VOLUME 47 NO. 3 SUMMER 1997 - Ohio State University

OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 47 NO. 3 SUMMER 1997

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE

Two Undescribed Adena Tablets and Some Speculations as to their Significance

by Duncan Caldwell 4

An Iron Tomahawk From Darke County by Ron Thiebeau 11

Spineback Gorget by Mark Allen Faulhaber 12

Glacial Kame Osteology and Osteological Observations From Storms Creek in Champaign County, Ohio

by Elaine Holzapfel 13

The William Davis Mound Revisited byD. R. Gehlbach 18

An Indented Gorget byRonHeilman 20

Dr. Meuser's Spineback Gorget by Robert N. Converse 21

A "Belly-Ripper" Tomahawk From Frazeysburg, Ohio by Jeff Carskadden 22

Fluted Point Found In Champaign County, Ohio by Dan Bartlett 26

Transitional Point Found in Union County by Jim Bartlett 26

Old Survey of Ohio Dual-Tipped Points Renewed by Claude Britt, Jr. 27

Remembrance of John Hogue by Dr. Norman Wright 28

A Birdstone From Knox Co., Ohio by Tony Putty 31

Hopewell/lntrusive Mound Excavation in Scioto County

by David W. Kuhn and Mark E. Kuhn 32

Personally Found Artifacts by Robert M. Evans 34

Whose Bones? The Ethics of Authenticity and Curating

by Richard J. McGowan and Ray Schuck 35

An Anchor Pendant by Robert M. Evans 36

Representative James A. Traficant, Jr 37

Book Review - Where the Frolics and War Dances Are Held

by Jeff Carskadden and Jim Morton 37

Out of The Dust 38

Book News 38 Ohio's Last Frontiersman 38 Obituaries

"MEMBERSHIP"

With very little effort from each member, our rolls could easily grow by 7 - 10%, by encouraging interested friends to join our society or by giving gift memberships. Due to the laws passed recently by Federal and State govern­ments, it is crit ical that our Representatives at all levels are aware of our society's purpose and goals. I am asking all chapters to consider sending their representatives an "Honorary Membership". This will put in their hands a copy of "Ohio Archaeologist". I am sure that if requested to do so, the Board of Directors would provide these memberships at the same rate as a "Sponsored Membership" of $15.00 each. I am serving as your president because I am a firm believer in that each member should make a commitment to serve at least one term in office or make the effort to do so. Never become a whiner when you don't get what you want, but serve by what is needed and wanted by the society in order to meet our stan­dards and goals. With this thought in mind, I challenge other members to follow my example. I will request from the A.S.O. Board of Directors $15.00. "Honorary Memberships" to be paid by me personally and sent to my State and Federal Representa­tives, on behalf of the Mound City chapter. Think about it.

Carmel "Bud" Tackett President

Flint Ridge 39

Front Cover: This outstanding geniculate bannerstone was found in Oliver Twp., Adams Co., Ohio, by Randy Weaver of Winchester, Ohio. It is made of heavily patinated banded slate and measures 4'/, inches long and 3 inches high. It was discovered in a tobacco patch during a rainstorm on May 8th, 1997.

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TWO UNDESCRIBED ADENA TABLETS AND SOME SPECULATION AS TO THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

The au tho r recen t l y a c q u i r e d t w o engraved Adena tablets that had been in the Weidner collection, the first of which had p rev ious l y been in the Orv i l le Holmquist Col lect ion in California and was originally col lected in Bainbridge, Ross Co., Ohio by A.B. Coover (fig. 1 & f ig. 2), while the second was found in 1899 by D. T. Ryan of Portsmouth, Ohio in the McKensie Mound just south of Waverly in Pike Co. Ohio (fig. 3 & fig. 4). Both artifacts fall, geographically at least, into the group of tab le ts f rom sou th ­western Ohio, which David W. Penney in "The Adena Engraved Tablets: A Study of Art Prehistory" (Mid Continental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 5, No. 1) determined to be styl ist ical ly dist inct f rom tablets along the Ohio River to the East and another group in Kentucky. He listed the C inc inna t i , W i lm ing ton , Waver ly and Keifer specimens as composing the first group, while interpreting the Berlin tablet, which was found between his 3 groups, as being a transitional form.' Neither of the present examples, which I shall call the Bainbr idge and McKensie tablets, has gouges on its blank back - a trait which has been noted on several of the 15 or so previously reported engraved tablets, but both show enormous detail in their imagery.

