Warm Up #1 Name two effects of an old, tall tree dying / falling down and it’s impact on the forest ecosystem. How is the carbon cycle regulated? In oceans,

Warm Up #1• Name two effects of an old, tall tree dying / falling

down and it’s impact on the forest ecosystem.

• How is the carbon cycle regulated? In oceans, describe a symbiotic relationship that helps maintain ocean temps. What is currently happening to them (use Zone of Tolerance and Stress Zone in your answer)?

• How do you think soil quality is determined?

APES Review Slides

For AP Exam

Enviro. Disasters (In Order)• Dust Bowl (1934) – soil erosion (wind and/or water)• Hiroshima (1945) – nuclear bomb (gamma radiation)• London Fog (1952) – smog (sulfur-based factories)• Minimata (1956) – mercury in bay (ocean dumping)• Love Canal (1972) – toxic (ground water contamination)• Bhopal Disaster (1984) – gas leak (burning fossil fuels)• Chernobyl (1986) – nuclear meltdown (gamma radiation)• ExxonValdez (1989) – oil spill• Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill (2010) – oil spill• Fukushima (2011) – nuclear meltdown

Layers of Atmosphere

• Thermosphere - HOT– Mesopause – btwn thermo/meso

• Mesosphere - COLD– Stratopause – btwn meso/strato

• Stratosphere – HOT (O3)– Tropopause – btwn strato/tropo

• Troposphere – COLD (GH gas)

• Air: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water Vapor, CO2, Methane, N20 (nitrous oxide), ozone (O3)

Forest Ecosystem• Healthy Forest Initiative (HFI)– Controlled fires

• Sequoia trees, control brush fires, etc.– Death of a tall tree effects

• Ecosystem Services – things organisms do that benefit humans and their ecosystem– Ex. Bioremediation (clean up waste)– Pollination (so we can have berries)

• Deforestation consequences– Increase CO2 in air, soil erosion, soil salinity

• Soil salinity (over-use of fertilizer industrial vs. organic)• Erosion = wind and water Quality = loam, water retention

Econ and EnergyGDP = gross domestic product (success = stuff)Full Cost Pricing

– Internal Costs – costs company pays for– External Costs – costs WE pay for (taxes)

Renewable (initial costs) vs. Nonrenewable Energy (enviro costs)– Coal (abundant, China), Oil (running out, plastics), Natural Gas

(clean), Oil shale/tar sands (alternatives to oil)– Biomass (developing, wood, sugarcane, algae), hydrogen (battery),

geothermal (drill magma), wind (noise), solar (efficient), etc.

Population Growth (China (1.4 bill., India 1.1 bill., US 333 mill)– Age-structure diagram (developing, developed, declining)– Influences of pop. Growth (culture, food availability, education, etc)– Places of development (Africa, Southeast Asia), Decline (Europe)

“Carbon Sink”

Carbon Cycle• Absorb: plants and oceans (carbon sink)• Release – factories, animals (exhale)

Carbon in oceans (CO2 + H2O H2CO3) carbonic acid

• Coral/algae symbiotic relationship (mutualism)• Temp/pH regulator Zone of Tolerance,

Stress• Coral = tropical rainforest of oceans– Warm, biodiverse, nutrient-poor waters (euphotic zone)

Quick Quiz #1• Assume that the total global area of grass is 1.5x104 m2

• Assume that grass grows on the average of 3mm per year• Assume density of grass is 1x103 kg/m3

Calculate…

a) The annual increase in volume of grass, in m3.

b) The annual increase in mass off grass, in kg.

c) If grass was 10% less productive than current growth rates, how much LESS grass, in kg, would grow?

Warm Up #2

• How can industrialized farming pollute the environment around it?

• What is the difference between a secondary pollutant and a primary pollutant?

• Give two examples of how dams benefit their environment, and two examples of how they harm the environment.

APES Review Continued

Speciation and Biodiversity• Speciation – formation of new species– General enviro. Adaptation, enviro. Change– Geographic isolation (mountain, river, etc)– Gene flow – natural evolution of traits based on variety of factors

• Invasive/Introduced Species (generalists)– Zebra Mussels (Lakes), Kudzu (plant in South), brown tree snake– Islands and specialist species (Hawaii)

• Endangered Species Act – protects species on endangered species list (bald eagle)

• Lacey Act – no trading/selling of illegally captured wildlife– Protects endangered species & avoids invasive species

• John Muir and Sierra Club – protect and preserve forests

Air Pollution – Clean Air Act• NOx – photochemical smog – car emissions

• (NOx + O2 O3)– Respiratory problems, eye irritant, London Fog

• SOx – industrial smog, volcanoes, acid rain • (SO2 + H20 H2SO4)

– Resp. problems, eye and nose irritant, acid rain• PM10 – particulate matter (asbestos)– lung cancer, asbestosis

• Ozone (O3) – good in stratos., bad in tropos.– Respiratory problems, greenhouse gas

• Mercury (Hg) – burning coal, dumped into oceans– Minimata – birth defects, brain damage, biomag., bioaccum.

