War and Diplomacy. Albert Einstein's Letter to FDR As a Jewish refugee from Berlin, Einstein, well aware of the advanced state of German physics, dispatched.

War and War and DiplomacyDiplomacy

Albert Einstein's Letter Albert Einstein's Letter to FDR to FDR

As a Jewish refugee As a Jewish refugee from Berlin, from Berlin, Einstein, well aware Einstein, well aware of the advanced state of the advanced state of German physics, of German physics, dispatched a letter to dispatched a letter to FDR warning him of FDR warning him of the enormous the enormous potential of atomic potential of atomic power and of the power and of the grave danger if the grave danger if the Nazis succeeded in Nazis succeeded in acquiring a nuclear acquiring a nuclear weapon. weapon.

The Trinity Test The Trinity Test Until the atomic bomb could be Until the atomic bomb could be

tested, doubt would remain about its tested, doubt would remain about its effectiveness. effectiveness.

The world had never seen a nuclear The world had never seen a nuclear explosion before, and estimates explosion before, and estimates varied widely on how much energy varied widely on how much energy would be released. would be released.

There was only enough weapons-There was only enough weapons-grade uranium available for one grade uranium available for one bomb, so on July 14, 1945, most of bomb, so on July 14, 1945, most of the uranium bomb ("Little Boy") the uranium bomb ("Little Boy") began its trip westward to the Pacific began its trip westward to the Pacific without its design having ever been without its design having ever been fully tested. fully tested.

A test of the plutonium bomb seemed A test of the plutonium bomb seemed vital, however, both to confirm its vital, however, both to confirm its novel implosion design and to gather novel implosion design and to gather data on nuclear explosions in general. data on nuclear explosions in general.

Several plutonium bombs were now Several plutonium bombs were now "in the pipeline" and would be "in the pipeline" and would be available over the next few weeks and available over the next few weeks and months. It was therefore decided to months. It was therefore decided to test one of these.test one of these.

Oppenheimer

The Trinity TestThe Trinity TestA remote corner on the A remote corner on the Alamagordo Bombing Range 210 Alamagordo Bombing Range 210 miles south of Los Alamos miles south of Los Alamos became the test site. became the test site. The elaborate instrumentation The elaborate instrumentation surrounding the site was tested surrounding the site was tested with an explosion of a large with an explosion of a large amount of conventional amount of conventional explosives on May 7. explosives on May 7. Three observation bunkers Three observation bunkers located 10,000 yards north, west, located 10,000 yards north, west, and south of the firing tower at and south of the firing tower at ground zero would attempt to ground zero would attempt to measure key aspects of the measure key aspects of the reaction.reaction.On July 12, the plutonium core On July 12, the plutonium core was taken to the test area in an was taken to the test area in an army sedan. army sedan. The non-nuclear components The non-nuclear components left for the test site at 12:01 a.m., left for the test site at 12:01 a.m., Friday the 13th. Friday the 13th. By 5:00 p.m. on the 15th, the By 5:00 p.m. on the 15th, the device had been assembled and device had been assembled and hoisted atop the 100-foot firing hoisted atop the 100-foot firing tower.tower.At precisely 5:30 a.m. on At precisely 5:30 a.m. on Monday, July 16, 1945, the Monday, July 16, 1945, the nuclear age began. nuclear age began.

HiroshimaHiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic

bomb mission.bomb mission. The bomb exploded over Hiroshima at 8:15 on the The bomb exploded over Hiroshima at 8:15 on the

morning of August 6, 1945. morning of August 6, 1945. At 8:16 A.M., the Tokyo control operator of the Japanese At 8:16 A.M., the Tokyo control operator of the Japanese

Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air. station had gone off the air.

A young officer of the Japanese General Staff was A young officer of the Japanese General Staff was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. for the staff.

