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vudro uilsons, rogorc ruzvelts, miaCnda, rom xalxis piradi warmomadgeneli iyo da rom prezidentze ukeT aravin izrunebda qveynis saerTo interesebze. mis progresul reformebs amerikasa da msoflioSi axali tipis wesrigis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba mohyva.
vudro uilsoni 1856 wels daibada samxreTeli presviterianeli mRvdlis ojaxSi, romelic TavgamodebiT icavda konfederacias da monaTmflobelic ki iyo. uilsonma daamTavra prinsto-nis universiteti, sadac istoria da politikuri filosofia Seiswavla. 1883 wels jon hopkin-sis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia amerikis politikis Temaze da Semdeg didi warmatebiT kiTxulobda leqciebs sxvadasxva kolejsa da universitetSi.
uilsoni aseve iyo didebuli oratori. isic ki uTqvamT, rom misi gamosvlis ritmze valsis cekvac ki SeiZleboda. sxvaTa Soris, ukve prezidentobisas, kiTxvaze, Tu rogor axerxebda ase-Ti kargi da mokle sityvis Tqmas, uilsonma upasuxa: `Tu aTwuTiani gamosvla maqvs, erTi kvira vemzadebi, TxuTmetwuTian sityvas sam dReSi vamzadeb, xolo erTsaaTiani gamosvlisTvis axlac mzad var“.
vudro uilsoni brwyinvale profesori, reformatori prezidenti da
erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideis sulisCamdgmeli
vasil kaWarava
didi adamianebi
10
universitetis prezidentobis bolo pe-riodSi uilsoni sul ufro metad dainte-resda didi politikiT da misma momxreebma mis amerikis prezidentobaze daiwyes fiqri. maT am gzaze pirvel etapad niu-jersis gu-bernatoroba arCies da rodesac 1910 wlis oqtomberSi uilsonma prinstonis universi-tetis prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gadad-gomis Sesaxeb ganacxada, igi ukve arCeuli iyo demokratiuli partiis kandidatad gu-bernatoris postze.
uilsoni warmatebiT agrZelebda Tavis winamorbedTa Semtev politikas karibis zRvis auzSi da amas moraluri xasiaTis ar-gumentebiT asabuTebda: rom amerikam am xalxebs ara marto sakuTari produqcia un-da mihyidos, aramed demokratiis wesebic unda Seaswavlos – Tu saWiro gaxda, Zalis gamoyenebiTac; isic uTqvams, `laTinuri amerikis respublikebs unda vaswavlo kargi kacis arCeva“. zogi amas `moralur imperia-lizmsac“ ki uwodebda. iTvleba, rom arc erT prezidents, arc manamde da arc mere, ar gamouyenebia Zala laTinur amerikaSi ise xSirad, rogorc uilsons. uilsonis mmarT-velobis wlebSi ukiduresad daiZaba urTi-erToba amerikasa da meqsikas Soris, iyo mo-menti, roca omis safrTxec ki gaCnda. meqsika ara marto uSualo da didi mezobeli qveyana
iyo, aramed am qveyanaSi sakmaod sarfianad saqmianobda amerikuli kapitali da amerike-lebs iq miliardze metis investicia hqon-daT. 1916 wels meqsikis meamboxe generalma, cnobilma panCo viliam, saxelmwifo gadat-rialebis mowyoba scada da kinaRam amerikas-Tan omis provocirebac ki moaxerxa. panCo vilias meomrebi arizonisa da niu-meqsikos sasazRvro qalaqebSi SeiWrnen da 17 amerike-lic mokles. uilsonma, meqsikis mTavrobas-Tan SeTanxmebiT, amerikis erT-erTi sauke-Teso sardali – generali perSingi gagzavna vilias dasasjelad, magram perSingma igi ver daiWira da male, 1917 wels, misi jari ukan gaiwvies, miT umetes, rom perSings gacile-biT ufro seriozuli davaleba mieca – ame-rika mas evropis brZolis velebze saomrad gzavnida.