In form, the Bainbridge tablet, which is 1.7 cm. thick, 7.3 cm. wide and 12 cm. long and made of sedimentary stone, is similar to the biconcave Cincinnati and Meigs County Tablets (Fig. 5 & 6), but one of the shor t s ides of th is tab le t also exh ib i t s s t rong concav i t y , wh i le the opposing side shows only a slight inward curve. Given that concavity of the short sides of Adena tablets does not seem to be as developed and consistent an ele­ment as that of the long sides of examples exhibit ing any concavity, all 3 of these tablets, plus fully quadri-concave exam­ples from the Hale Farm and McKensie Mound (which shall be described below for the first time) may simply be grouped.

by Duncan Caldwell

©Duncan Caldwell 1996 text and imagery "B3" 18 rue Rambuteau

75003 Paris, France

But whereas the moti fs on the Hale specimen are sketchily incised and the McKens ie examp le uses more l inear incision than bas-relief, the Bainbridge piece consists almost entirely of bas-relief, placing it, once again, in a group with the Cincinnati, Waverly, and Wilm­ington tablets, although the Meigs Co. example shows the same techn ique , and s h o u l d p e r h a p s be m o v e d to Penney's first grouping.

In its imagery, though, the Bainbridge specimen seems to be more typical of the asymmetrically engraved Wilmington (Fig. 7) and Waverly tablets which just so happen to come from the closest loca­t ions, the Wilmington one having been f ound jus t to the no r thwes t and the Waver ly to the Sou theas t . As far as asymmetry goes, the previously unde-scribed McKensie tablet, which comes from just south of Waverly, should be added , s ince it too is asymmetr ica l -a l though in an ent irely d i f ferent way, which, as we shall see, has its own form of order.

In fact, despi te their asymmetry, all these tablets are highly ordered. Much of the apparent asymmetry of the Wilm­ington tablet, for example, results simply from the juxtaposit ion of negative and posit ive images of the same features. The unique engraved frame of the Bain­bridge artifact suggests that its contents are no haphazard arrangement either. Fur thermore , th is tab le t ' s mot i f s are obv ious ly a r ranged a round a cent ra l loop which corresponds to the "body-bars" , in Penney's par lance, of other tablets. This "body-bar" which divides the design lengthwise into 2 sect ions has c l o s e pa ra l l e l s in t he B e r l i n , Waver ly , W i l m i n g t o n and C inc inna t i t ab le t s , w i th the c loses t s im i la r i t i es being with the last 2, since their loops do not completely bisect their designs but extend only % of their lengths, and especially with the Cincinnati specimen, since the latter 's body bar contains 2

m e d a l l i o n s w i t h t w i n d o t s , w h i c h r e s e m b l e a c a r t o u c h e in the B a i n -bridge's loop.

This body bar not on ly b ranches inwards to form the cartouche (fig. 8), but also branches outward into a maze of convolutions which may only have been fully decipherable to a shaman immersed in his mythology and trance. Still, interpre­tations do suggest themselves:

• First, a comparison of the centrally placed cartouches in the Cincinnati and Bainbridge tablets is in order. The motifs in the former artifact are almost mirror images of each other although the top one is entirely isolated in its egg-like oval, while the bottom one is attached to the body-bar by a "neck". Otherwise, they both have a hook-like appendage - the top cartouche's hook faces upwards, the bottom ones downwards - and 2 "eyes", the one closest to the hook accented in both cases with a line to the right, the other with a line to the left. It occurs to me tha t an Adena fondness for p re­senting foils and combining opposites is at work here and that these cartouches may represent 2 beaked (thus the hooks) bird heads that appear at the top of sev­eral other tablets, where a pair of "horned monster" heads appear on the Cincinnati block, perhaps causing the artist to dis­place the bird heads to these internal cartouches. According to this interpreta­tion, the shamanistic artist has illustrated both eyes on the same side of each pro­f i led head , wh i le pu t t ing " b r o w s " on opposite sides of the eyes as a conven­tion indicating that one is seeing both sides of the head at once - the essential bird as it were. In support of this view, it shou ld be no ted tha t , in one way or another, both eyes are shown on profiled b i rd heads in the Ber l in , Me igs Co. , Wright and Wilmington tablets.