After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 100 After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 100 miles from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud miles from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bombof smoke from the bomb

Tokyo's first knowledge of what had really caused the Tokyo's first knowledge of what had really caused the disaster came from the White House public disaster came from the White House public announcement in Washington sixteen hours after announcement in Washington sixteen hours after Hiroshima had been hit by the atomic bomb. Hiroshima had been hit by the atomic bomb.

HiroshimaHiroshima

The Enola Gay carried the Bomb to Hiroshima.

NagasakiNagasaki On the morning of August 9th, 1945, On the morning of August 9th, 1945,

at about 7:50 A.M., Japanese time, an at about 7:50 A.M., Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "All clear" signal Nagasaki, but the "All clear" signal was given at 8:30. was given at 8:30.

When only two B-29 super fortresses When only two B-29 super fortresses were sighted at 10:53 the Japanese were sighted at 10:53 the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given. further alarm was given.

A few moments later, at 11:00 o'clock, A few moments later, at 11:00 o'clock, the observation B-29 dropped the observation B-29 dropped instruments attached to three instruments attached to three parachutes and at 11:02 the other parachutes and at 11:02 the other plane released the atomic bomb.plane released the atomic bomb.

The bomb exploded high over the The bomb exploded high over the industrial valley of Nagasaki, almost industrial valley of Nagasaki, almost midway between the Mitsubishi Steel midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, in the south, and the and Arms Works, in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works (Torpedo Works), in the north, the (Torpedo Works), in the north, the two principal targets of the city. two principal targets of the city.

The Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference Held from February 4 to 11, Held from February 4 to 11,

1945, the Yalta Conference 1945, the Yalta Conference was a meeting between the was a meeting between the heads of government of the heads of government of the United States, the United United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Kingdom and the Soviet Union. Union.

The British wanted to The British wanted to maintain their empiremaintain their empire

The Soviets wished to obtain The Soviets wished to obtain more land and to strengthen more land and to strengthen conquestsconquests

Th Americans wanted to Th Americans wanted to ensure the Soviets' entry into ensure the Soviets' entry into the Pacific war and discuss the Pacific war and discuss postwar settlement. postwar settlement.

Among the agreements were Among the agreements were the postwar division of the postwar division of Germany into zones of Germany into zones of occupation, the boundaries of occupation, the boundaries of Poland, German reparations Poland, German reparations and the entry of the USSR and the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan. into the war against Japan.

Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference The Potsdam Conference was The Potsdam Conference was

held in Potsdam, Germany from held in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. July 17 to August 2, 1945. between the Soviet Union, the between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United United Kingdom, and the United States. States.

The three heads of state gathered The three heads of state gathered to decide how to administer the to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier. surrender nine weeks earlier.

The goals of the conference also The goals of the conference also included the establishment of included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects issues, and countering the effects of war. of war.

Towards the end of the Towards the end of the conference, Japan was given an conference, Japan was given an ultimatum and hastily after Japan ultimatum and hastily after Japan had rejected it, atomic bombs had rejected it, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9 respectively. 9 respectively.

Truman made the decision to use Truman made the decision to use atomic weapons to end the war atomic weapons to end the war while at the conference. while at the conference.

Dumbarton Oaks Dumbarton Oaks Conference Conference

The Dumbarton Oaks The Dumbarton Oaks Conference, held in a Conference, held in a Washington, DC mansion, Washington, DC mansion, finalized the post-war finalized the post-war successor to the League of successor to the League of Nation, the future United Nation, the future United Nations. Nations.

The composition of the UN The composition of the UN and which states would be and which states would be included as members were included as members were negotiated. Representatives of negotiated. Representatives of the United States, the Soviet the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Union, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China and the Republic of China attended the conference and attended the conference and discussions included the discussions included the formation of the Security formation of the Security Council and the right of veto Council and the right of veto that would be given to its that would be given to its permanent members.permanent members.