panCo vilia (1878-1923)
jon jozef perSingi (1860-1948) – amerikuli armiis generali, espaneT-amerikisa da pirveli
soni gamarjvebas optimisturad ar uyurebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ori evropuli blokis mom-xreebs ar moswondaT uilsonis neitraliteti, isini mainc ar warmoadgendnen umravlesobas da uilsonma, arcTu didi gansxvavebiT, magram mainc gaimarjva 9,1 milioni amomrCevlis xmiT 8,5 mi-lionis winaaRmdeg, xolo saarCevno kolegiaSi – 277 xmiT 254-is winaaRmdeg. rasakvirvelia, ar-Cevnebis Sedegebi maSinac mniSvnelovanwilad saSinao politikis sakiTxebma ganapiroba.
viTareba TandaTan sul ufro rTuldeboda. jer kidev 1915 wlis maisSi germanelebma CaZi-res britanuli samgzavro xomaldi `luzitania“, romelSic 1200 daRupul mgzavrs Soris 128 amerikelic iyo. uilsonma mkacri nota gaugzavna germanias. germanelebma piroba dades, rom aR-ar daesxmebodnen Tavs samgzavro gemebs, magram am pirobam nel-nela Zala dakarga, miT umetes, rom zogjer aseTi gemebiT marTlac gadahqondaT iaraRi. rodesac germaniam 1917 wels kvlav ga-naaxla wyalqveSa navebis SeuzRudavi sazRvao omi da ganacxada, rom sabrZolo moqmedebis zona-Si nebismier gems CaZiravda, viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba. germanelebi xvdebodnen, rom amas, sa-varaudod, omSi amerikis Cabma mohyveboda, magram imedovnebdnen, rom samxedro moqmedebebSi amerikelTa realur CarTvamde moaswrebdnen antantis damarcxebas.
`luzitanias“ CaZriva
vudro uilsoni
15
amerikaSi antigermanuli ganwyobebis zrdaSi didi roli Seasrula germaniis sagareo saqme-Ta ministris, alfred cimermanis, saidumlo depeSam meqsikis mTavrobisadmi, romelic brita-nulma dazvervam gaSifra da gaasajarova. germania, amerikis omSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, meqsikas amerikaze Tavdasxmisken mouwodebda, samagierod ki, meqsikelebs 1849 wels SeerTebuli State-bis mier warTmeuli uzarmazari miwebis dabrunebas hpirdeboda. bunebrivia, aman amerikelTa udidesi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ruseTSi 1917 wlis TebervalSi mefis TviTmpyrobe-lobis damxobam. Tu manamde demokratiuli amerikisTvis uxerxuli iyo naxevrad feoda-lur saxelmwifosTan kavSiri, axla ruseT-Si, ase Tu ise, demokratiuli mTavroba Camo-yalibda da masTan TanamSromlobac ukve aR-ar iyo saTakilo. ra icoda msofliom, rom male ruseTis xelisuflebaSi yvelaze uf-ro sisxliani diqtatura movidoda, romel-Tan SedarebiT nikoloz II-is ruseTi libe-ralur saxelmwifod moeCvenebodaT! ruse-Tis faqtori sxva mxrivac iyo mniSvnelova-ni. TviTmpyrobelobis dacemidan Zalian ma-le gamoCnda, rom axali, Tundac demokrati-uli, mTavroba, ise gacxovelebiT veRar ga-agrZelebda oms da amis gamo germania Tavisi samxedro resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils dasavleTSi gadaisroda, sadac mas gadaRli-li da sisxlisgan daclili franguli armia
jerovan winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda. marTalia, britaneTi medgrad idga, magram misi armia arc ise mravalricxovani iyo da Tan gadaRlilic Canda. amrigad, amerikelTa omSi Cabma ukve sasi-cocxlod mniSvnelovani xdeboda dasavleTis frontisTvis.
1917 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi germanelebma oTxi amerikuli gemi CaZires da es bolo wveTi iyo. am viTarebaSi amerikas unda emoqmeda da Zalaze ZaliTve unda epasuxa. sabolood, 1917 wlis 6 aprils, kongresma omis gamocxadebis rezolucia miiRo, Tumca qveda palataSi 50 deputati, senatSi ki 6 senatori winaaRmdegi iyo.
