Warm-UP: 1.What is energy? 2.What kinds of things have lots of energy? What has little? Unit 4 Test Make-UP: Due Tomorrow: see my website for study guide Final Exam: Jan 22/23 See my website for study guide no 10% test Homework: 10 Key Ideas, Concept 5.2
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Warm-UP: 1.What is energy? 2.What kinds of things have lots of energy? What has little? Unit 4 Test Make-UP: Due Tomorrow: see my website for study guide.
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Warm-UP:
1.What is energy?
2.What kinds of things have lots of energy? What has little? Unit 4 Test
Make-UP: Due Tomorrow: see my website for study guide
Final Exam: Jan 22/23
See my website for study guide
no 10% test fix option!
Homework: 10 Key Ideas, Concept 5.2
Unit 5: Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration
Big Idea: Organisms must use matter and energy from the environment or other organisms. Potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate. Photosynthesis transforms light energy to chemical energy in order to rearrange CO2 and H20 into glucose. Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
Potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Monosaccharide• simplest sugar• glucose
Disaccharide• less simple• 2 monosaccharides bonded by
dehydration (a polymerization reaction)
• sucrose (table sugar)• glucose + fructose
Polysaccharide• complex• also bonded by dehydration• starch (plants)• glycogen (animals)
Monosaccharide• simplest sugar• glucose
Disaccharide• less simple• 2 monosaccharides bonded by
dehydration (a polymerization reaction)
• sucrose (table sugar)• glucose + fructose
Polysaccharide• complex• also bonded by dehydration• starch (plants)• glycogen (animals)
Potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Monosaccharide• simplest sugar• glucose
Disaccharide• less simple• 2 monosaccharides bonded by
dehydration (a polymerization reaction)
• sucrose (table sugar)• glucose + fructose
Polysaccharide• complex• also bonded by dehydration• starch (plants)• glycogen (animals)
Potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Monosaccharide• simplest sugar• glucose
Disaccharide• less simple• 2 monosaccharides bonded by
dehydration (a polymerization reaction)
• sucrose (table sugar)• glucose + fructose
Polysaccharide• complex• also bonded by dehydration• starch (plants)• glycogen (animals)
Potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Building Carbohydrates
1. Build a glucose molecule.
2. POLYMERIZE!: Build a disaccharide: Start with a 2nd glucose. Then put them together. Include leftover parts!
3. POLYMERIZE!: Build a polysaccharide: See classmates. Include leftover parts!
4. DIGEST!: Time to run! What do you need if you’re to digest your polysaccharide?
Warm-UP: Compare the molecules. Similarities? Differences?
Due in Bin: Test Make-UP
Due for a Stamp: 10 Key Ideas 5.2
Homework: Energy “In” Matter
• the amount of energy in molecules is a function of how close e- are to protons
• e- differ in their amounts of potential energy
• the closer an e- is to a proton, the less potential energy
• Therefore: the higher the ratio of highly electronegative atoms in a molecule, the less potential energy
Potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Read p. 35
Teams:
A. H20 vs O2
B. CH4 vs CO2
C. CO2 vs C6H12O6
Whiteboard:1. Draw a structural diagram.2. Draw the e-’s that are being shared.
Discussion Questions1. How does electronegativity
affect the positions of the e-s in a molecule?
2. How do the e-s in a molecule affect the PE of the molecule?
3. Compare your 2 molecules. Which has more PE? Explain.
Warm-UP: Take out yesterday’s homework (Energy “In” Matter). Discuss with your table team. Write down one thing you learned OR one thing you taught your table team.
Homework: Finish ATP POGIL
• C6H12O6
vs glycogen
The potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Saturated
vs
Unsaturated Fat
The potential energy is stored in the bonds of chemicals, primarily glucose, a type of carbohydrate.
Guiding Question: How does the energy from light get to sugar?
