Warm-up: 1. What is an element? 2. What is a compound?

Warm-up:1. What is an element?2. What is a compound?

1. Hydrogen2. Helium3. Lithium4. Boron5. Carbon6. Nitrogen7. Oxygen8.Neon9. Sodium10. Aluminum11. Silicon12. Sulfur13. Chlorine 14. Potassium15. Calcium

16. Titanium17. Iron18. Nickel19. Copper20. Tin21. Iodine22. Tungsten23. Gold24. Mercury25. Lead26. Radon

Notes: Properties of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Elements and Compounds are PURE SUBSTANCES

A mixture is when two or more substances are mixed together but not combined chemically

A mixture retains properties of all original ingredients.

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

NaHCO3 - Sodium Bicarbonate

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

Soil

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

Milk

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

Sugar: C12H22O11

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

Air

MIXTURE OR PURE SUBSTANCE?

Oxygen

Homogeneous Mixtures are the same throughout.

Warm-Up:1. Is H2O a _____________.

a. Elementb. Compoundc. Mixtured. All of the Above

2. Why is tap water considered a mixture?

Steel is a homogeneous mixture.

Heterogeneous Mixtures are not the same throughout.

4 States of Matter:-Solid-Liquid-Gas -Plasma

In a gas, molecules are very far apart

In a liquid, molecules are closer together but still move around

In a solid, molecules vibrate in place and do not move around

Plasmas are gases that are so energized that some of their electrons have been stripped away

Gasses and liquids take the shape of their containers, solids do not.

Energy must be added to change a solid to a liquid;

More energy must be added to change a liquid to a gas

Warm-Up:

1. In which state of matter are the molecules moving the fastest?2. In which state of matter are the molecules not moving around, just vibrating in place?3. Matter in which two states takes the shape of its container?4. To make matter change from a solid to a liquid, what must happen to the molecules?

WARM-UP: 1. Matter in which two states takes the shape of its container?2. To make matter change from a solid to a liquid, what must happen to the molecules?

WARM-UP: 1. Which state of matter is the most dense?2. When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid what is this called?3. When a substance changes from a liquid to a gas what is this called?4. When a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, what is this called?

WARM-UP: 1. What is volume? Give two examples of two things that have different volumes.2. What makes each element different from one another? 3. What is atomic number?

1. What are the types of pure substances? 2. What are the types of mixtures?3. What is density? Describe two things that have different densities. 4. What combination of substances retains the properties of its components?

5. Give an example of a homogeneous mixture. 6. Give an example of a heterogeneous mixture. 7. List the phases of matter in ascending order of density.8. What must be done to change a gas to a liquid?

9. What is the phase change called when a solid changes directly to a gas?10. Is density a physical or chemical property of matter?11. Nitrogen boils at -196oC. Is this a physical or chemical property? 12. List these items in order of ascending density:-a bowling ball –a beach ball – a penny – a hot air balloon in the air

Physical Properties of matter describe the matter’s physical characteristics

Boiling/Melting Points

H2O = 1000C (2120F) CO2 = -570C (-700F)

Density is a physical property

Density = MassVolume

Practice: A material has a mass of 100g and a volume of 10 cm3.Calculate the density.

Others include:-Thermal Conductivity

-Malleability (ability to be pounded into thin sheets)

-Ductility (ability to be drawn into a thin wire)

Chemical Properties describe how a substance reacts chemically with another substance

In a chemical reaction, you always get a new substance.

Law of Conservation of Matter/Mass:Matter can never be created or destroyed

Warm-Up: 1. Find the density of an object with a mass of 40g and a volume of 5 cubic cm.

2. Find the mass of a sample of a substance with a density of 5 g/ml and a volume of 2 ml

3. List three physical properties of H2O

Solutions:

• S o l u t i o n s - A homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase

Solutions:–S o l v e n t - the most abundant substance

in a solution. The solvent dissolves the solute.

–S o l u t e - the least abundant substance in a solution. The solute dissolves into the solvent.

– In a sugar water solution, water is the solvent & sugar is the solute.

– In steel (a solution which becomes a solid) iron is the solvent and carbon is the solute

– Air is a solution

Solutions

• Homogeneous mixture • Mixed molecule by molecule • Can occur between any state of matter.

