Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 9-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall

9-1

Invitation To Psychology

Carol Wade and Carol TavrisPowerPoint Presentation by

H. Lynn BradmanMetropolitan Community College-Omaha


9-2

Learning


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Learning

• Classical Conditioning• Classical Conditioning in Real Life• Operant Conditioning• Operant Conditioning in Real Life• Social-Cognitive Learning Theories


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Learning

• Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience.

• Behaviorism: An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.


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Classical Conditioning


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Classical Conditioning

• New Reflexes from Old• Principles of Classical Conditioning• What is Actually Learned in Classical

Conditioning


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Pavlov’s Apparatus

• Harness and fistula (mouth tube) help keep dog in a consistent position and gather uncontaminated saliva samples– They do not cause the dog discomfort


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New Reflexes From Old

• Classical Conditioning: The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.


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Conditioning Terms

• Unconditioned Stimulus: – A stimulus that elicits a reflexive

response in the absence of learning.• Conditioned Stimulus:

– An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.


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Conditioning Terms

• Unconditioned Response: – A reflexive response elicited by a

stimulus in the absence of learning.• Conditioned Response:

– A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.


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Principles of Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition• Extinction• Higher-Order Conditioning• Stimulus Generalization and

Discrimination


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Acquisition

• A neutral stimulus that is consistently followed by an unconditioned stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus.


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Extinction

• The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.


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Higher Order Conditioning

• A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.


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Generalization and Discrimination

• Stimulus Generalization: – After conditioning, the tendency to

respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning.

• Stimulus Discrimination: – The tendency to respond differently to

two or more similar stimuli.


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Classical Conditioning in Real Life


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Classical Conditioning in Real Life

• Learning to Like• Learning to Fear• Accounting for Taste• Reacting to Medical Treatments


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Learning to Fear

• An 11-month old boy – named “Albert” – was conditioned to fear a white laboratory rat– Each time he reached for the rat, Watson made a loud

clanging noise right behind Albert• Albert’s fear generalized to anything white and furry

– Including rabbits and Santa Claus


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Counterconditioning

• In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.


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Operant Conditioning


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• The Birth of Radical Behaviorism• The Consequences of Behavior• Principles of Operant Conditioning• Skinner: The Man and the Myth


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• The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.


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The Consequences of Behavior

• Reinforcement: – The process by which

a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

• Punishment: – The process by which

a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.


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Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement:– The response is

followed by presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus.

• Negative Reinforcement:– The response is

followed by removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of, an unpleasant stimulus.


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Punishment

• Positive Punishment: – The response is

followed by presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a punishing stimulus.

• Negative Punishment:– The response is

followed by removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of, an pleasant stimulus.


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Principles of Operant Conditioning

• Extinction• Stimulus generalization and

discrimination• Learning on schedule• Shaping• Biological limits on learning


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The “Skinner Box”

• When a rat in a Skinner box presses a bar, a food pellet or drop of water is automatically released.

• Similar boxes exist for pigeons and many other species.


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Learning on Schedule

• Continuous Reinforcement: – A reinforcement schedule in which a

particular response is always reinforced.

• Intermittent (Partial) Schedule of Reinforcement: – A reinforcement schedule in which a

particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.


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Skinner: The Man and the Myth

• Burrhus Frederick Skinner, 1904-1990– Better known as B.F.

Skinner• Much misinformation is

circulated about his life and work– e.g., his daughters

grew up normal, despite rumors that they were institutionalized


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Operant Conditioningin Real Life


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Operant Conditioningin Real Life

• The Pros and Cons of Punishment• The Problems with Reward


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When Punishment Fails

• People often administer punishment inappropriately or mindlessly.

• The recipient often responds with anxiety, fear, or rage.

• The effectiveness can be temporary, and depend on the presence of the person who administers it.


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When Punishment Fails

• Most misbehavior is hard to punish immediately.

• Punishment conveys little information. • An action intended to punish may instead by

reinforcing because it brings attention.


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Why Rewards Can Backfire

• Extrinsic Reinforcers: – Reinforcers that are not inherently

related to the action being reinforced, such as money, prizes, and praise.

• Intrinsic Reinforcers: – Reinforcers that are inherently related

to the action being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and satisfaction of accomplishment.


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Turning Play Into Work

• When preschoolers were promised a prize for drawing with felt-tip pens, the behavior increased.

• After they got the prizes, they spent less time with pens than before the study began.


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Social-Cognitive Learning Theories


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Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

• Learning by Observing• Behavior and the Mind


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Learning by Observing

• Observational Learning: – A process in which an individual learns

new responses by observing the behavior or another (a model) rather than through direct experience; sometimes called vicarious conditioning.


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Latent Learning

• Rats: one maze trial/day• One group found food every time (red line)• Second group never found food (blue line)• Third group found food on Day 11 (green line)

– Sudden change, day 12• Learning isn’t the same as performance

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 9-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community.

Documents

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neutral stimulus

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