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Eng 101 SS15Apostrophes, commas, semicolons, colons
Causal techniques & reading discussions
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Eng101_SS15Apostrophes
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Apostrophe
Only 2 uses
1. ownership
2. omission
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Apostrophe
-
Ownership
Use possessive nouns to show that
someone owns something
◦ That is the nose of Mary.
◦ That is Mary’s nose.
◦
Those are the toes of Gary.◦ Those are Gary’s toes.
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Apostrophe
-
Ownership
Use posessive nouns to show that
someone owns something
◦ Moses’ tablets
◦ Achilles’ heel
◦
Jesus’ parables or Jesus’s parables
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Apostrophe
-
Ownership
If 2 people own the same thing, use anapostrophe s for only the second
person◦ The marriage of Jim and Mimi
◦ Jim and Mimi’s marriage
◦ The father of Kate and Meg ◦ Kate and Meg’s father
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Apostrophe - Ownership
If 2 people do not own the same thing,
use an apostrophe s for both people
◦ The toes of Jim and Mimi
◦ Jim’s and Mimi’s toes
◦
The teeth of Kate and Meg ◦ Kate’s and Meg’s teeth
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Apostrophe - Ownership
If the noun is already plural (boys) just
add an apostrophe
◦ One boy and one car
◦ The boy’s car
◦
Two boys and two cars◦ The boys’ cars
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Apostrophe - Omission
Use an apostrophe to indicate missing
letters or numbers
◦ 10 o’clock
◦ ‘93
◦
Let’s◦ It’s
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Apostrophe - Omission
Use an apostrophe to indicate missingletters or numbers
◦ Both boy’s and girl’s are invited to tryout for the swim team.
◦ Tomato’s are for sale.
◦ I grew up in the 1990’s.◦ There are three 9’s on this page.
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Apostrophe - Omission
The rule about letters and
apostrophes...
◦ Mississippi is spelled with four s’s , fourI’s, and two p’s.
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Commas
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Commas
6 basic rules
1. Separate items in lists of 3+2. Before a coordinating conjunction
3. Around information that is not
essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 9 rules)
4. Between consecutive adjectives
5. Omissions6. Conventions
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Commas
1. Separate items in lists of 3+
Please buy eggs milk bread and cereal atthe store.
*MLA uses the Oxford comma (APA &
AP do not)I like playing tennis rollerblading and
trying to beat my dad at putt-putt.
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Commas
2. Before a coordinating conjunction
My sister’s name is Lily and my brother’sname is Lucus.
I rushed home and I finished my homework
before soccer practice.I am very good in Spanish, and in French.
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Commas3. Around information that is not essential to
the meaning of the sentence (this covers 9
rules) After conjunctive adverbs
After introductory phrases & clauses
Before and/or after an interjection
Before and/or after Latin abbreviations (e.g.) Before and after parenthetical expressions
When adjectives come after a noun
With titles when they come after person’s
name Before and after appositives
Around a direct address
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Commas3. Around information that is not essential
to the meaning of the sentence (thiscovers 8 rules)
I didn’t study very much; nevertheless I madea good grade.
Since my mother forgot to pack me a dessertI ate your cookie.
Laney ran fast and got home before hermother.
My English teacher kind of heart and generous of spirit will surely give me an Aif I learn all these comma rules.
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Commas
3. Around information that is not
essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 8 rules)
I’ve told you twice boys and girls to do
your homework.Wow what a beautiful dress.
I love sports e.g. baseball basketball and
football.They usually cost if you get a good deal
about $200.
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Commas
3. Around information that is not
essential to the meaning of thesentence (this covers 8 rules)
Arith Metic Ph.D. is my math teacher.
Katie Stevens the best ballerina in the performance shone as the star of the
evening.
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Commas4. Between consecutive adjectives
It was a dark cold dreary night.
*the and test
I bought some expensive and stylish andwhite tennis shoes.
I bought some expensive, stylish white shoes.*use a comma when you could switch theorder of the adjectives and the sentencestill sound okay
I wore tennis blue shoes.I wore blue tennis shoes.