I msoflio omis droindeli politikuri karikatura – `SeuerTdi germanias da miiRe cotaodeni SeerTebuli Statebi~
sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame gamovida. safrangeTma da britaneTma mkacrad dasajes germania da aq romaulma principma – `vai damarcxebuls“ ufro imZlavra, vidre uilsonis TanasworTa SeTanxmebam.
vudro uilsoni
19
didi adamianebi
natma uari Tqva erTa ligis saqmianobaSi mo-nawileobaze da versalis zavis ratifici-rebas Svidi xma daaklda. es im sababiT moxda, rom erTa ligis wevroba kvlav CaiTrevda aSS-s evropis sisxlian saqmeebSi, amave dros, SeboWavda amerikul sagareo politikas da mas ligis gadawyvetilebebze damokide-buls gaxdida. uilsons isic gauxsenes, rom versalis molaparakebebze amerikul dele-gaciaSi man arc erTi cnobili respublike-li moRvawe ar dapatiJa, anu qveynis mosax-leobis naxevris warmomadgenelTa azri ar gauTvaliswinebia. arada, erTa liga xom uilsonis SemuSavebuli dazavebisa da omis-Semdgomi mowyobis gegmis, e.w. 14 punqtis, erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawili iyo. aseTi politikuri anekdotic arsebobs: uilsonisTvis saiqioSi moses miusamZimre-bia – es ra uqnes msoflios xalxebma Tqvens 14 punqtso? – eg araferi, – uTqvams uil-sons, – Tqven is unda naxoT, maT Tqvens aT mcnebas ra uyveso.
magram uilsons axsovda mis misasalmeblad gamosuli aRtacebuli xalxiT gadaWedili lon-donis, romis, parizis quCebi, ramac garkveulwilad daabrmava kidec igi da sabolood obieqtu-rad ver Seafasa viTareba rogorc evropaSi, ise samSobloSi – mxolod sakuTari azri miaCnda sworad. erTa ligis sakiTxSi mas mkveTrad daupirispirda respublikuri umravlesoba senator
henri kebot lojisa da uiliam boras xelmZ-RvanelobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom uilson-ma bevri ikamaTa senatTan da xangrZlivi mogzauroba daiwyo dasavleTis StatebSi swored erTa ligis sakiTxSi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, mainc verafers gaxda. ufro metic, am mogzaurobis dros, 1919 wels, mas dambla daeca. saprezidento vadis dasru-lebamde igi sakmaod mZimed avadmyofi mar-Tavda qveyanas, magram ukve aRarc jani mos-devda da aRarc gavlena. marTalia, maSin jer kidev ar arsebobda konstituciis 22-e Sesworeba, romelic prezidentis mmarTve-lobis periods mxolod ori vadiT sazRv-ravda, magram, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, uilsonis xelaxal kandidatobaze saubari aRarc yofila. es didi adamiani sak-maod male, 1924 wels, gardaicvala.
Teodor ruzveltisgan gansxvavebiT, vudro uilsons cota megobari hyavda da ax-lo megobari TiTqmis arc hyolia. rogorc zogierTi arakeTilmosurne mkvlevari aR-niSnavda, mas ar uyvarda Tavis garemocvaSi Zlieri da damoukideblad moazrovne xalxi, romlebic mis mosazrebebs gaakritikebdnen. igi gacilebiT naklebad icnobda msoflios, vidre TviTon miaCnda. magram, albaT, yvela-feri SedarebiTia – amerikis erT-erTi yve-
prezidenti uilsoni ojaxTan erTad
henri kebot loji(1850-1924)
uiliam bora(1865-1940)
20
laze ganaTlebuli prezidenti rogorme mra-val politikur oponentze ukeT mainc erkveo-da saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi. amis dasturia uilsonis idea erTa ligaSi amerikis saqmiano-bis Sesaxeb, romelic rom ganxorcielebuliyo, SeiZleba erTa liga ufro qmediTunarian meqa-nizmad eqcia da msoflios Tavidan aecilebina mTeli is ubedureba, rac II msoflio omma mou-tana. anu uilsonma sxvebze adre ganWvrita, rom 1920 wlisTvis amerikuli izolacionizmis dro damTavrda, magram bevri jiuti da naklebad ga-naTlebuli senatoris `damsaxurebiT~ amerike-lebi amas mxolod 1941 wlis 7 dekembers mixvd-nen – perl harborze iaponelTa Tavdasxmis Sem-deg.
ase sakmaod dramatulad dasrulda ameri-kis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino prezidentis moRvaweoba. marTalia, misi prezidentobis bo-lo arcTu warmatebuli iyo, magram man Zalian bevri gaakeTa rogorc amerikisTvis, ise msof-liosTvis da am Rvawls veraferi gadafaravs – igi marTebulad miiCneva amerikis erT-erT udi-des prezidentad.