Warm-UP: Describe how energy is transferred in the light reactions. Use the model in your explanation.
Lab: Investigating PhotosynthesisProcedure: With vs Without CO21. Pour the bicarbonate solution into a clear plastic cup to a depth of about 3 cm. Label this cup “With CO2”. Fill a 2nd cup with only water to be
used as a control group. Label this cup “Without CO2”.
2. Add 1 drop of a dilute liquid soap solution to the solution in each cup. It is critical to avoid suds. If either solution generates suds, then dilute it with more bicarbonate or water solution. The soap acts as a surfactant or “wetting agent” — it wets the hydrophobic surface of the leaf allowing the solution to be drawn into the leaf and enabling the leaf disks to sink in the fluid.
3. Using a hole punch, cut 10 or more uniform leaf disks for each cup. Avoid major leaf veins. (The choice of plant material is perhaps the most critical aspect of this procedure. The leaf surface should be smooth and not too thick, therefore, leaves with hairy surfaces must be avoided).
4. You must now draw the gases out of the spongy mesophyll tissue and infiltrate the leaves with the sodium bicarbonate solution. To do this:a. Remove the piston or plunger from both syringes. Place the 10 leaf disks into each syringe barrel.b. Replace the plunger but be careful not to crush the leaf disks. Push in the plunger until only a small volume of air and leaf disk remain
in the barrel (<10%).c. Pull a small volume (5 cc’s) of sodium bicarbonate solution into one syringe and a small volume of water into the other syringe. Tap
the syringe to suspend the leaf disks in the solution.d. You now want to create a vacuum in the plunger to draw the air out of the leaf tissue. Create the vacuum by holding a finger over the
narrow syringe opening while drawing back the plunger. Hold this vacuum for about 10 seconds. While holding the vacuum, swirl the leaf disks to suspend them in the solution. Now release the vacuum by letting the plunger spring back. The solution will infiltrate the air spaces in the leaf disk, causing the leaf disks to sink in the syringe. If the plunger does not spring back, you did not have a good vacuum, and you may need a different syringe. You will probably have to repeat this procedure 2-3 times in order to get the disks to sink. (If you have any difficulty getting your disks to sink after about 3 evacuations, it is usually because there is not enough soap in the solution. Try adding a few more drops of soap.) Placing the disks under vacuum more than three times can damage the disks.
5. Pour the disks and the solution from the syringe into the appropriate clear plastic cup. Disks infiltrated with the bicarbonate solution go in the “With CO2” cup, and disks infiltrated with the water go in the “Without CO2” cup.
6. Place both cups under the light source and start the timer. At the end of each minute, record the number of floating disks. Then swirl the disks to dislodge any that stuck against the side of the cups. Continue until all of the disks are floating in the cup with the bicarbonate solution.
7. Repeated testing of this procedure has shown that the point at which 50% of the leaf disks are floating (the median) should be used as the point of reference for this assay when comparing different experimental treatments. The 50% point, or ET 50, provides
a greater degree of reliability and repeatability for this procedure. Extrapolate this point from the graph you construct from your data.
Lab: Investigating Photosynthesis
Warm-UP• What should have happened yesterday?
WHY?• Ideas for your experiment? What could
have been affecting the rate of photosynthesis?
• Take turns reading your 1st draft experimental design
Lab: Investigating Photosynthesis
Lab: Investigating Photosynthesis
Materials:
300mL water1/8th of a tsp baking soda1 drop Liquid Soap Plastic syringe SpinachHole punch Plastic cups Timer Light source
YOUR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (decide on one)1. Investigative Question2. Alternative Hypothesis:
– What do you know about photosynthesis that makes you think so?
3. Procedure: sketch is enough4. Data table: show IV and DV
Gallery Walk• Clarifying Questions:
– Do you understand their set-up?– Do you understand their question?
