Volunteer Marine Rescue TDM MF1007B. Apply First Aid Bleeding. Wounds. Circulatory Disorders. Shock. Coronary Disease. Dressings & Bandages.

Volunteer Marine Rescue

TDM MF1007B

Apply First Aid

Bleeding.

Wounds.

Circulatory Disorders.

Shock.

Coronary Disease.

Dressings & Bandages.

Session 2

Types of Bleeding

Internal External

Can be Arterial, Venous or Capillary

Arterial: Rapid and profuse. Bright red in colour and as it as it is under pressure, usually spurts

Venous:Flows from wound at a steady rate Dark red in colour

Capillary: Gentle ooze from wound

Types of Bleeding

Types of Bleeding

Diagram of the various blood vessels

Control of BleedingAfter exposing apply direct pressure to the wound.

Elevate the injured area of the level of the heart

Control of Bleeding

Apply a pressure bandage using either a folded triangular bandage, or -

A roller bandage.Rest of the casualty

Control of Bleeding

Avoid Coughing, Sneezing or Talking over wounds.

Do not handle a wound unless the emergency control of bleeding is necessary.

Use Sterile or Clean dressings.

Amputations Management

Amputations Management

First Step - the Casualty

Control Bleeding.Reassure the Casualty.

Second Step - the Severed Part.

Retrieve the severed part and place in a plastic bag. Place the bag into iced water.

Then Seek Medical Treatment

Bleeding

ShedBloodClots

CutEnds ofVesselsContract Blood

PressureFalls

The body’s natural responses when wounded are:

Contraction

Retraction

Constriction

Wounds

WoundsLayers of skin, fat and muscle form a protective soft tissue layer for the body

WoundsBruise (Contusion)

A bruise, or contusion, is an injury to soft tissue layers and vessels beneath the skin, causing internal bleeding.When blood and other fluids seep into the surrounding

tissues the area discolours and swells.

WoundsAbrasion

An abrasion is the most common type of open wound.It is characterised by in which has been rubbed or scraped

away. Commonly called a carpet burn or gravel rash.

WoundsIncision

An incision is a cut usually from a sharp object with smooth edges.

Incisions are commonly caused by sharp objects such as knives, scissors or broken glass.

WoundsLaceration

A laceration is like an incision but has jagged edges.Lacerations are commonly caused by sharp edged objects

that can also result when a blunt force splits the skin.It often occurs in areas where bone lies directly under the

skin.

WoundsAvulsion

An avulsion is an injury in which a portion of the skin, and sometimes other soft tissue, are partially or completely torn away.

WoundsPuncture Wound

A puncture wound results when the skin is pierced with a pointed object such as a nail, piece of glass, splinter, knife, bullet or an animal bite.

WoundsImbedded Object

An object that remains in a puncture wound is called an embedded object.

Bleeding

• Scalp

• Ear

• Nose

• Gums / Teeth

• Eye

• Palm of Hand

• Abdominal Wounds

• Penetrating Chest

• Blast Wounds

• Animal Bites

• Vaginal

• Varicose Veins

• Crush Injuries

• Bruises

Bleeding may occur from numerous places for a variety of reasons.

Some examples are listed here:

Nose Injuries

•Fractures•Soft Tissue Damage•Swelling•Bleeding

Possible Airway Obstruction

Teeth

•Check For Fractures•Replace the Knocked Out Teeth•Ensure Airway is Clear•Control Bleeding•Soak in Milk

Mouthguards Prevent Dental Injuries.

Head WoundsBleeding from the scalp.

Do Not apply pressure if Brain is visible in the wound.

Bandage the head.Apply a dressing.

Abdominal Wounds

Person is conscious:

For imbedded object or suspected internal injury:

• DO NOT remove.• NO pressure bandage• Lightly cover wound• Place person on back with head and neck raised• Knees elevated with blanket etc • Observe person for signs of shock• Seek medical aid.

All unconscious persons to be placed carefully in the lateral position.

Circulatory Disorders

• Shock.• Fainting.• Heart Disease.• Angina Pectoris.• Coronary Occlusion.• Chronic Heart Failure.• Transient Ischaemic Attack / Stroke.

When vital organs receive insufficient oxygen rich blood, they fail to function properly.

This triggers a series of responses that lead to a condition known as shock.

These responses are the body’s attempt to maintain adequate blood flow to the vital organs and thus prevent their failure.