Furthermore, it is interesting that the partial Wright tablet has a related hooked and eyed motif in an egg-like cartouche within its scalloped tail. This second head

'It should be noted, however, that at least 2 more tablets have been reported since Penney's study was published: first, a blank one in the shape of the otherwise unique Berlin example was found in Wyandot Co., Ohio (see Ohio Arch. Vol. 3 No. 2) - far from the Berlin example and outside any of Penney's 3 groupings - and, two, a quadriconconcave example like the Cincinnati and Bainbridge pieces in shape but not in its engraving was reported from the Hale Farm in Richland Co., Ohio (Ohio Arch. Vol. 37 No. 3), also in northern Ohio and far outside the known ranges. This second tablet shows loose sym­metry along its length with 3 cursorily incised motifs along each side, separated by an empty strip up the middle. Its main features are the middle of the 3 motifs along each of its long sides. Both are semi-circular, but one resembles a child's sun radiating lines, while the second looks like a simple rainbow or orb emanating concentric hues, for example at sunrise or sunset. These juxtaposed motifs are framed on each side by concentric arcs and angles that box in the 4 corners. Although, the bisymmetrical structure of 3 segments per side arranged around a median strip is reminiscent of other tablets, the imagery seems so sketchy and abbreviated, in the fashion of the Allen tablet, as to suggest that the engraving, at least, is either peripheral to the main tra­dition or symptomatic of its decline. Perhaps both these finds from outside Penney's groupings represent blank tablets which were taken to the limits of the Adena territory and then used in pale imitations of traditions which were richest and best understood at its cultural centers.

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Fig. 2 (Caldwell) Rubbing of Bainbridge Tablet.

Fig. 4 (Caldwell) Rubbing of McKensie Mound Tablet.

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obviously echoes the clearly identifiable hooked and beaked main head directly above it, i ngen ious ly p reserv ing the Adena double headed bird within what is superficially a single one.

Like the lower of the Cincinnati medal­lions, the Bainbridge cartouche also has a "neck" leading into a motif with 2 dots and an apparen t hook , but here the second eye of the possible bird head is contained within the curve of the "beak" itself, forming what may well be a visual pun since what looks like a vulture's head when the tab le t is v iewed ver t i ca l l y , becomes an owlish mask - with one eye in a dark setting, the other in light, when the tablet is viewed horizontally. Obvi ­ously, it is impossible to know for sure if this effect is intentional but the alternate treatment of paired heads, one dark, the other l ight, when tab le ts are used as print ing blocks, in the Wi lmington and Meigs Co. tablets, and the fact that the bird heads in both those tablets contain second identities with little "human" face-medallions suggest that this interpreta­tion is warranted.

Furthermore, it should be noted that the Ba inb r idge examp le has redd ish encrustat ions in the depths of its inci­sions which may turn out to be red ochre like that found on other tablets. Such a pattern of encrusted ochre corresponds more with conventional block printing, as opposed to the intaglio method, which necessitates cleaning of the depths and leaves any encrustations more along the upper edges of incisions, according to Penney's analysis of such evidence.

The more I contemplate Adena coun-terpointing techniques and use of printing to create foi ls within the same overall f igure, the more certain I become that Adena shamans wished to portray and encompass what were for them dualities within the oneness of the shaman/rapto­rial b i rd. Leaving aside the Bainbridge specimen for a moment, I'd like to return to the Meigs Co. specimen for a moment. As ment ioned, that tablet has 2 facing bird heads apparently sprout ing at the top from a shared body. One of these heads has a circular human face inside i ts eye and is ca r ved in bas - re l i e f , whereas the facing bird head is incised, so tha t , if the tab le t were used as a printing block, this second head would come out white as opposed to the first head's black, or vice versa, depending on the printing technique. Instead of con­taining a living human face like the first bird head, this second head's eye con­tains radial lines suggestive of a eye ball that has shriveled in its socket. In other words, a dead eye. Then lower on the same tablet, the foot below the "black" head with the human face is also treated in basrelief, while the mirroring foot is a "white" incised foil. Even the tail is split between bas-relief and incision. In short,

the tablet suggests 2 opposite phases of the same b i rd -human, one side being alive, the other dead.

