War on terror 4- The Grand Finale- Strategic History of Jihad in Af-Pak

8/9/2019 War on terror 4- The Grand Finale- Strategic History of Jihad in Af-Pak

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6/18

In his keynote address Dr. Jha told the audience "the Hindutva forces, in their

bid to aggravate religious conflicts in the country, argue that Hindus were

forcibly converted to Islam and Christianity in the past and therefore they have

to be reconverted so as to take them back into the Hindu fold. But such an

assertion has no basis in our history. The idea that the Muslims were destroyers

of 'Hindu' temples and that they converted 'Hindus' to Islam by force is

extremely tendentious and is largely unfounded."

Citing Alberuni Dr. Jha said "the use of force in this conversion was neither

necessary nor possible". To the best of my knowledge, of all the twenty or so

books about India written by Alberuni, only one titled Indica has survived. It is

not clear how from reading Alberuni, Dr. Jha drew the above mentioned

conclusion. Alberuni's book is not about Muslim conquest of India. It is "an

account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, astronomy, customs,

laws and astrology of India about AD 1030".

Conversion of Hindus or the demolition of Hindu temples by the Muslims was

not the subject of Alberuni's book. Yet, he made some observations as and

when these touched upon the issues he dealt with in his book.

Alberuni wrote Prince Mahmud that "utterly ruined the prosperity of the

country" and calling these as "wonderful exploits" by which Hindus became

like atoms of dust scattered in all directions. This, he goes onto observe, has

created "the most inveterate aversion towards all Muslims". Keen as he was on

learning about Hinduism and India, he laments that this has caused the Hindu

sciences to "retire far away from those parts of the country conquered by us"

and have fled to places where "our hands cannot yet reach". He stayed, it is

surmised in Punjab - the area under Prince Mahmud's occupation.

If Dr. Jha was looking for the full extent of the destruction of temples and

conversion of Hindus, he should have rather looked into Tarikh-e-Yamini

written by Prince Mahmud's secretary Utbi and other Islamic sources dealing

with the exploits of Muslim invaders and rulers.

When it comes to the destruction of temples, the Somanath temple evokes

strongest emotions. Somanath is mentioned fifteen times in Alberuni's Indica.

While discussing the sacredness of the Somanath idol and its origins and

construction, Alberuni records that the idol was destroyed by Mahmud and

broken parts shipped to Ghazni; "the upper part with all its trappings of gold,

jewels and embroidered garments" being kept at his residence and another part


7/18

before the door of the mosque of Ghazni, on which people rub their feet to

clean them from dirt and wet". Part of it was thrown into the hippodrome of the

town, together with the Chakraswamin, an idol of bronze brought from

Thanesar.

Additional proof of the destruction of Somanath temple, again, is recorded in a

letter written by Aurangzeb. He wrote:."The temple of Somnath was

demolished early in my reign and idol worship (there) put down. It is not known

what the state of things is at present. If the idolators have again taken to the

worship of images at the place, then destroy the temple in such a way that no

trace of the building may be left, and also expel them (the worshippers) from

the place." (Quoted in Jadunath Sarkar's History of Aurangzeb from

Inayetullah's Ahkam, 10a, Mirat 372)

Somanath temple was demolished by the Muslims -- from Mahmud toAurangzeb - and rebuilt by the Hindus several times - the last time soon after

India gained her independence.

Focussing on Somanath temple does not, in any way, imply that this was the

only temple demolished by the Muslims. This was one of thousands that met

similar fate.

Breaking of idols and demolition of places of worship was not unique to

medieval Muslims. The latest example of this practice was witnessed by the

entire world only two years ago (April 2001) when in opposition to calls from

all quarters centuries old Buddha statues carved on hillside in Bamiyan were

demolished in Afghanistan.

"The possibility of a forced mass conversion is, in fact, contradicted by

Muhammad ibn Qasim himself who, according to Baladhuri, is believed to have

said: "The temples shall be unto us like the churches of the Christians, the

synagogues of the Jews, and the fire temples of the Magians." Dr. Jha went on

to say.

Islamic warriors spared some temples. However, this was not done as an act of

tolerance or compassion towards Hindus. Alberuni writes about one such

incident. When Muhammad bin Kasim conquered Multan, he inquired "why the

town was so very flourishing"? When told the cause was the idol of Aditya, for

there came pilgrims from all sides to visit it. He decided to "leave the idol

where it was but he hung a piece of cow's flesh on its neck by way of mockery."


8/18

When the Karmatians occupied Multan, Jalam ibn Shaiban broke the idol into

pieces and built a mosque at the same place, Alberuni went on to add.

For reasons best known to him, Dr. Jha does not tell all the facts of the history.

He gives only a sanitized account of Muslim invasion, and exploitation.

At Debal, the temples were demolished and mosque founded; a general

massacre endured for three whole days; prisoners were taken captive; plunder

was amassed. At Nirun, the idols were broken, and mosques founded on the

site of the temple of Budh, notwithstanding its voluntary surrender. The account

of Mahmud's invasions is full of demolition of temples (at Thanesar, Mathura,

Kannauj, Somnath - to mention a few), plunder, massacres, enslavement and

forced conversions.

Hajjaj, the governor of Irak and sponsor of Muhammad bin Kasim's campaignto Sind had written clear instructions: "My dear cousin, I have received your

life-augmenting letter. On its receipt my gladness and joy knew no bounds. But

the way of granting pardon prescribed by law is different from the one adopted

by you. The Great God says in the Koran: 'O true believers, when you

encounter the unbelievers, strike off their heads. The above command of the

Great God is a great command and must be respected and followed."

If at times Hindus enjoyed some freedom in the practice of their religion; it was

dictated less by any principle of justice or humanity, than the impossibility of

suppressing the native religion by the small number of Muslim invaders. The

Hindus were never treated equal to Muslims. They had to pay higher taxes in

addition to humiliating Jiziya.

The truth is that Muslim invasions, almost without exception, were followed by

a great massacre and demolition of Hindu temples. All means from the sword to

political to economic pressure in the form of excessive taxation and humiliating

Jiziya were used to convert Hindus to Islam.

When the Communist Government of West Bengal issued orders not to mentiondemolition of Hindu temples by the Muslims in textbooks, at least indirectly,

they accepted that, indeed, this had happened.

However, historians such as Dr. Jha go to extraordinary lengths to deny, hide

and twist true historical facts.


9/18

What is presented by Dr. Jha is far from objective history. It is communal

history - history favoring one community at the expense of the other in

contradiction to all available evidence. Ironically, Dr. Jha while protesting

against "communalising" history is very much doing the same. What India

needs now is "true" academic historians who won't be afraid to call a spade as

spade.

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War on terror 4- The Grand Finale- Strategic History of Jihad in Af-Pak

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