*Do NOT put a comma before the noun.
I ate a beautiful, ripe, delicious, firm, apple.
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Commas
5. Omissions
I ordered chicken; Amanda fish.
Tonight I will study math; tomorrowSpanish.
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Commas
6. Conventions
Between cities and states In numbers over 999 (not in
addresses)
Direct quotations (he/she said) Dates
After greetings and before closings in
friendly letters
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The Good Doctor...Today, more and more Americans attempt to
find a good night’s sleep in a pill bottle. In
fact, the CDC reports that nine millionAmericans rely on prescriptions, similar toAmbien or Lunesta, to find a good night’ssleep. WebMD lists sleep-driving as a side-effect of prescription sleep aids. The warning,
appearing on the Benadryl bottle, indicatesthat users should not operate heavymachinery; however, people drive aroundtown asleep while influenced by these drugs!If sleep-driving was not scary enough, the
British Medical Journal published a studyshowing individuals who utilize prescriptionsleep aids tend to have a higher death rate;in fact, the death rate is four times higherthan people who do not use sleep aids!
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; :
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Semicolon use between two
complete sentences that are closely
related My family is Jewish. We celebrate Chanukah
but not Christmas.
My family is Jewish; we celebrate Chanukahbut not Christmas.
I like pie; however, I like pizza more.
My family is Jewish; not Christian.
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Semicolon use between two
complete sentences that are closely
related My dad is a coach at the university. We get free tickets to any
sports event we want to see.
My dad is a coach at the university. We have some cousins who
live in Texas.
I have three dogs, and two of them are golden retrievers.
I have three dogs; and two of them are golden retrievers.
NEVER USE A SEMICOLON WITH A COORDINATINGCONJUNCTION!!!
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Semicolon use in lists already
containing internal punctuation We saw Meg, captain of the basketball team, Avery,
captain of the tennis team, Ryan, captain of the crew, and Archer, captain of the volleyball team.
We saw Meg, captain of the basketball team; Avery,captain of the tennis team; Ryan, captain of the crew; and
Archer, captain of the volleyball team.
He ate a baked potato with sour cream, cheese, andbacon; a steak with A-1 steak sauce, caramelized onions,and mushrooms; and ice cream with whipped cream, fudge,and jimmies.
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Semicolon use in lists already
containing internal punctuation
He ate a baked potato with sour cream, cheese, andbacon, a steak with A-1 steak sauce, caramelizedonions, and mushrooms, and ice cream with whippedcream, fudge, and jimmies.
He ate a baked potato with sour cream, cheese, andbacon; a steak with A-1 steak sauce, caramelizedonions, and mushrooms; and ice cream with whipped
cream, fudge, and jimmies.
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Semicolon use in lists already
containing internal punctuation
I love the words brouhaha, googaloo, andflabbergasted, the names Vanessa, Charlotte, andCassandra, the states Idaho, and Illinois, but not thefoods anchovies, olives, and eggplant.
I love the words brouhaha, googaloo, andflabbergasted; the names Vanessa, Charlotte, andCassandra; the states Idaho, and Illinois; but not the
foods anchovies, olives, and eggplant.
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Colon
A complete sentence ALWAYS
comes before After the colon is either another
complete sentence...
This sentence is grammatically correct: Iwonder if wolves actually wolf down their pizzas the way I wolf down mine.
or a list.
I want to travel to the following countries:Brazil, Peru, Greece, Russia, and Australia.
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Colon (Good or Bad)
A complete sentence ALWAYS
comes before These are the ingredients: flour, eggs, sugar,
milk, and chocolate.
There’s only one sport for me: alligatorwrestling.
I want to see the new ninja movie: and thenew Spider-Man movie, too.
Colon Disclaimer
kinda
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Colon Disclaimer...kindaif the first word after a colon begins a
complete sentence, that word can be
capitalized or lowercase. Both are correct. I’m sure you know the old saying about
apples: an apple a day keeps the doctor
away.
I’m sure you know the old saying about
apples: An apple a day keeps the doctoraway.