• In the bottom left section of the Bain­bridge tablet (right on the rubbing) there is a "spectacled" motif (fig. 9) which may cast more light on Adena iconography. This and a s e c o n d s p e c t a c l e d mot i f a c r o s s f r o m it are p rec i se l y whe re Penney's comparison of tablets leads us to expect stylized raptorial bird feet com­posed of talons, eye-joints and curvilinear streamers. In fact, the paired motifs on the Bainbridge tablet do resemble the foot moti fs he noted, with one certain talon curving around the upper oval on the left, and towards the center of the border, where it terminates in a hooked claw, exactly as in several other tablets. The resemblance is all the more evident if one c o m p a r e s the Ba inb r i dge " fee t " motifs to the feet of the Meigs Co. tablet, except that, whereas the bottom 2 talons hook back in towards the foot in the latter case, only to terminate distinctly, in the Bainbridge tablet they curl completely, forming ovals.

In fact, the talons here seem to have been modi f ied on purpose, to "carry" extra meaning. Specifically, a combination of the eye-joints and the space within the curling talons of the corresponding feet in the C inc innat i , Wi lm ing ton and other tablets seem to have become true EYES in the Bainbridge tablet - eyes which beg to be in terpreted as those of an ow l . These spectacled ovals with a central dot on either side of a ridge - quite possibly representing a beak - face inwards (Fig. 6) towards the cor respond ing foot mot i f which has been modified into a different set of "spectacles."

• Whereas the "owl's eyes" on the left are oval and contain pupil-like dots, the framed spaces of this second motif are angular and empty, making them look like the angular, as opposed to fleshy, orbits of a skull on either side of another empty space wh i ch looks l ike a bony nose socke t ( f ig. 10). In o ther w o r d s , th is s e c o n d " f o o t " may a lso " c a r r y " a meaning - that of a death's head counter-pointing the living owl across the tablet.

• Intriguingly, there is an eye-joint, like o the rs in l imbs d e p i c t e d on Adena tablets, attached to the upper socket of this apparent "skul l" within what would have been recognized as a vulture's or eag le ' s f o o t . A l t h o u g h , t h i s may be nothing more than a vestigial joint associ­ated with the motif's original significance as a foot, several observers have won­dered if it wasn't kept to serve as a true eye in a small "head" and have seen the combined motif as a fetus - a possible symbolic fusion with the foot and skull which would produce a truly weighted symbol. Further finds and work on Adena iconography are required to validate such an hypothesis, but it should not be dis­

missed, since it seems in line with the Adenas' stylistic and religious proclivity for fusing counterpoints.

• Moving to the upper left comer, we come upon what appears to be a styl­ized, raptorial bird with its wing lifted and its head, bearing a possible eye, turned back towards its wing (Fig. 11). Bob Con­verse in correspondence with the author notes that this specific "folded in motif is not new - (it has been) seen in Glacial Kame also".

• Next, in the upper right corner, there appears to be a unity which Valerie Wal­dorf interpreted as a stylized deer bearing antlers (Fig. 12). Its muzzle, facing down­wards here, is cleft for the mouth, with the circular eye just above it. Then elabo­rate antlers branch into the corner, while the deer's neck curves around the top of t he vu l t u re c a r t o u c h e w i t h i ts body extending from the cartouche up to the top of the tablet.

• Finally, a knee-like loop encloses 2 dots at bot tom right and leads to lines that splay into hooks at the bottom. All these structures have correspondences in the Cincinnati tablet which help identify the loop as being the th igh and knee lead ing to the f o o t / s k u l l , wh i l e the splayed lines turn out to be the fanning tail on which the heraldic being of this tablet is poised. For what we are looking at seems to be a god or shaman whose overall form is that of a vulture or bird of prey convoluting outwards from the cen­tral cartouche into emanations evocative of other animals and various conditions of existence.

Before moving to the McKensie Mound tablet which will cast light on the vulture theme, it may also be worth examining the Bainbridge tablet from another per­s p e c t i v e - t ha t of W i l l i am R o m a i n ' s intriguing study in the Fall 1991 issue of Ohio Archaeologist of the astronomical c o r r e l a t i o n s of t h e n - k n o w n t a b l e t s , although a word of caution is in order. Bob Converse, in correspondence with me, has noted the following strong reser­va t ions abou t the value of Roma in ' s analysis:

1) Converse feels that "any theory regarding these tablets would have to encompass aj] tablets which the solstice theory does not . " A point wel l taken , although I think it may not be necessary to theorize the same function for artifacts which could span more than a millennium and come from at least 3 stylistically dis­tinct zones. Arguing by analogy, it is clear that the significance of Orthodox icons is quite different from that of Catholic paint­ings within the Christian tradition.