Bretton Woods Bretton Woods Inspired by the lessons of the Inspired by the lessons of the

Great Depression, the Great Depression, the Bretton Woods System, the Bretton Woods System, the first example of a fully-first example of a fully-negotiated monetary order negotiated monetary order intended to govern fiscal intended to govern fiscal relations among several relations among several states, was based on the states, was based on the twin pillars of the World twin pillars of the World Bank and the International Bank and the International Monetary Fund.Monetary Fund.

The victorious allies believed The victorious allies believed that a sound international that a sound international economic system could economic system could prevent the circumstances prevent the circumstances that led to militarism, that led to militarism, fascism and war during the fascism and war during the 1930s. 1930s.

UN San Francisco UN San Francisco Conference Conference On April 25, 1945, the UN On April 25, 1945, the UN

Conference on International Conference on International Organizations began in San Organizations began in San Francisco. Francisco.

In addition to the Governments, In addition to the Governments, a number of non-governmental a number of non-governmental organizations, including Lions organizations, including Lions Clubs International, were Clubs International, were invited to assist in drafting the invited to assist in drafting the charter. charter.

The 50 nations represented at The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations Charter of the United Nations two months later on June 26. two months later on June 26.

The UN came into existence on The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the October 24, 1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the five permanent members of the Security Council — Republic of Security Council — Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, China, France, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of States — and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. the other 46 signatories.

The Nuremberg Trial The Nuremberg Trial In an unprecedented step, the In an unprecedented step, the

Allies, as early as 1942, agreed Allies, as early as 1942, agreed to try top Nazi leaders for war to try top Nazi leaders for war crimes and for crimes against crimes and for crimes against humanity. humanity.

Conducted by a joint U.S.-Conducted by a joint U.S.-British-Soviet military tribunal, British-Soviet military tribunal, the trial began on November the trial began on November 20, 1945 by indicting twenty-20, 1945 by indicting twenty-four leading Nazis. four leading Nazis.

The first of the Nuremberg The first of the Nuremberg Trials held from 20 November Trials held from 20 November 1945 through 1 October 1946, 1945 through 1 October 1946, the Trial of Major War the Trial of Major War Criminals prosecuted the most Criminals prosecuted the most prominent members of Nazi prominent members of Nazi German leadership. German leadership.

Trials for lesser crimes were Trials for lesser crimes were conducted through 1949. conducted through 1949.

Multimedia CitationsMultimedia Citations Slide 2: Slide 2:

http://www.einstein-weiterdenken.de/bilder/einsteinsw.jpghttp://www.einstein-weiterdenken.de/bilder/einsteinsw.jpg Slide 3: Slide 3:

http://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/oppenheimer.jpghttp://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/oppenheimer.jpg Slide 4: Slide 4: http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/shiva/deton1.jpghttp://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/shiva/deton1.jpg Slide 6: Slide 6: http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,460399,00.jpghttp://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,460399,00.jpg Slide 7: Slide 7:

http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/imaghttp://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/images/atomic-bomb.jpges/atomic-bomb.jpg

Slide 8: Slide 8: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/12470.jpghttp://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/12470.jpg Slide 9: Slide 9:

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/ac00001/ac01860.jpghttp://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/ac00001/ac01860.jpg Slide 10: http://www.un.org/UN50/Photos/un50-015.gifSlide 10: http://www.un.org/UN50/Photos/un50-015.gif Side 11: Side 11:

http://www.bwbs.de/UserFiles/Image/1946-1950/bretton_woods.jhttp://www.bwbs.de/UserFiles/Image/1946-1950/bretton_woods.jpgpg

Slide 12: http://www.unausa.org/atf/cf/%7B49C555AC-20C8-Slide 12: http://www.unausa.org/atf/cf/%7B49C555AC-20C8-4B43-8483-A2D4C1808E4E%7D/UN_Signing-SF.jpg4B43-8483-A2D4C1808E4E%7D/UN_Signing-SF.jpg

Slide 13: http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/holocaust/nuremburg.jpgSlide 13: http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/holocaust/nuremburg.jpg