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Causal Techniques
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What are the elements of a
Causal essay? Purpose
Patterns
Reasoning Errors
Ethics
Thesis and details
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Purpose Cause
◦ Probes the reasons why actions, events,attitudes, and conditions exist
Effect
◦ Examines consequences of causes
Explain historical events, naturalhappenings, actions and attitudes ofindividuals and groups
Help readers anticipate theconsequences of personal actions,natural phenomena, or governmentpolicies
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Patterns Single cause produces several effects
Might discuss cause then effects oreffects then cause
I. Poor language skills
II. Body
A. Can’t keep up with required
reading
B. Can’t take adequate notes
C. Can’t write competent papers
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Patterns Several causes produce one effect
◦ Might discuss effect then causes or causesthen effect
I. Decrease in U.S. zinc production
II. BodyA. produced more cheaply abroad
B. replaced on cars by plastics, lighter
metalsC. cannot be recycled
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Patterns Causal Chain
◦
Each event is effect of preceding one and thecause of the following one
◦ Help explain how devices function and howsome social changes proceed
◦ Similar to process analyses which is
concerned with HOW events occur...causal isconcerned with WHY events occur
II. Body
A. sleep late
B. miss breakfastC. become hungry and distracted
D. perform poorly on exam
Patterns
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Patterns Multiple Cause-Multiple Effect
◦ Sequence of causes and effects is too complex to fit
image of chain◦ Present causes then effects or effects then causes
Topic: accident
II. Body
A. causes of the accident1. driver ran stop sign
2. Bushes and unlit headlights impairedvision
3. Wet pavement caused skidding
B. Effects of the accident
1. missed the movie
2. Unnerved so missed classes next day
3. Other driver lost license
R i E
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Reasoning Errors
Ignoring multiple causes
An effect rarely stems from a singlecause
Mistaking chronology for causation
Don’t assume that just because oneevent followed another that the firstnecessarily caused the other(chronology)
Confusing causes and effects Pam and Paul married because they fell
in love; in reality it was an economicnecessity, and love came later.
Ethi
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EthicsForcing a particular outcome by uncovering only
certain causes
Report blaming poor instruction for highstudent failure rate neglects oversized classes,socioeconomics
Carefully weighed importance of chosen causes
If a few, but not most, of the classes in theproblem school system are oversized, thenreport shouldn’t stress their significance
Discuss every important effect (even one thatdamages point)
Report emphasizing the beneficial effects of jogging must discuss potential for energy
Consequences of people acting upon essay
Call to action
Th i & D t il
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Thesis & DetailsThesis statement
Identifies the event to be explained oreffects to be considered
Explains importance of understandingthe causes or effects
Offers a summary of the major causesor effects
Details
Not just a bare-bones discussion ofcauses and effects or a list
Vivid description used
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Eng101SP15
Reading discussion
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Freewriting
Given a topic
Write for given time
Do not stop writing…if you get
stuck, pick a word and just keep writing it until your next thought
comes through
F iti
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Freewriting• In what ways can causal essays impact
readers?
Write the question.
Answer the question. How does it line up with one of the readings? Why?
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Break into three groups
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Discuss each of the following for your
assigned story. Make sure you can identify
these elements well enough to repeat this
information in your next group.
• Purpose
• Patterns
• Reasoning Errors
• Ethics
• Thesis & Details
Ji sa !
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Meet in the following groups. Share your
knowledge of your previously assignedelement with the group. The purpose is
for all group members to fully
understand all of the elements in eachof the readings.
Jigsaw!
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Causal Analysis
• Choose ONE of the readings• Write a 3-4 page essay discussing the
effectiveness of the author’s causationtechniques◦
Writing process; MLA format◦ Introduction
◦ Body paragraphs
◦ Conclusion
◦ Grammar & mechanics
•
(optional) Rough draft conferences – Thursday3/19
• Peer review rough drafts – Tuesday 3/24
• Final copy due – Thursday 3/26
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For Monday...
Rough draft #3 Causal Analysis