Warm-Up Classify each of the following organisms according to the phylum in which they belong: butterfly, snail, earthworm, jellyfish, sponge, starfish, lobster
Dec 19, 2015
Warm-Up
Classify each of the following organisms according to the phylum in which they
belong:butterfly, snail, earthworm, jellyfish,
sponge, starfish, lobster
Early Animals…The Cambrian Period
• 1st multicellular animal thought to have arisen ~540 million years ago
– Flat, plate-shaped, lived on sea floor
Phylum Chordata:
• Must have (at some stage of life):– Dorsal (back) region– Hollow nerve cord– Notochord – supporting rod of tissue during
embryo stage– Pharyngeal pouches – paired structure in
throat– Tail extending beyond anus
(often in seen in embryonic stage)
Subphylum Vertebrata
• Backbone composed of vertebrae that enclose and protect spinal chord
• Nonvertebrate chordates – Ex. Tunicates (sea squirts) and lancelets
Fish (Ichthyes)Characteristics:• Aquatic• Obtain oxygen from water via gills • 2-chambered heart• Exothermic: cold-blooded• Jaws have evolved over time
Cartilaginous FishesChondricthyes
• Endoskeleton is made of cartilage
• Body covered with triangular scales.
• Ventral mouth with several rows of triangular teeth that replace themselves.
Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)• First skeleton made entirely of bone
• Paired fins made of rays and spines, or lobed fins lacking the rays and spines.
Fish Reproduction
• Both internal AND external development• Some types of fish reproduction:
– Oviparous – eggs hatch outside of mother; ex. (salmon)
– Ovoviviparous – eggs stay inside mother but are born alive; ex. (guppies)
– Viviparous – embryos stay in mother and are born alive; ex. (sharks)
Amphibians – “double life”
Characteristics:• Bony skeleton, usually have 4 legs• Respiration:
– Tadpoles gills– Adults breathe through moist skin; lungs
• First 3-chambered heart• Exothermic
– cold-blooded
Amphibians – “double life”
Characteristics: • Lay aquatic eggs (external development)• Larvae are fish-like (tadpoles)• Adults are terrestrial• Many frogs do external fertilization; females lay
eggs in water and male frog sprays sperm on them!
eoearth.organimals.howstuffworks.comund.edu
news.nationalgeographic.com
CaeciliansCaecilians
SalamandersSalamanders
FrogsFrogs
Evolutionary advantages of adapting to life on land
• Water availability
• Air temperature / oxygen
• Physical support
• Keener sensory input
• Escape aquatic predators
Reptiles
• Characteristics:– 3-chambered heart; more efficient lungs– Exothermic: cold-blooded– Greater integration of sensory input and motor Greater integration of sensory input and motor
responseresponse
How did reptiles escape from water dependency?
• A scaly skin that is resistant to drying
• Internal fertilization
• Kidneys are good at conserving water
• Amniotic eggs with membranesand a shell
Birds (Aves)
• 2 scaly legs • Front limbs are wings• Endothermic – warm-blooded
– Some birds have body temps of 41 degrees Celsius (105.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
• Internal fertilization, external development– Offspring hatch from eggs, parents provide some care
Bird Advantages/Adaptations
• Four chambered heart allowed birds to be endothermic so they could live in colder climates
• Hollow bones and feathers allow for flight (and insulation)
Mammals
Characteristics:•Last appearing major class of animals•Mammary glands
– produce milk to nourish young
•Endothermic: warm-blooded•4 chambered heart•Hair•Cerebrum (brain) has cerebral cortex – coordination, thinking, and complex behaviors
Types of Mammals: Monotremes
• Monotremes lay eggs, and after birth they suckle/nourish their young
• Examples: duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater
Types of Mammals: Marsupials
• Marsupials give birth to live young • The young then crawl to an external pouch on
the mother where they are nurtured and nourished until they complete development– This is similar to late embryonic development in
placental mammals
• Examples: kangaroos, koalas, opossums, wombats
Types of Mammals: Placental
• Placenta – tissue that joins the embryo and mother – Nourishes growing embryo inside uterus– Provides nutrients, oxygen, waste exchange, etc.
• Examples of placental mammals:– humans, mice, dolphins, etc.
Animal Behaviors• Innate behaviors – instinct, inborn
Behaviors that don’t have to be taught or learned…– Ex. Spiders building a first web.– Ex. Birds migrating (What is a benefit of migration???)– Ex. Your reflexes– Taxis: moving towards or away from a stimulus– Kinesis: random movement in response to a stimulus
Animal Behaviors
•Learned behavior – developed over time– Classical Conditioning – mental connection to
stimulus
Animal Behaviors
•Learned behavior – developed over time– Operant Conditioning – learning to behave a
certain way (with rewards/punishments)• Trial and Error – learning with mistakes (mouse in maze)
Animal Behaviors• Learned behavior –
developed over time– Insight Learning: reasoning,
prior knowledge applied to new situations
Animal Behaviors
•Learned behavior – developed over time– Insight Learning – reasoning, prior knowledge
applied to new situations
Animal Behaviors• Estivation
– Inactivity in orderto avoid hot temperatures in summer
• Ex. Cane toads
• Hibernation– Inactivity in order
to avoid low temperatures inwinter
• Ex. Bears
Animal Behaviors continued
• Imprinting – attaches to first moving object and assumes object will be caretaker
Animal Behaviors continued• Social behaviors
– Courtship– Competition– Aggression (agonistic behavior – a display to
look bigger, stronger and more threatening)
Animal Behaviors
• Jane Goodall – observed chimps in natural habitat, revolutionized field of animal behavior.