• Probing Questions: Press your classmates1. Do they have a valid experiment? Does their set-
up answer their investigative question?2. Will their experiment be reliable? controls?3. Photosynthesis? Does the experiment help us
understand factors that influence photosynthesis?
2nd Draft Experimental Design• Talk to your teammates. Refine your set-up based on feedback.• In your notebook:
– Question– Hypotheses: alternative MUST HAVE A REASON THAT ADDRESSES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS– Procedure: what will you control– Data Table: WILL YOU BE ABLE TO DO STATS? (you must have numbers and
multiple trials!)• Be sure you address:
1. validity: Does your set-up answer your investigative question?2. reliability: controls?3. Photosynthesis? Does the experiment help us understand factors that
Why does chlorophyll work better than other molecules?
• The energy levels of a molecule are determined by its chemical composition and the arrangement of its atoms.
• Therefore, each type of molecule has its own unique distribution of energy levels.
• If a photon's energy is not equal to the energy difference between any two energy levels in the molecule, then the photon cannot be absorbed. Instead, it will bounce back or pass through.
• Chlorophyll a can absorb all colors EXCEPT green.
Photosynthesis transforms light energy to chemical energy in order to rearrange CO2 and H20 into glucose.
Why does chlorophyll work better than other molecules?
• The energy levels of a molecule are determined by its chemical composition and the arrangement of its atoms.
• Therefore, each type of molecule has its own unique distribution of energy levels.
• If a photon's energy is not equal to the energy difference between any two energy levels in the molecule, then the photon cannot be absorbed. Instead, it will bounce back or pass through.
• Chlorophyll a can absorb all colors EXCEPT green.
Photosynthesis transforms light energy to chemical energy in order to rearrange CO2 and H20 into glucose.
Photosynthesis transforms light energy to chemical energy in order to rearrange CO2 and H20 into glucose.
Today was practice: do you understand the process? If yes, all went perfectly well.
Tonight: 1st draft lab design:• Question: What other questions could we ask? What
else about photosynthesis could we change?• Hypothesis: alternative AND null• Procedure: a SKETCH is enough
Tomorrow: We will work as team’s deciding on what we will change
Light
Fig. 10-5-4
H2O
Chloroplast
LightReactions
NADP+
P
ADP
i+
ATP
NADPH
O2
CalvinCycle
CO2
[CH2O]
(sugar)
What would happen if? WHITEBOARDinclude affects on concentration of H+, ATP, G3P, water, oxygen, CO2, and pH
Drawing Description
a. closed Stomatab. darknessc. mutated proton pump: no active sites for protonsd. droughte. mutated chlorophyll a: higher electronegativity than primary e-
acceptor, no matter PE of e-f. In the rainforest: competition for CO2 with neighboring plantsg. mutated ATP synthase: no active site for ADP and Ph. no Calvin Cycle enzymesi. NADP+ mutated: less electronegative than excited chlorophyllj. no photosystem 2, but a function photosystem 1
What would happen if? WHITEBOARDinclude affects on concentration of H+, ATP, G3P, water, oxygen, CO2, and pH
Essential Questions:
1. DETAILS: Do you understand the steps involved in making a sugar?
2. BIG IDEA: What would happen if ________________? Think about different factors (environmental or genetic) that could affect rates of sugar production.
– leaf
– xylem
– phloem
– thylakoid
– stomata
– guard cell
– chloroplast
– sunlight
– thylakoid lumen
– grana
– inner membrane
– outer membrane
– intermembrane space
– chlorophyll a
– chlorophyll b
– carotenoids
– plastoquinone
– rubisco
– G3P
– CO2
– H2O
Chloroplast Parts Drawing: Terms: labeled, with descriptions:
Warm-UP: This tree is one of the largest organisms ever to live. Where did most of the matter that makes up the wood and leaves of this huge tree originally come from?Where does the mass of a plant come from?