2) C o n v e r s e fu r the r s la tes tha t "I believe that such lines drawn across a rough, uneven, non-symmetrical stone if off only a fraction of an inch, would dras­tically alter by many degrees any kind of astronomical al ignments." Although the

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tablets have been noted both for their smoothness and the symmetry of their supports, if not their imagery, Converse's overall point is well taken again. It is true that al ignments must be precise to be convincing, although the possible align­ments found in the tablets may not mean the tablets were ever functional sighting devices, but rather that the tablets simply take sight lines into account for symbolic reasons. If so, one would expect such lines to be close approximations, rather than the exact ones required by a true observatory composed say of posts that would only have left easily missed post-hole molds. Still, certain tablets would be more accurate than others, especial ly those from a region where astronomical cor respondences held special p romi ­nence. Romain largely based his analysis on the h igh ly s c h e m a t i c and f o rma l Cincinnati tablet that falls within the same geographical and stylistic grouping as the Bainbridge piece, and, at least in its case, the a l ignments seem especial ly c o m ­pelling.

3) Another of Converse's reservations is that, "the tablet would have to be per­fectly oriented to true north to make such orientation valid." Again, I would agree, but point out that the precise reckoning of true north and other celestially identifi­able directions is a proven ability and fas­c i n a t i o n of many Neo l i t h i c cu l t u res w o r l d w i d e , as the i r new agr i cu l tu ra l economies pushed them to master the vagar ies of seasona l c h a n g e by observing those harbingers, the sun and m o o n , over g e n e r a t i o n s . The mos t f a m o u s such a s t r o n o m i c a l s i gh t i ng dev ice is of course S tonehenge , but numerous prehistoric observatories are known in the Americas as well. In fact, when a person faces the sun at noon in the northern hemisphere, true north is directly behind him. Whereas, at night, all one has to do is seek the North Star.

4) Converse also warns that Romain's astronomical analysis of earthworks is based on "S & D maps which are inaccu­rate at best." "Romain," he cont inues, "sees solar and lunar lines at Mound City. The site has been destroyed totally and inaccurately restored, thus to infer some astronomical quality to it is pure fantasy. He c i ted observat ions f rom corner to corner for M. City from old maps. It isn't and never was square or even square-cornered, or precise, or symmetr ical -just like the tab le ts . " My quibb le wi th these observations is that the astronom­ical analysis of the tablets thankfully does not depend on maps or the accuracy of any restorat ion, and can stand or fall entirely on the basis of the tablets them­selves.

In summary, I offer the following astro­nomica l analyses of the 2 prev ious ly undescribed tablets not as a statement of facts, but as an extension of an existing

line of speculation which may bear fruit, especial ly since the Bainbr idge tablet seems to add credibi l i ty to several of Romain's predictions. First of all, based on angles Romain ex t rapo la ted f rom Aveni's astronomical tables (see fig. 13), one finds that lines from the center point of the Bainbridge tablet to its corners point at the summer and winter solstice sunrise and sunset coordinates as they would have appeared in Southern Ohio around I AD - a fact that no other form of rectangle could satisfy. But even more surprisingly, the lines from the vulture's eye to the closest corners indicate the moon's maximum north and south rises for that t ime and p lace, mak ing th is , apparently, not only a FULL solar calcu­lator, but a partial lunar one as well.

Furthermore, the fact that this tablet has precisely the same proport ions as the Cincinnati, Meigs Co., Low, Allen, and Gaitskill examples, all of which could be s o l s t i c e c a l c u l a t o r s a c c o r d i n g to Romain's calculations, made me wonder if any of them might also contain such secondary focal points as the vulture's eye, that wou ld add lunar references. Indeed, a cursory study of the Cincinnati tablet, for example, shows that lines to the nearest corners from the eye closest to the beak of what I have already inter­preted as the highly stylized vulture head at the center of that artifact precisely indi­cate the moon ' s max imum north and south rises too. This duplication of the same correlation in at least 2 tablets may be significant. In fact, such quick confir­mat ion of the Bainbr idge spec imen 's possible second use suggests that even the most familiar tablets might hide fur­ther correspondences.

For example, lines from the center of the Bainbridge tablet towards the moon's max imum north and south sets each graze one of the tablets few symmetrical features, the pair of looping "knees" near the "bot tom". Furthermore, these same lines appear to cross 2 eyes just above these knees; with the north line running through the "owl 's" bottom pupil. Inter­estingly, the south line runs right through the bot tom socket of the "sku l l " motif across from it.

