W1: INTRODUCTION o · Selecting Heating System: • General Climate (south melb - pick more breeze in south melb. north melb -more cobalt stone, more thermal mass) • Passive Thermal

• W1: INTRODUCTION o Definition for EBS / Residential vs Commercial / Energy consumption %

• W2: RESIDENTIAL: PASSIVE DESIGN

o R value, U value, SHGC, Orientation, Characteristics, Glazing, Shading, Ventilation , Thermal Mass, Insulation , Sealing , RoT (Material , Regulations , Passive Design)

• W3: RESIDENTIAL: MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION o Embodied Energy, Building Elements, Light, VLT, Low-E, Thermally broken, Skylights, Flooring, Roofing,

Walls, Operational Energy, Types of glazing, frames, Window U + SHGC = VLT table

• W4: RESIDENTIAL: SERVICES ( WATER , ELECTRICITY AND LANDSCAPE ) o Drawing , Regulation (Stormwater), Stormwater, Rainwater, Cold Hot water connection, Dry vs Wet

system, Sewage, Drain ventilation, Greywater, Blackwater, Gas, Electricity and Phone (RCD, Domestic Switchboard), Regulation (Electrical), Electrical symbol drawing, Regulations (Broadband), Broadband connection, RoT (Services), Rainwater tank types, Electricity vs Gas, Household Energy Use (%)

• W5: RESIDENTIAL: ACTIVE SERVICES o Theory of heat, Selecting heating, Types of heating and cooling systems, COP, Heating, Trombe Wall,

Cooling, Hot Water, Solar Hot Water, PV Panels, Heating and Cooling table

• W6: DESIGNING FOR RESILIENCE o Resilience, Green Roof (advantages, Extensive vs Intensive), Bushfire, Droughts, Heatwave, Power

outage, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), High Tech

• W7: COMMERCIAL PASSIVE DESIGN AND ESD BENCHMARKS o Resi vs Commer, Thermal Comfort, Importance of Control, Terms, Orientation, Façade, VLT, Daylight

Factor, Natural Ventilation (Benefits , Challenges, strategies, criteria), Implication of building forms, Daylight design, Solar Control, Design for external openings (winter vs summer), Exposed Internal Thermal Mass, Brief Design, Internal Heat Gains, ESD Benchmark (Section J, NABERS, WELL, Green Star, Living Building Challenge), Tutorial Shading

• W8: COMMERCIAL ACTIVE SYSTEMS: HVAC o Condenser Water Loop diagram and components, Chiller, VAV, CAV, Diffuser, HVAC Diagrams (Air based,

water based), FCUs, Thermal Comfort, Measuring Comfort, Humidity , Air Velocity, Activity, Clothing, The Adaptive Approach, Ventilation, Air Delivery, Air Change, AIR vs WATER based, Economy Cycle, Cooling (Cooling tower, Chiller, AHU, Chilled beam, Batiso), Heating (Boiler, AHU, Chill beam), RoT (Everything), Best Practices (Passive cooling, Mixed Mode, Chilled Beams, Geothermal, Cogen/Trigen), Alan Gilbert

• W9: FIRE AND VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION o Stair width, Type of transport table, Angle of travel, Lifts, AS on transport, Regulations (Landing and

Balustrades), TGSI, Elements of Fire Safety, Smoke Alarm, Detector, Thermal, Communication, FIP, ASE, Occupant Warning, EWIS, Evacuation, Fire Stairs (FRL), Alternative Exit, Decision Points, Compartmentation, Smoke Management, Suppression Equipment (Hydrant, Hose, Sprinklers, Extinguisher), Class of fire, Atrium treatment, Summary, Regulations, Drawing Conventions, Tutorial Trip

• W10: LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS o Terms, Lumens vs Lux, Light Quality, Purpose of Luminaries, Light fittings, Lamp Types, Daylighting (Pros

Cons), RoT (Maximising daylight), Acoustics Design Principles, Acoustic Materials, Reverberations (Pros Cons), Terms, Acoustic BCA & Green Star, Lumen Method

• W11: BMS , IEQ AND COMFORT o BMS, IoT, AI, BMS diagram, IEQ Factors, IEQ assessment categories, IEQ Measurement, Green Star

• W12: BUILDING TYPES AND REGULATIONS

o BCA Classes, Issue, Designing w/ plants, Benefits

Lecture 5: Residential Active System

Theory of Heat:

1. Radiant heat: Radiant heat is emitted from hot surfaces. 2. Conductive heat: Heat that passes to you by contact – e.g. feet cool floor 3. Convective heat: Convective heat is heat which is transferred from one place to another using moving air.

