

• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic AcidsStructure of Nucleic Acids

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides?A. energy sourceB. energy storageC. structural supportD. storage of genetic information

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

2. Which of the following statements is false?F. A wax is a lipid.G. Starch is a lipid.H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information?A. ATPB. DNAC. proteinD. carbohydrates

Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice, continuedcontinued

4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars?A. starchB. proteinC. celluloseD. glycogen

Multiple Choice, continued

5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane?A. waxesB. steroidsC. fatty acidsD. phospholipids

The figure below illustratesthe basic structure of a cell membrane. Use thefigure to answer the questions that follow.

Multiple Choice, continued

6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water?F. polarG. adhesiveH. hydrophilicJ. hydrophobic

The figure below illustratesthe basic structure of a cell membrane. Use thefigure to answer the questions that follow.

Multiple Choice, continued

7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :A. lipids

B. proteinsC. nucleic acidsD. amino acids

Short Response, continued

Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH.Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed.

Answer: The heat that is added to

the egg changes the bonds in the proteins and other molecules that make up the egg to such a large extent that the original protein shape can no longer be distinguished.

Open ResponseEnzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells.Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for cell function.Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme action.

Answer:Part A Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that are involved in important cell processes.

Part B Bonding of the substrates to enzymes causes a slight change in the enzyme’s shape, thereby weakening some of the bonds and lowering activation energy.