Giant Sequoia Tree
Warm-UP: Proton pumps:
Proton pump in sucrose/H+ cotransporter
Proton pump in Photosystem 2
Different
Similar
1. Draw a sketch of the sucrose/H+ cotransporter at work.
2. Fill in the table.
Comparing Proton Pumps
Sucrose/H+ CotransporterLight Reactions
Where do these ideas fit?
Sucrose/H+ CotransporterLight Reactions
use a proton pump
energy from photons
energy from ATP
take in hydrogen ions
• creates a proton gradient• use ATP as energy source• use high PE e- as energy source• produces ATP as product• moves sucrose into a cell
• uses facilitated diffusion
• ATP synthase is an integral protein• has a phospholipid bilayer• pumps protons
Warm-UP: Compare ETC in photosynthesis to cell respiration
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Ideas: inputs, outputs, energy source, location in the cell
Warm-UP: Proton pumps:
Proton pump AND sucrose/H+ cotransporter
Proton pump AND ATP Synthase in Photosystem 2
Different
Similar
Where do these ideas fit in the table?
• creates a proton gradient• use ATP as energy source• use high PE e- as energy source• produces ATP as product
• moves sucrose into a cell• uses facilitated diffusion• ATP synthase is an integral protein• has a phospholipid bilayer• pumps protons
Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by Chemiosmosis 1. electron transport chain2. proton gradient (a.k.a electrochemical gradient)3. ATP synthase
Difference:Photophosphorylation vs. oxidative phosphorylation
• Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change the electron sharing in covalent bonds
• In the combustion of methane to form water and carbon dioxide, the nonpolar covalent bonds of methane (C-H) and oxygen (O=O) are converted to polar covalent bonds (C=O and O-H).
• The reduced molecule is the molecule that has the atom which “steals” the e- the most.
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
Glycolysis • “lyses” glucose• produces 2 pyruvate• in the cytoplasm• costs 2 ATP• gains 4 ATP• e- transferred to
NAD+ (makes NADH)• No O2 required:
anaerobic
Anaerobic Respiration• What happens when cells
have no oxygen?– Bacteria in anaerobic
conditions– Humans (have you heard of
lactate?)• Glycolysis is the only method
of energy production for some single celled organisms
• Why not for humans?
No Name Step• moved from ______ to
_______in the cell?• pyruvate -->
• carbon went?• energy transferred?
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
No Name Step• moved from cytoplasm in to
mitochondria in the cell?• pyruvate (3 carbon molecule)
• carbons• Acetyl CoA (2
carbons)• CO2 (1 carbon)
• energy transferred• high PE e- to NAD+
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
KrebsInputs:• Acetyl CoA• NAD+• FAD+• ADP + POutputs:• 2 CO2
• NADH• FADH2
• ATP
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
Electron Transport Chain• most PE transferred to creating a
membrane potential• generates no ATP directly• O2 needed (water is produced)• "set-up" by glycolysis and Krebs• e-
– from NADH– to proton pumps (integral proteins)– to O2
Oxidative phosphorylation: Making ATP• facilitated diffusion• protons diffuse passively from high
(intermembrane space) to low (mitochondrial matrix)
• ATP synthase:– an enzyme– the proton integral protein
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
Electron Transport Chain• most PE transferred to creating a
membrane potential• generates no ATP directly• O2 needed (water is produced)• "set-up" by glycolysis and Krebs• e-
– from NADH– to proton pumps (integral proteins)– to O2
Oxidative phosphorylation: Making ATP• facilitated diffusion• protons diffuse passively from high
(intermembrane space) to low (mitochondrial matrix)
• ATP synthase:– an enzyme– the proton integral protein
Cell Respiration then transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
Electron Transport Chain• most PE transferred to creating a
membrane potential• generates no ATP directly• O2 needed (water is produced)• "set-up" by glycolysis and Krebs• e-
– from NADH– to proton pumps (integral proteins)– to O2
Oxidative phosphorylation: Making ATP• facilitated diffusion• protons diffuse passively from high
(intermembrane space) to low (mitochondrial matrix)
• ATP synthase:– an enzyme– an integral protein
Cell Respiration transfers the chemical energy in glucose to ATP.