If the turkey vulture's head appears to be the central motif of the Bainbridge tablet, it is even more prominent on the examp le f rom the McKens ie M o u n d . Here, the head - a feature which th is tab le t shares w i th several prev ious ly reported ones - is in the upper left corner (fig. 14). A step by step analysis should unravel some of its significance.

The McKensie tablet, which is 1 cm. thick, 7 cm. wide, and 9.5 cm. long and composed of sandstone, is one of only t w o fu l ly q u a d r i - c o n c a v e e x a m p l e s known to me, along with the one found by Jack Hooks on the Hale Farm. At first, an examination of the McKensie spec­

imen, in light of Romain's study of tablets as calendars, failed to reveal such corre­spondences as were found for the Bain­bridge example. Whereas the dimensions and designs of the artifacts Romain con­sidered may lend themselves to corre­s p o n d e n c e s w i th so ls t i ces for some examples, and max imum or min imum lunar standstil l azimuths for others, the present example at first appears to be the wrong size for determining either one set of observations or the other. The fact that the Bainbridge and Cincinnati exam­ples may show lunar correspondences based on internal focal points, however, d rew me to w o n d e r if the McKensie example might contain such focal points as the vultures' eyes. Given that so many tablets seem to be linked to measuring phenomena connected with the sun's and moon's disks, my attention was immediately drawn to 2 circular pits within what is apparently the vulture's body and tail. When the same 12 angles were centered first on one circle then the other, possible astronomical correlations of the tablet came into focus.

When the tablet is laid with the vulture head upright and a median line across the tablet's width is aligned with the north star, then - angles f rom the left hand circle to the left-hand corners indicate the moon's maximum north and south sets, whi le, perhaps coincidental ly, passing through this vulture's eye too, - whereas lines f rom the right hand circle to the same left-hand corners point towards the moon's minimum north and south sets (fig. 16).

In other words, when the vulture's head is right-side up, the tablet could conceiv­ably show phenomena to the west , a point which will soon take on importance in view of the fact that the tablet (like the previous one, for that matter!) is just as effective at indicating the complementary azimuths to the east by simply turning it 180 degrees, so the vu l ture 's head is upside-down. Thus the tablet could be a full eastern and western lunar "calculator" for the az imuths as they wou ld have appeared to the Adena, or rather a ritual object incorporat ing and miniaturizing alignments of larger observatories.

Various other features of this tablet invite conjecture as wel l . My attention was especially drawn to the following:

-First, a notched crescent over the vul­ture's head which seems to be divided into nine boxes. Could it be linked to the tablet's usage as a calendrical device?

- S e c o n d , a highly e roded f r inge of notches along the tail side, which corre­sponds to similar devices on the tail ends of the Gaitski l l , Meigs Co., and Wi lm­ington tab le ts . Are these spaces just feathers or could they also be a notation system for lunar months such as the pos­sible example on the Cincinnati tablet elucidated by Romain?

7

-Third, each of the 4 corners seems to have a lobe or cartouche, the most prominent of which contains the vulture's head at top left. The motif just below it, at bottom left, also turns out to be a bird's head, when the tablet is turned 180 degrees - only this time the head is dif­ferent, suggesting a turkey with its snood dangling from above its eyes towards its beak (fig. 15). This second (inverted) head fits nicely with the observation that the complementary azimuths can be deter­mined by merely turning the tablet, and suggests that the turkey, whose head is right-side up when the tablet is posi­tioned to potentially indicate celestial phenomena to the east, may have been associated with the direction of the rising sun and moon - in short, with arrival or birth. The choice of the vulture, on the other hand, as the bird whose head is up­right when the tablet points westwards, would make sense. After all, both vultures and the west where the sun and moon set are universal symbols of death.

Given the stylistic originality of this tablet, it is especially noteworthy that it repeats the familiar overall theme of most other tablets - that of a double-headed bird - only here, the duality of the crea­ture which was presented elsewhere with a living head opposite a dead one, or a black head versus a white one, seems to be reflected through 2 separate, but simi­larly sized species: one a soaring bird of the heavens, the other a bird of the ground.

These two bird heads may also cast light on why the center of the design is so convoluted, since it surely represents their common trunk. The fusion of their bodies alone could well explain its distor­tions. But the fact that so much prehis­toric art from around the world shows X-ray visions of animals suggests that the convolutions through the shared body may, in fact, be internal organs. For instance, the loop could represent a digestive tract, putting the moon-disk in position to represent a major organ such as the heart.