• Primary (released) vs. Secondary (contact with air)

Farming• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)– Soy and corn monocultures (high crop yields, destroys

soil – salinity, pH, erosion, lack of biodiversity)– Fertilizers – pollute water (algal blooms, eutrophication)

• Nitrogen Cycle (N2 NH4 NO3 N2)– N.fixation, Ammon., Nitrifi., Denitrifi., Assimil.

• Crop rotation, drip irrigation (water directly to plants), composting

• Pesticides (phosphorus – roundup vs. chlorine- DDT based)– Higher crop yields, Insect resistance, soil salinity

Water and Water PollutionCycle: Evapor., Transpir., Condens., Precipit, Percola.

• Reclaimed water (recycled water) – nutrients, cheap

• Safe Drinking Water Act (ground) vs. Clean Water Act (surface)

• Dams – solve downstream flooding/irrigation problems, creates upstream flooding / salmon migration issues (hydroelectric)

• Water Treatment: chlorination, sedimentation, desalinzation

• Acid Rain (acid deposition) – H2SO4

Power Math

• Combustion: CH4 + O2(g) CO2(g) + H20(g)

– How power is generated (steam spins turbines generating power

– 1st law = energy cannot be created or destroyed– 2nd law = energy transfer = heat loss (efficiency)

• kW X hrs = kWh (kilowatt hours)

• 1 MW = 1,000 kW = 1,000,000 watts

Quick Quiz # 2– A dairy farm has 100 cows– Installing a methane digester is $100,000– The farm uses 500,000 kWh annually at $0.10 per kWh– 1 cow = 2.0 kWh electricity per day

Calculate:• The kWh of electricity that can be produced each year

from cow manure• The money that can be saved NOT counting installation

costs of methane digester• The time (years) to recover installation costs

Global Warming• GH Effect – trapping heat in troposphere, CFC Problem

• GH gases: CFCs (aerosol, AC’s – damage Ozone), CO2 (breathing, factories), CH4 (landfills, permafrost), O3 (secondary pollutant)

• Temp. inversion – hot air trapped, heat islands - (smog + valley + heat), and smog (LA)

• CO2 in summer vs. winter (photosynthesis)• Albedo effect and ice – light reflection (also volcanic ash)

• Effects: more coastal flooding, beach erosion, ice shelves melting (Greenland, Antarctica), rise of infectious diseases

• Vortex Winds – hole over Antarctica (push chlorine gases to poles)

• Kyoto Protocol (reduce CO2 emissions), Montreal Protocol (CFC’s)

Warm Up #3Between 1950 and 2000, meat production increased from 52

billion kilograms to 240 billion kilograms. During this period the population increased from 2.6 billion to 6.0 billion.

a) Calculate the per capita meat production in 1950 and in 2000.

b) Use the values in (a) to calculate the change in meat production as a percentage.

c) Discuss why it is more efficient to produce grain for human consumption. Use both land and energy reasons to help explain your answer.

Waste and SewageWaste: Recyclables (PAPER, plastic), organics (compost), radioactive(uranium,

nuclear weapons testing), toxic (PESTICIDES, paint), spoiledDisposal: Recycle, burn, compost, landfills, dumping in oceans, exporting

(SUPERFUND – cradle to grave accountability w/fines)

• Toxins (allergens, mutagens, neurotoxins, endo. disruptors) – LD50

• Bioremediation (organisms to get rid of waste – sunflowers, trees, bacteria, decomposers)– Nuclear waste – bury it (Yucca Mtn), send into space, dump into oceans– Oil Spills – skimmer boats, burn it, bacteria, booms, vacuum, detergents

• Sewage treatment (primary and secondary)– Primary – removing large solid material (rocks, gravel, etc)– Secondary – removing bacteria and viruses (chlorination & disinfection)

• Sewage dumping (into rivers) – Clean Water Act– Zones: clean (high ox.), decomposition (sewage enters), septic (lowest ox.),

recovery (ox. Increases), clean (high ox.)

Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect – wind/ocean currents spinning•High pressure = clockwise direction OUT•Low pressure = counterclockwise direction IN

•Hadley (rainforest – hot moist), Ferrel (desert – cold dry), Polar (boreal forest – cold, moist) Wind Cells

•Wind Cell

Ocean Circulation• Thermohaline Circulation – cold, salty & warm, less salty

circulated (Ocean Conveyor Belt)– Global warming

• Upwelling – nutrients from bottom to top (Coriolis Effect)– Abyssal (nutrients), Benthos, Euphotic (light) ocean zones– El Nino (less upwelling – warm water, dry weather)– La Nina (more upwelling – cool water, wet weather)

• Water Quality – turbidity (clarity), BOD (biological oxygen demand), pH, etc.– Oligotrophic (clear, nutrient-poor) vs. Eutrophic (cloudy,

nutrient-rich)

Land Uses and ProblemsBureau of Land Management (1/8 of US land)• Coal Mining – surface mining and strip mining (MOST US WASTE)

– Gangue (waste) and land restoration– Restoring land, replacing topsoil, carefully monitoring

• Rangelands – overgrazing (desertification)• Forests – over-logging, soil erosion, habitat disruption• National Parks - natural regulation (hands-off), Teddy Roosevelt

• Transition Zones: Riparian Zones (vegetation near stream), Estuaries (salt and fresh water) biodiverse

• Oil Drilling (costs, construction, roadways, housing)– Habitat disruption, migration routes disrupted, food loss

Forest Service (Multiple Use Lands), US Fish and Game (Moderately-Restricted Use Lands), National Park Service (Restricted Use Lands)

Big DiseasesAnimal to Human Transmitted Diseases (climate change)• SARS – transmitted from birds to humans (China)• West Nile Virus – animals to humans, spread in US• Malaria – mosquitoes (blood), big in AfricaHuman to Human Transmitted Diseases (antibiodics,

shots)• Cholera – contaminated water w/human fecal matter• Tuberculosis – bacteria spread by coughing• Flu – mutates each year (pesticide immunity), BIG

pandemic in 1919• HIV/AIDS – sexually transmitted virus, originated in

Africa, 40 mill infected, no cure, peak in 1990’s

Biomes and FactorsBiomes – climate, rainfall (and altitude)• Forests (Tropical, Temperate, Boreal) – rainfall all year, nutrient-poor acidic

soil (silt, clay)

• Grasslands (Savanna, Chaparral, Grasslands) – rainy & dry seasons, nutrient rich soil (loam)

• Deserts (Hot & Dry, Semi-Arid, Cold) – mostly dry all year, nutrient rich subsoil (sand)

• Tundra (Alpine, and Arctic) – low-lying plants, permafrost, affected by global warming, biggest change from winter to summer

Rain Shadow Effect – geographic barrier = rain on one side, not on other• High to Low Pressure = relaxed = fair weather (Cold Front)• Low to High Pressure = stress = stormy weather (Warm Front)

Soil• Loam (happy medium), Silt (rivers, easily eroded), Clay

(smallest, waterlogged), Sand (big, deserts)– Loam = rich in humus (organic material)

• Layers: O (surface), A (topsoil), E (layer of leaching – where things can pass through), B (subsoil), C (bedrock)

• Chemical Tests of Quality: pH, salinity• Physical Tests of Quality: soil texture, moisture, water

holding capacity, color

• Forest (acidic, nutrient-poor) vs. Grassland (fertile)

• Fertilizers and Soil Effects (pH, salinity, eutrophication, groundwater pollution, etc)

Populations• Human Pop. = 7 billion (1/6 without clean water)– Malthus – population will regulate itself

Growth Rate: – [(Births – Deaths + Immigrants – Emigrants)/# People] x

100%– Culture, Access to birth control, education level, etc.

• Primary (life starting from nothing – pioneer) vs. Secondary (re-beginning life after disaster) Ecological Succession

• Disruptive, Directional, Stabilizing Selection

Land• Convergent – plates together (Atlantic Ocean,

mountains and volcanoes)• Divergent – plates apart (Pacific Ocean – Ring of Fire,

oceanic ridges and volcanoes)• Transform – plates slide across (San Andreas Fault, no

volcanoes)• Hot Spot (Hawaii – magma close to surface)

• Richter Scale (each # = 10x stronger)

Rock Cycle: [Sedimentary (compaction, fossils), Igneous (magma cooling, most common, basalt), Metamorphic (heat and pressure, coal)]