Selecting Heating System:

• General Climate (south melb - pick more breeze in south melb. north melb - more cobalt stone, more thermal mass)

• Passive Thermal Properties of Building (well insulated, drafty, airtight?) • Building Function • System Performance:

o [• Mode of heat transfer • Response • Zoning • Noise] • Cost (capital cost n running cost) • Considerations based on the building

o (• Existing conditions) • Heat all or part of the house • Location of heat emitters • Continuous or intermittent load • Availability of fuel • Size of heating unit (load) –

how well the building envelope. • Space requirements (ducts, furnace) • Feasibility of installation • Capital cost • Operational cost • Maintenance

Types of Heating:

(hydronic slab, hydronic panels, electric slab, electric panels, reverse cycle air conditioner, gas ducted heating, gas heater, wood fire, geothermal, split systems, alternative heat shifting systems, passive solar air)

Types of Cooling:

(ceiling fans, reverse cycle air conditioner, ducted refrigerated air cooling, split system air conditioner, central evaporative cooling, portable evaporative cooler, portable fan, earth tubes).

COP (Coefficient of Performance): The ratio of useful heating or cooling output to the energy input Eg: a split system with a COP of 3 will produce 3 units of heating or cooling for 1 unit of electricity input

Residential active system (Decision) - Ben Callery.

• Local climate (consider the requirement for heating n cooling) • Passive design of building (ideally design minimises requirement for heating n cooling) • Thermal envelope n material (consider systems to complement the materials *thermal mass) • Budget (consider installation n running cost) • Health requirements of occupants (ashmatic doesn’t want moving air) • Preparedness of occupants to operate building (will they open window n close blinds, etc) • Sources of energy (availability of energy in site, gas and electricity, sustainability)

PV PANELS

Solar Photovoltaic Panel: AS/NZS 5033:2005 Installation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays

• Types: 1. Amorphous

a. Cheap, flexible, relatively low efficiency 2. Poly crystalline (usual)

a. Lower efficiency than mono crystalline b. Higher temperature resilience (efficiency doesn’t go down significantly when its hot)

3. Mono crystalline (circle) a. Higher efficiency than polycrystalline b. Lower temperature resilience ( works best in cold)

1. Crystalline solar modules

• are covered with tempered glass on top and have an ethylene vinyl acetate resin material on the back to protect the solar cells from moisture.

• The most efficient crystalline silicon cells are monocrystalline and are made from slices of a large single ingot, or crystal boule. Multi-crystalline or polycrystalline cells are made up of many small silicon crystals and have a speckled appearance. They have a lower ‘output efficiency’

• Crystalline modules perform best in cooler temperatures.

2. Thin film modules:

• A thin layer that can generate direct current electricity when exposed to sunlight. • The advantages of thin film technology include easier deposition onto materials and assembly, low cost of

substrates or building materials, ease of production and suitability to large applications. • The output efficiency of thin film modules is lower than that of crystalline modules, but they are all price

competitive.

• A pitch of 30 DEG is optimal in Melbourne for best annual solar input.

Micro Inverters:

- Single malfunctioning panel will not impact entire system

- Safer (low DC voltage)

- More flexible - More expensive - Cant be used with batteries

Central Inverters:

- Low capital cost - Easy to install - Can be used with batteries

- Single potential point of failure for entire system

Micro Inverter Central Inverter

HEATING SYSTEMS

COOLING SYSTEMS

Benefits: • Fresh air is brought in separately and so offer

a better control of comfort and needs. • Minimal space per floor required, means

better ceiling heights. • More efficient to move water than air • More thermal mass

Drawback: • Hard to modify system with floor layout

changes • A bit less responsive • Less common in AU • Means extra equipment/ systems • More expensive

COOLING: A. Cooling Tower:

• The cooling tower : evaporative air conditioner. • It uses water to “reject heat” and therefore

provide cooling through evaporation B. Chiller:

• Chillers cool things • A chiller generally includes:

o a compressor, o a condenser, o a thermal expansion valve, and o an evaporator.

• Absorption chillers use heat to do the cooling, and are based on a thermal compressor, which is comprised of an absorber, a generator, a pump and a throttle

C. Air Handling Unit:

• In cooling mode, the chill water from the chiller flows into the cooling coil to cool down the filtered air. • In heating, water from the boiler flows into the heating coil to heat the filtered air. Once it’s filtered and

heat or coolth, it’ll be distributed to the building (called the supply air). The air coming back from the building called return air, pushed back to the AHU. It can be rejected out, partly recycled, mixed back with the supply air, or entirely recycled depends on the quality of the air and outside conditions.

Once you have cold water … • You cool the air in the AHU and pressurise it with a fan and distribute it using (AIR BASED)

OR • You send chilled water around the building through pipes to supply FCU, chilled beams, batiso and other

elements, then return it to the control box.… (WATER BASED)

THERMAL DETECTOR: Wants to avoid false alarm but good to still notify potential of fires. (Kitchen) Communication

1. Fire Indicator Panel (FIP) receives detection signal 2. Communication system notifies people to evacuate 3. Alarm Signalling Equipment (ASE) calls fire brigade 4. Communication equipment to facilitate wardens and fire brigade

FIP - Fire Indicator Panel: including ASE (sends fire brigade) inside.