– Solid in liquid- Kool-aid – Liquid in liquid- antifreeze – Gas in gas- air – Solid in solid - brass – Liquid in gas- water vapor

Concentration of Solution• Shows level of solute in the solvent• Can be Expressed in several ways

– Relative Concentrations• Dilute – small amounts of solute compared to solvent• Concentrated – large amounts of solute compared to

solvent– Levels of Concentration

• Unsaturated solution – is able to dissolve more solute• Saturated solution – has dissolved the maximum amount of solute• Supersaturated solution – has dissolved excess solute (at a higher

temperature). Solid crystals generally form when this solution is cooled.

Percent Composition (by mass)• We can consider percent by mass (or weight percent, as

it is sometimes called) in two ways:• The parts of solute per 100 parts of solution.• The fraction of a solute in a solution multiplied by 100.• We need two pieces of information to calculate the

percent by mass of a solute in a solution: The mass of the solute in the solution.

• The mass of the solution.• Use the following equation to calculate percent by mass:

(Write the equation)

Rate of Dissolving

Factors Affecting How Fast a Solute Dissolves

1. Temperature If we heat particles they will move faster

The solvent will carry the solute particles away faster

Hotter = Dissolve Faster

2. Agitating Stirring or shaking a

solution moves the solute particles around so that they are closer to the solvent. The solvent particles can then attract them easily and carry them away!

Stir or Shake = Dissolve Faster

3. Crushing (More Surface Area)

When a solute is broken into small pieces, the individual particles can get closer to solvent particles so they can be easily dissolved

So smaller pieces= dissolves faster

Dissolving happens on the surface of particles

When solute is broken up, there is more surface area where dissolving can occur

broken up

4. Pressure Pressure forces solute particles

into the spaces between the solvent particles

More pressure = Dissolve Fastergas

Warm-Up

1.Find the density of a bowling ball with a mass of 6,000 g and a volume of 300 ml.

2. Find the mass of an object with a density of 20 g/ml and a volume of 100 ml.

Types of Chemical Reactions• Synthesis reactions occur when two

elements combine and form a compound. (Sometimes these are called combination or addition reactions.)

reactant + reactant 1 product• Basically: A + B AB

• Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2O

• Example: C + O2 CO2

Practice• Predict the products. Write and balance the

following synthesis reaction equations.• Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas Na + Cl2 • Solid Magnesium reacts with fluorine gas Mg + F2 • Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas Al + F2

• Decomposition reactions occur when a compound breaks up into the elements or in simpler compounds

• 1 Reactant Product + Product • In general: AB A + B• Example: 2 H2O 2H2 + O2

• Example: 2 HgO 2Hg + O2

Practice

• Predict the products. Then, write and balance the following decomposition reaction equations:

• Solid Lead (IV) oxide decomposes PbO2(

• Aluminum nitride decomposes AlN

Practice

Identify the type of reaction for each of the following synthesis or decomposition reactions, and write the balanced equation:

N2 + O2 BaCO3 Co + S NH3 + H2CO3 NI3

• Single Replacement Reactions occur when one element replaces another in a compound.

• element + compound element + compound A + BC AC + B (if A is a metal) ORA + BC BA + C (if A is a nonmetal)

• Double Replacement Reactions occur when a metal replaces a metal in a compound and a nonmetal replaces a nonmetal in a compound

• Compound + compound compound + compound

• AB + CD AD + CB

• Combustion reactions occur when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas.

• This is also called burning!!! In order to burn something you need the 3 things in the “fire triangle”:1) A Fuel (hydrocarbon)2) Oxygen to burn it with3) Something to ignite the reaction (spark)

Combustion Reactions• In general:

CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O• Products in combustion are

ALWAYS carbon dioxide and water. (although incomplete burning does cause some by-products like carbon monoxide)

• Combustion is used to heat homes and run automobiles (octane, as in gasoline, is C8H18)

Combustion Reactions

Edgar Allen Poe’s drooping eyes and mouth are potential signs of CO poisoning.

Combustion

• Example• C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O

• Write the products and balance the following combustion reaction:• C10H22 + O2

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Practice

Identify the type of reaction for each of the following synthesis or decomposition reactions, and write the balanced equation:

N2 + O2 BaCO3 Co + S NH3 + H2CO3 NI3

Warm-Up:

State the type of reaction and predict the products:1.BaCl2 + H2SO4 2.C6H12 + O2 3.Zn + CuSO4 4.Cs + Br2 5.FeCO3

Warm-Up:

In one paragraph, explain why a glass of ice water forms droplets of water on the outside of the glass. Use the following terms:-temperature-molecules-decrease

Warm-Up: 1. What does CO2 (dry ice) do at room temperature? 2. Name a physical property of charcoal.3. Name a chemical property of charcoal.