Shock

Shock

When the body is healthy, three conditions are needed to maintain adequate blood flow.

The heart must be working well.

An adequate amount of oxygen rich blood must be circulating in the body.

The blood vessels must be intact and able to adjust blood flow.

ShockThe Effects of Shock on the Body.

When a severe injury or sudden illness affects the flow

of blood, the heart beats faster and stronger to adjust to the increased demand for

more oxygen.

With the heart beating faster breathing must also speed up

to meet the increased demands of the body for

oxygen.

Signs of Shock

Care for ShockAlways follow the emergency action principles and give the following specific care:

• Control any external bleeding as soon as possible.• Reassure the person and help them to rest comfortably.• Help the person to maintain normal body temperature.• Continue checking the ABC and level of response.• Elevate the legs slightly to assist the return of blood

flow to vital organs. Some conditions or injuries make

this inadvisable. If you are unsure of the persons

condition do not raise the legs.• Do not give the person anything to eat or drink.• Call an ambulance immediately.

FaintingSymptoms and signs

Fainting may occur with or without warning.The following symptoms and signs may occur:

• Feeling light-headed or dizzy

• Signs of shock such as pale, cool, moist skin

• Numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes

• Nausea

FaintingCare for Fainting

• If the person is responding, leave them lying flat.

• Reassure the person.• If unconscious, place the person

on their side and check the A.B.C.

• Elevate the person’s legs if possible.

• Loosen any tight clothing.• Do not give the person anything

to eat or drink.

Congestive Heart Failure(Chronic Heart Failure)

• Severe breathlessness

• Coughing or wheezing

• Noisy gurgling breath

• Swelling of feet and ankles or abdomen

• Tiredness and severe fatigue.

Symptoms and signs

Coronary Disease

Risk Factors:

• Cigarette smoking.

• High blood pressure.

• Diet high in saturated fat & cholesterol.

• Obesity.

• A lack of regular exercise.

• Heredity, age and sex.

Angina

• Help the person into a

comfortable resting

position.

• Reassure the person.

• Assist the persons with

prescribed medication.

• If symptoms continue

call an ambulance.

Care for Angina

Heart Attack

Signs and Symptoms:

•Chest pain.

•Shortness of breath.

•Pale cold and clammy

•Nausea.

•Fatigue.

•Feeling of dread.

•Sudden collapse. 000

Heart Attack

Care for Heart Attack

•Stop any activity.

•Help the person to a comfortable resting position.

•Call an ambulance.

•Assist with prescribed medication.

•Monitor vital signs.

•Be calm and reassuring.

•Be prepared to give CPR.

StrokeA Stroke is caused by the disruption of blood flow to part of the brain serious enough to damage brain tissue.Most commonly, Stroke is caused by a blood clot in the arteries that supply blood to the brain.Another common cause is from a ruptured artery.A head injury or high blood pressure etc may also cause a stroke

Stroke

Signs and Symptoms:

•One sided paralysis.

•Altered the level of

consciousness.

•Slurred or garbled speech.

•Flushed face.

•Seizures.

•Pounding pulse.

•Different sized pupils.

Dressings & Bandages

All open wounds need some type of covering to help control bleeding and

prevent infection.

These coverings are commonly referred to as dressings and bandages, of which there

are many different types.

The type you use and your method of applying it depend upon the type of injury

and materials at hand.

Dressings & Bandages

Non-medicated dressings used to control bleeding or cover a large wound.

Dressings & Bandages

B. P. C. dressing, used for very large or deep wounds

Dressings & Bandages

Non-adherent dressing. These are used for burns and abrasions.

Dressings & Bandages

Roller Bandages are made of various materials includingCotton, Gauze, Elastic and Synthetic fibres

Dressings & Bandages

Steps for applying a Roller Bandage.

Dressings & Bandages

Steps for applying a Roller Bandage.

Dressings & Bandages

Steps for applying a Figure of Eight Roller Bandage.

Dressings & Bandages

Steps for applying a Figure of Eight Roller Bandage.

Dressings & Bandages

Applying a roller bandage around an elbow of knee.

Dressings & Bandages

Applying a roller bandage around an elbow of knee.

Dressings & Bandages

Applying a roller bandage to the hand.

Dressings & Bandages

Applying a roller bandage to the hand.

Dressings & Bandages

Applying a bulky dressing to support the object.

Dressings & Bandages

Applying bandages over the dressing to control bleeding.

Time to practice our skills-Bandages