• FIP networks and monitors all detection devices in building • Apartment buildings < 25 m height do not typically have ASE

Occupant warning system vs EWIS (Emergency Warning and Intercommunication System).

• Occupant warning system sounds automatic warning through ENTIRE BUILDING. Typically controlled by FIP . Required for apartments < 25 m high

• Emergency warning and intercommunication system (EWIS) includes ZONED evacuation, PA and warden intercom points (WIP phones). Required for apartments >25 m

Evacuation:

• Illuminated exit signage & emergency lighting. • Exit & Fire Safety doors • Stairs (open, fire isolated or external) • Emergency plans • Wardens • Assembly points • Lifts – can't use • Fire drills • 20 m to decision point, 40 m to exit. • Under 25 meters, only need one exit per storey. If more than 25 meters, more exit needed.

Fire Isolated Stairs

• Must have FRL of 90/90/90 for Class 2 and 3, or 120/120/120 for office and public assembly (FRL varies for other classes)

• Must have self-closing doors with FRL -/60/30 • Must direct people down and out (or up and out) of the building • Must discharge directly to a road or open space or other acceptable place of safety. • Must be non-combustible construction with strict controls on combustible linings.

Fire Isolation:

• To keep the escape routes (such as stairwells) clear of smoke while occupants evacuate. • This is achieved by pressurising the stairwell with a fan, so that the stairwell is at a higher pressure than

the surrounding floors, resulting in a pressure differential (pd), which in turn restricts smoke flow into the stairwell.

*Compartments, Automatic Fire/ Smoke Doors, Air Conditioning Systems.

Limitations of the Lumen Method? • Doesn’t consider the provision of daylight • Realistically only works with point light sources • Accounts for minimum lighting levels but not maximum (glare) • Only considers the QUANTITY of light, not the QUALITY

LUMEN METHOD: STEP BY STEP 1. Find N as the final target 2. Find E by picking the lux level we want (Refer to Illuminance Table) 3. Find A by working out the area of the room (Work surface) 4. Find UF by working out:

• Room Index : using Room Index formula • Reflectance: (Refer to Reflectance Table) Ceiling, walls and floor • Luminaire Type: Choose which one you want (Refer to Luminaire Table) • Use all that information and find UF (Refer to UF Table)

5. Find MF by working out: • Type of work space and location (Where?) • Regularity of cleaning services (Years?) • Type of luminaire (Which you have chosen) • Use all that information and find MF (Refer to MF Table)

6. Find F by picking lamp type and lumens (Refer to Lamp Characteristics Table) 7. Find n ( assume n = 1 if using downlights) 8. Rearrange formula to get N = something

• N = (E x A / MF x UF ) ÷ n x F 9. Work out distance between lamps by using Spacing Criteria (SC) x hm

• Find SC by choosing a beam angle 10. Luminaires along width x Luminaires along length = N

• Room width / # of luminaires along length < SC x hm • Room length /# of luminaires along width < SC x hm

LUMEN METHOD: SOLUTION:

o Add extra lights to allow a uniform lighting plan. o Change to lights with a bigger spread (instead of the norm of 1.4). o Lightening the walls would mean less luminaries in the space.

IEQ IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) - Pippa Soccio. o FACTORS AFFECTING IEQ:

1. Acoustic 2. Lighting 3. Indoor Air Quality 4. Thermal Comfort

o Activity, Lighting, Acoustic, Smell, Temperature, Humidity, Views. o The IEQ of a space must match the functional requirements of the activity being undertaken.

Who is responsible? Architect, Engineer, Builder, Interior Design, Occupant. INDOOR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY: assess and reward strategies and actions taken to ensure buildings are healthy and comfortable places to live and work within. [building envelope]

1. Quality of Indoor Air: o assesses the systems that provide air, and the quality of the air supplied to a building’s occupied

spaces 2. Hazardous Materials:

o rewards operational practices and actions that reduce the health risks to building occupants from the hazardous materials commonly found in older buildings.

3. Lighting Comfort: o rewards where processes and strategies are in place to ensure that all lights are flicker-free, and

render colour accurately, and where discomfort glare is minimised. Ensure optimal lighting levels within a building’s regularly occupied spaces.

4. Daylight and Views: o rewards the provision of well-lit spaces that offer appropriate levels of natural daylight for the tasks

regularly performed by building occupants. 5. Thermal Comfort:

o rewards the monitoring of temperature, humidity, and air speed throughout the performance period.

6. Acoustic Comfort: o rewards the monitoring of noise from building systems and exterior sources and the maintenance of

such at appropriate levels. 7. Occupant Comfort and Satisfaction:

o rewards the assessment of building occupants’ overall comfort by way of an occupant satisfactory survey, with points awarded where at least 80% of respondents indicate satisfaction during the performance period.