Von Li-Ionen-Altbatterien zur Produktion neuer Li-Ionen-Batterien – Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe Arno Kwade 1)2) , Wolfgang Haselrieder 1) , Stefan Doose 1) , Stefan Blume 2) 1) Institute for Particle Technology and Battery LabFactory (BLB), TU Braunschweig 2) Fraunhofer Center for Energy Storage and Systems, Braunschweig
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Von Li-Ionen-Altbatterien zur Produktion neuer Li-Ionen-Batterien –
Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe
Arno Kwade1)2), Wolfgang Haselrieder 1), Stefan Doose 1), Stefan Blume2)
1) Institute for Particle Technology and Battery LabFactory (BLB), TU Braunschweig2) Fraunhofer Center for Energy Storage and Systems, Braunschweig
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 2
Motivation
E-mobility and green energy production
cause extreme increase in battery
demand, especially lithium-ion batteries
Primary raw material reserves are not
sufficient to fulfill mid- and longterm demand
of battery materials and are ecological not
advantageous
Germany must become less dependent on
material delivery from foreign countries
Circular production and closed
material cycles are essential for
ecological friendly e-mobility and
green energy production
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 3
Components and function of Lithium-ion battery
Cath
od
eA
no
de Active material
Anode
Active material
Cathode
Carbon black
Binder
Electrolyte
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 4
Cath
od
eA
no
de
Discharge
Components and function of Lithium-ion battery
A. Kwade et.al. (2018) Nature Energy 3 (4), pp. 290-300
Energy & Power
density
CostsLife
time
SafetySustainability
(e.g. CO2 foot print)
Requirements
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 5
Cost breakdown of cell production costs and material costs
Manufacturing
cost
Material costs
74.9 %
Direct labour
8.2 %
Depreciation
8.5 %
Capital
2.8 %
Energy
3.1 %
Other
2.5 %
Anode
14.3 %
Cathode
49.5 %
Separator
17.5 %
Electrolyte
4.8 %
Housing/parts
13.9 %
Material cost
Accum
ula
ted
valu
e
ES
A
Determination based on C//NMC, PHEV2, 36 Ah
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 5
A. Kwade et.al. (2018) Nature Energy 3 (4), pp. 290-300
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 6
Demand of materials for battery production
Very high demand of
following metals for
battery production
Nickel (cathode)
Graphite (anode)
Cupper (current
collector, pack
wiring)
Aluminium (current
collector, housing,
cathode material)
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 7
High importance of low environmental impact
[Ellingsen et al. (2017), Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction
batteries with focus on greenhouse gas emissions, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55:82–90.]
Cell materials have high
share with regard to the
environmental impact of
batteries
Car manufacturer force
material supplier and by
that mines to minimize
environmental impact
(e.g. CO2 footprint) and
production cost
We require new environmental
friendly material production
technologies
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 8
Content
Motivation of closed material cycles1
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries2
Re-synthesis of active material3
Battery cell production4
Conclusions5
Outlook – Future battery technologies6
20
µm10 µm
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 9
Circular Economy and Production of Batteries
Knowledge based
CircularBattery
Production
System Integration
Raw
materials Material/Component
Production
Manufacturing
of cells
Battery system manufacturing
Battery usage
(primary/secondary)
Recycling of
battery systems Production of
electrodes
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 10
Circular Economy and Production of Batteries
Pilot scale battery production facility
Knowledge based
CircularBattery
Production
System Integration
Material/Component
production
Manufacturing
of cells
Battery system manufacturing
Battery usage
(primary/
secondary)
Recycling of
battery systems Electrode
production
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 11
Circular Economy and Production of Batteries
Knowledge based
CircularBattery
Production
System Integration
Material/Component
Production
Manufacturing
of cells
Battery system manufacturing
Battery usage
(primary/secondary)
Recycling of
battery systems Production of
electrodes
Arno Kwade | Lösungsansätze für geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe | BLB | Slide 12
Importance of Battery Recycling
Number of End-of-Life Battery Systems and components
Source: Institute of Automotive Management and Industrial Production