In fact, I would hardly find it surprising to learn that the passages of the sun and moon and from life to death were symbol­ically linked to he feeding habits of migra­tory carrion eaters that soar almost out of sight towards celestial orbs. Indeed, it is known that the Adena buried some of their dead after they had been exposed long enough to become disarticulated skeletons. This suggests that their funerary practices resembled those of Zoroastrians, who also leave their dead in the open where their flesh is torn away by the vultures which have appeared in their art since ancient times. As Webb and Baby put it "Because of their flesh-eating habits, these (North American) birds might have come to be highly respected by the (Adena) people as agents of the spirit world who assisted them in the prepara­tion of the skeletons.

-There are also the oval grids in the remaining two corners, on either side of

the two-headed bird's bilobed tail. To me these weathered features look like feath­ered wings, but they also bear a resem­blance to ears of corn or gauges of measurement, and may be some combi­nation of the above. It is tempting to think so anyway, since the invention of calen­drical calculators, whether at Stonehenge or Ohio, was intimately linked with the first steps towards sedentarization and agriculture - steps the Adena were making.

Finally, a word on the strange distor­tions of the tablets' animal motifs: I am reminded of the way people find the animal shapes of constellations forced or arbitrary, since animals here in the tablets may have been similarly molded around astronomical reference points or at least the symbolic necessity of counterpointing and fusing dualities. Whereas the stars must fit within animals in Old World con­stellations, here it's animals that may have to fit within and around the sighting devices of "observatory" tablets, while being further obscured by fusions of such images as a foot and a skull. But further study may suggest that these animals indeed represent constellations too, since it wouldn't be surprising to find that the tablets not only refer to the sun and moon, but have correspondences with the stars as well.

8

Fig. 5 (Caldwell) The Cincinnati Tablet. The Cincinnati Historical Society after an engraving (Anonymous 1843: 195, Fig. 2) & Penney.

Fig. 6 (Caldwell) The Meigs Co. Tablet. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foun­dation 19/2732, after a museum photograph & Penney.

Fig. 7 (Caldwell) The Wilmington Tablet. Ohio State Museum 3490/210, after a photograph (Dockstader 1973, Fig. 25) & Penney.

Fig. 9 (Caldwell) Owl.

Fig. 8 (Caldwell) The vulture's head cartouche.

Fig. 10 (Caldwell) Skull in possible fetal motif.

Fig. 11 (Caldwell) Raptorial bird. Fig. 12 (Caldwell) Stylized deer.

Fig. 14 (Caldwell) Vulture's head in the McKensie Mound Tablet.

Fig. 75 (Caldwell) Turkey's head in the McKensie Mound Tablet.

Fig. 13 (Caldwell) Possible astronomical correlations of the Bainbridge Tablet.

Fig. 16 (Caldwell) Possible astronom­ical correlations of the McKensie Mound Tablet.

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AN IRON TOMAHAWK FROM DARKE COUNTY

This iron tomahawk was found by Charlie Hall on July 20, 1997 at the Thiebeau site which was reported in Vol. 44 No 1 of the Ohio Archaeologist. The finder is a co-worker of mine and knowing my interest in prehistoric arti­facts and especially those from the Thiebeau site, he generously allowed me to acquire it.

The tomahawk is an English type many of which were carried by soldiers during the Indian conflicts in western Ohio and many of which were traded to the Indians. Whether this tomahawk was lost by an Indian, soldier or early pioneer is unknown. It is in a remarkable state of preservation and was found by Hall in the bank of Stillwater while turtle fishing.

Such tomahawks were made by black­smiths who forged a strap of soft iron around an anvil leaving a large round eye. A piece of tempered steel was inserted between the strap sides to form a hard cutting bit. This steel bit can be seen on most examples of the type. Used as both trade items and carried by soldiers, these tools were manufactured during the last half of the eighteenth century.

by Ron Thiebeau

Versailles, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Thiebeau) Two views of iron tomahawk found on the Thiebeau site. It is 6'A long and 23A inches wide at the bit.

Fig. 2 (Thiebeau) Illustration showing how steel bit was inserted in forged tomahawk.

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SPINEBACK GORGET - BEST FIELD FIND by

Mark Allen Faulhaber P.O. Box 1204

Zanesville, Ohio

Illustrated is a late Archaic spineback gorget which I found while surface hunting in a plowed field in Morgan County, Ohio, on May 4, 1997. It was awarded first place in the "Best Slate Pendant or Gorget" field find category at the May 18 meeting of the Archaeolog­ical Society of Ohio in Columbus. It has incised lines barely visible on two sides which are in a checkerboard or train-tracklike appearance. It is drilled from both top and bottom leaving hourglass-shaped holes. The gorget is made of green-black fine-grained banded slate.

