Volunteering in Shanghai Volunteering in Shanghai Songxing Su Songxing Su Shanghai Population & Development Research Shanghai Population & Development Research Center Center Tit-wing Lo Tit-wing Lo Chau-kiu Cheung Chau-kiu Cheung City University of Hong Kong City University of Hong Kong 1
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Volunteering in Shanghai Songxing Su Shanghai Population & Development Research Center Tit-wing Lo Chau-kiu Cheung City University of Hong Kong 1.
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Volunteering in ShanghaiVolunteering in Shanghai
Songxing SuSongxing SuShanghai Population & Development Research CenterShanghai Population & Development Research Center
City University of Hong KongCity University of Hong Kong
11
Volunteering commitment and Volunteering commitment and performanceperformance
Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)
Short-lived (Cress and McPherson Short-lived (Cress and McPherson 1997)1997)
Competing commitment (Cress and Competing commitment (Cress and McPherson 1997)McPherson 1997)
Resource-dependence (Okun 1994; Resource-dependence (Okun 1994; Wheeler et al. 1998)Wheeler et al. 1998)Dependence on experience, learning Dependence on experience, learning
(Edwards et al. 2001)(Edwards et al. 2001)22
Analytic frameworkAnalytic framework
33
Volunteering competence
Volunteering performance
Volunteering endurance.Commitment,
Qualified commitment
Volunteering experience:
Empowerment,Social capitalBackgrounds
Commitment ×
Performance
Theories applied beforeTheories applied before ResourceResource (Hodghinson (Hodghinson
2003; Jones 2006; Tang 2003; Jones 2006; Tang 2006; Wilson and Musick 2006; Wilson and Musick 1999a)1999a) Human, social, cultural Human, social, cultural
capital (Oesterle et al. 2004; capital (Oesterle et al. 2004; Wilson and Musick 1997)Wilson and Musick 1997)
motivation (Thoits and motivation (Thoits and Hewitt 2001; Wilson 2000)Hewitt 2001; Wilson 2000) Motive, functional (Clary et Motive, functional (Clary et
functionalist (Cnaan and functionalist (Cnaan and Cascio 1999; Oesterle et al. Cascio 1999; Oesterle et al. 2004; Reed and Selbee 2004; Reed and Selbee 2000)2000) Socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status
ExchangeExchange (Midlarsky and (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994; Wilson and Kahana 1994; Wilson and Musick 1999a; Wilson Musick 1999a; Wilson 2000)2000) RecognitionRecognition
Regression analysis based on Cox’s Regression analysis based on Cox’s proportional hazard model for proportional hazard model for censored datacensored dataBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering characteristics on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2222
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering experiences on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2323
Resource / Constraint
Consistency
Standardized effects of empowerment Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering and social capital on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2424
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteer performance and competence on volunteer performance and competence on
volunteering endurancevolunteering endurance
2525
Need fulfillment
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteer commitment before on volunteering volunteer commitment before on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2626
Affinity
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving empowerment on volunteering enduranceempowerment on volunteering endurance
2727
Need fulfillment: No need
Affinity contradiction
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering location on volunteering endurancevolunteering location on volunteering endurance
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Incompetence
Affinity
Completion
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering duration on volunteering endurancevolunteering duration on volunteering endurance
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering characteristics on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3131
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering experiences on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3232
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of empowerment Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering and social capital on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3333
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering experience on volunteering volunteering experience on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3434
Need fulfillment
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering location on volunteering commitmentvolunteering location on volunteering commitment
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on qualified volunteering characteristics on qualified volunteering
commitmentcommitment
4141
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on qualified volunteering experiences on qualified volunteering
commitmentcommitment
4242
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of empowerment and Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on qualified volunteering social capital on qualified volunteering
commitmentcommitment
4343
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on qualified volunteering commitmentqualified volunteering commitment
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering competencecharacteristics on volunteering competence
4646
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering competenceexperiences on volunteering competence
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Learning from frustration
Standardized effects of empowerment and Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering competencesocial capital on volunteering competence
4848
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on volunteering competencevolunteering competence
4949
Need fulfillment
Affinity
Olympic vs. local Olympic vs. local volunteeringvolunteering
Local volunteering × Low incomeLocal volunteering × Low income Volunteering commitment before × Volunteering varietyVolunteering commitment before × Volunteering variety
Qualified volunteering commitmentQualified volunteering commitment Volunteering commitment before × low self-Volunteering commitment before × low self-
Volunteering competence × Social capital from other Volunteering competence × Social capital from other volunteersvolunteers
Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence Empowering for management × ManagerEmpowering for management × Manager
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Sequential specificitySequential specificity
Volunteering history × Understanding Volunteering history × Understanding motivemotive low Volunteering endurancelow Volunteering endurance
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ReferencesReferences Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997. "Volunteering for Human Service Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997. "Volunteering for Human Service
Provisions: Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Provisions: Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Social Indicators ResearchSocial Indicators Research 40:299- 40:299-327. 327.
Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects." Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects." Social ProblemsSocial Problems 44(3):342- 44(3):342-357. 357.
Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Julie Haugen, and Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing the Julie Haugen, and Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach."Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach." Journal of Personality & Journal of Personality & Social PsychologySocial Psychology 74(6):1516-1530. 74(6):1516-1530.
Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999. "Performance and Commitment: Issues Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999. "Performance and Commitment: Issues in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organization." in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organization." Administration in Administration in Social WorkSocial Work 24(3/4):1-38. 24(3/4):1-38.
Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997. "Competition and Commitment in Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997. "Competition and Commitment in Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation." Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation." Sociological PerspectivesSociological Perspectives 40(1):61-79. 40(1):61-79.
Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Neighborhoods." Neighborhoods." Housing StudiesHousing Studies 21(6):867-881. 21(6):867-881.
Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001. "Community Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001. "Community Organizations." Organizations." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector QuarterlyNonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30(3):444-461. 30(3):444-461.
Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in The Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural PerspectivesThe Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by Paul Dekker , edited by Paul Dekker and Loek Halman. New York: Kluwer. and Loek Halman. New York: Kluwer.
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ReferencesReferences Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic
Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Formal Helping." Formal Helping." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 35(2):249-266. 35(2):249-266.
Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual Life." Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual Life." Journal of Marriage & the Journal of Marriage & the FamilyFamily 62(2):363-374. 62(2):363-374.
Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994. Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994. Altruism in Late LifeAltruism in Late Life. Thousand . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Oaks, CA: Sage.
Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. "Volunteerism during the Transition to Adulthood: A Life Course Perspective." "Volunteerism during the Transition to Adulthood: A Life Course Perspective." Social ForcesSocial Forces 82(3):1123-1149. 82(3):1123-1149.
Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between Motives for Organizational Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between Motives for Organizational Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Journal of Applied Journal of Applied GerontologyGerontology 13(2):115-125. 13(2):115-125.
Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H. Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H. Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Performance in the Community Mental Health Care System: The Need Performance in the Community Mental Health Care System: The Need Fulfillment Perspective." Fulfillment Perspective." Organization ScienceOrganization Science 8(2):176-191. 8(2):176-191.
Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000. "Distinguishing Characteristics of Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000. "Distinguishing Characteristics of Active Volunteers in Canada." Active Volunteers in Canada." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector QuarterlyNonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29(4):471- 29(4):471-592. 592.
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ReferencesReferences Smith, David Horton. 1980. Smith, David Horton. 1980. Participation in Social and Political Activities: Participation in Social and Political Activities:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure Time, and Helping BehaviorTime, and Helping Behavior. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Life Course Perspective." Life Course Perspective." Journal of Applied GerontologyJournal of Applied Gerontology 25(5):375-390. 25(5):375-390.
Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001. "Volunteer Work and Well-Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001. "Volunteer Work and Well-being." being." Journal of Health & Social BehaviorJournal of Health & Social Behavior 42:115-131. 42:115-131.
Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard Greenblatt. 1998. "The Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard Greenblatt. 1998. "The Beneficial Effect of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Beneficial Effect of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Serve: A Meta-analysis." Serve: A Meta-analysis." International Journal of Aging and Human International Journal of Aging and Human Development Development 47(1):69-79. 47(1):69-79.
Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and Volunteering: The Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and Volunteering: The Long Arm of the Job." Long Arm of the Job." Social Forces Social Forces 76(1):251-272. 76(1):251-272.
Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a. "Attachment to Volunteering." Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a. "Attachment to Volunteering." Sociological ForumSociological Forum 14(2):243-272. 14(2):243-272.
Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Annual Review of SociologyAnnual Review of Sociology 26:215- 26:215-240.240.
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Welcome to further queries Welcome to further queries