BioChamber Demo: O2 vs CO2 levels in a chamberPredict Actual Explain
Plant in Light
Plant in Dark
Animal
Plant and Animal
Investigating Cell Respiration
Warm-UP:
Using your graph, determine the rate of cell respiration for germinating and non-germinating peas.
Come to a conclusion: Based on your judgment, reject or fail to reject your null.
Investigating Cell Respiration
As a team: Brainstorm: • What should have happened yesterday?
WHY?• Ideas for your experiment? What could
have been affecting the rate of cell respiration?
• Take turns reading your 1st draft experimental design
Whiteboard
YOUR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (decide on one)1. Investigative Question2. Alternative Hypothesis:
– What do you know about cell respiration that makes you think so?» evolution (selection in different species)?» Krebs, Glycolysis, ETC?» enzymes?
3. Procedure: sketch is enough4. Data table: show IV and DV
Gallery Walk• Clarifying Questions:
– Do you understand their set-up?– Do you understand their question?
• Probing Questions: Press your classmates1. Do they have a valid experiment? Does their set-
up answer their investigative question?2. Will their experiment be reliable? controls?3. Cell Respiration? Does the experiment help us
understand factors that influence cell respiration?
2nd Draft Experimental DesignTalk to your teammates. Refine your set-up based on feedback.
In your notebook:• Question• Hypotheses: alternative MUST HAVE A REASON THAT ADDRESSES
CELL RESPIRATION» evolution (selection in different species)?» Krebs, Glycolysis, ETC?» enzymes?
• Procedure: » what will you control (reliability)» validity: Does your set-up answer your investigative question?
• Data Table: WILL YOU BE ABLE TO DO STATS? (you are expected to compare the slope of Condition 1 (multiple trials) to the slope of Condition 2 (multiple trials))
Several chain molecules can use the exergonic flow of electrons to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This concentration of H+ is the proton-motive force.
Warm-UP: MATH is USEFUL
1. If there is 7.3kcal of potential energy per ATP molecule, then how much potential energy does a single glucose molecule produce in cell respiration?
2. One glucose actually contains 686kcal of potential energy. Where does the remaining energy go when glucose is oxidized?
3. What is the net efficiency of cell respiration?
Metabolism Drawings
• Draw AND label a Plant Cell: cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, glycolysis
Rubric Score• All PARTS accurately drawn and shown doing their
correct job in the cell.• PROBLEM chosen is ela borately explained and is due
to a real world scenario. Problem shows the student has a complete understanding of the importance of maintaining functioning metabolic pathways.
• The PATHWAY of 5 molecules demonstrates a complete understanding of the role of each molecule in maintaining homeostasis in the cell.
4
• All PARTS accurately drawn and shown doing their correct job in the cell.
• PROBLEM chosen is explained and is due to a real world scenario. Problem shows the student has a partial understanding of the importance of maintaining functioning metabolic pathways.
• The PATHWAY of 5 molecules demonstrates a partial understanding of the role of each molecule in maintaining homeostasis in the cell.
3
• Most PARTS accurately drawn and shown doing their correct job in the cell. Minor mistakes.
• PROBLEM chosen is explained and is due to a real world scenario.
• The PATHWAY of 3-4 molecules demonstrates a partial understanding of the role of each molecule in maintaining homeostasis in the cell.
2
• Some PARTS accurately drawn and shown doing their correct job in the cell. Significant mistakes.
• PROBLEM chosen is partially explained . Scenario is not real world.
• The PATHWAY of 3-4 molecules demonstrates an incomplete understanding of the role of each molecule.
1
Cell Metabolism Model Drawing: As a way of reviewing cell metabolism, you will show how a cell works to maintain homeostasis by having its parts work together.