Warm-Up: 1. What is the change of state called when matter goes from a solid directly to a gas?2. What are some ways to make a substance dissolve faster?3. If a solvent cannot dissolve any more of the solute, what is this called?

Warm-Up: As you sit by the fireplace, your little brother says “we need to add more wood to the fire because these logs have almost disappeared – the fire has destroyed them.”

How would you respond to your brother? Explain.

1. Find the area of a section of carpet that is 10 m wide and 12 m long. 2. Find the area of a roof that is 15 m wide and 20 m long. 3. Find the area of a county that is shaped like a square with boundaries that are 30 km by 30 km.

Warm-Up: 1. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

2. What are some clues that a chemical change/reaction has taken place?

Warm-Up: 1. List three physical properties of matter.

2. Describe a chemical change.

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Warm-Up: 1. What is volume?

2. What is density?

Warm-Up: 1. What is volume?2. What is density?3. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?4. What are some clues that a chemical change/reaction has taken place?

Warm-upUnderstanding Density

• In class today, we are going to make a density column.

• Predict what order these liquids will settle into if they are poured into the same cylinder:

• Water• Alcohol• Dawn dish soap• Vegetable oil• Syrup• Milk (whole)

Substance Mass (g) Volume (mL) Density g/mL

water

alcohol

Syrup

Vegetable oil

Milk (whole)

Fill out this chart on page 39 of your notebook. You have 4 minutes.

Pure Substances

Elements CompoundsHomogeneous

MATTER

Heterogeneous

Mixtures

Solute

Solution

Solvent

Examples:

Pure Substances

Made of one type of matter

ElementsMade of one type of atom

CompoundsMade of 2 or

More atoms bondedtogether

HomogeneousSmooth; consistent

MATTERMade of AtomsHas Mass &

takes up Space

HeterogeneousChunky;

inconsistent

MixturesMade of

more than one type of matter

SoluteThe stuff that is

dissolvedIn the liquid

Ex: Kool-Aid mix

Atom + Atom = Element

Atom + Atom = Molecule

SolutionHomogeneous; All one phaseEx: Kool-Aid

SolventThe liquid that

forms the solutionEx: Water

Examples:Trail Mix

Salad

CharacteristicsColorShapeSize

TextureMass

VolumeDensity

PhysicalProperties

Describe a Substance

Changes of State

MeltingFreezingBoiling

CondensationIonizationRelaxation

StatesSolidLiquidGas

Plasma

Properties of Matter

ChemicalProperties

Describe how it can form a new substance

Signs of ChangeOdor

Change in TempChange in Color

Bubbles formSolids form

Chemical ReactionsAtoms in two substances

combine to form new substances

ExamplesBurningRustingRotting

Tarnishing

Examples2Na+Cl22NaCl2H2+O22H2O

Solid_____EnergyAtoms ______stucktogether

Liquid____________EnergyAtoms __________stucktogether

Gas______EnergyAtoms _____stucktogether

Plasma ________EnergyAtoms ____stucktogether

______________________

__________

____

____

____

__________

____

____

____

_________Point

_______Point ______Point

_________Point

States of MatterTe

mpe

ratu

re

SolidLow EnergyAtoms tightly stucktogether

LiquidMedium EnergyAtoms loosely stucktogether

GasHigh EnergyAtoms not stucktogether

PlasmaHighest EnergyAtoms not stucktogether

FreezingMelting

Relaxation

Cond

ensa

tion

Ionization

Evap

orat

ion

_Melting Point

Boiling Point Dew Point

Freezing Point

States of MatterTe

mpe

ratu

re

Match the Columns

1. Molecule____2. Element ____3. Compound ____4. Volume ____5. Mixture ____6. Atom ____7. Mass ____8. Matter ____

A. Amount of matter in an objectB. The smallest building block of

matterC. 2 or more atoms combined

togetherD. The amount of space an object

occupiesE. Is made of atomsF. A substance with only 1 type of

atomG. A substance with 2 or more atoms

bound togetherH. A combination of different

substances which retain their individual properties

Match the Columns_Answers

1. Molecule__C__2. Element __F__3. Compound _G__4. Volume _D___5. Mixture __H__6. Atom __B__7. Mass __A__8. Matter __E__

A. Amount of matter in an objectB. The smallest building block of

matterC. 2 or more atoms combined

togetherD. The amount of space an object

occupiesE. Is made of atomsF. A substance with only 1 type of

atomG. A substance with 2 or more atoms

bound togetherH. A combination of different

substances which retain their individual properties