Accompanying the gorget is a picture of the points found near the find.

Fig. 1 (Faulhaber) Top and side views of spineback gorget.

Fig. 2 (Faulhaber) Points found near the gorget.

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GLACIAL KAME OSTEOLOGY AND OBSERVATIONS FROM STORMS CREEK IN CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, OHIO

by Elaine Holzapfel

415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

The Storms Creek site in Champaign County, Ohio, was reported in a previous issue of the Ohio Archaeologist (Con­verse 1997). At this site an estimated 50 burials were unearthed during building construction. They were believed to date from the Late Archaic Glacial Kame cul­ture of 3,000 to 4,000 years ago, based upon similar interments known from other glacial deposits.

Osteological material yields vital infor­mation about prehistoric diet, disease, and cultural practices. The study of such material is essential to the understanding of past cultures and provides information beneficial to the well-being of all mankind.

A number of years ago I examined and photographed a portion of the skeletal material from Storms Creek and won­dered much about these ancient people. What did they look like? What did they eat? What were their lives like? A review of published osteological studies com­bined with a description of vertebrae and a tibia from Storms Creek provided answers to some of these questions.

Previous Studies of Glacial Kame Glacial Kame people employed a

variety of burial styles, which included articulated primary interments such as flexed burials and extended burials (both face-up and face-down), cremation, and disarticulated secondary interments such as bundle burials, mass burials, and par­tial burials. The Glacial Kame culture is distinguished by the practice of primary burial followed by disinterment and sec­ondary reburial, usually in glacial features known as kames (Converse 1980). Burial pits or ossuaries vary in style, some con­taining piles of randomly distributed bones, others displaying layered skeletal parts with skulls placed on top. Unfortu­nately, the usually-accidental discover of burials in gravel deposits has ensured that the remains have been disturbed by the time they are recognized.

An ethnographic account of burial practices of Huron Indians in the seven­teenth century may provide insight into the burial practices of Glacial Kame (Quimbly 1960). When a Huron person died he was either placed on a tall scaf­fold or buried in a flexed position. Every 8, 10, or 12 years the dead were disin­terred. Although many of the bodies had by this time deteriorated to bare bones, more recent burials had to be cleaned, the bodies stripped of flesh "by hand-

fuls." Some of these bones were placed in bags, but others were rearticulated, dressed, and hung on scaffolds. After this 2 to 3 day ceremony, called the Feast of the Dead, the bones were placed in an ossuary 60 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 10 feet deep. The variety of burial styles resulting from interment intervals could help explain the diversity of burial methods in Glacial Kame.

Because of varying burial styles and inclusions, Glacial Kame bones are occa­sionally stained. Green stain indicated contact with copper, brown or black could be the result of burning, and red or yellow implies the presence of ocher. Glacial Kame burials are sometimes accompanied by bird bones, worked animal jaws, charcoal, copper, freshwater and Gulf-coast shell beads, ocher, cannel coal, pipestone, fossil ivory, antler, dog bones, pyrite, and bear teeth, all of which have been found with Glacial Kame inter­ments (Converse 1980).

A typical Glacial Kame site is the Kirian-Treglia site near Lima, Ohio where burials of 31 individuals were found in the sand and gravel of a glaical moraine (Sci-ulli, Schuck, and Geisen 1993). The researchers determined from cranial measurements and tooth morphology that Kirian-Treglia was a regional popula­tion of non-agricultural fishers, hunters, and gatherers. Red and yellow ocher were included with 16 of the burials, and 14 burials contained charcoal. The average age was 33 years for males and 32 years for females. Estimated height of males averaged about five feet seven inches and female height averaged around five feet two inches.

Glacial Kame skeletons from several other sites have also been analyzed (Sci-ulli, Pacheco, and Janini 1991). Included in the survey were skeltons from Muzzy's Lake which is only 6 miles north of Storms Creek. Radiocarbon dates from Muzzy's Lake and four other sites ranged from 3132 B.P. to 2775 B.P. Stature of males at these sites was also about five feet seven inches and that of females about five feet two inches. The bones revealed mechanical adaptations to high levels of physical activity and a pro­nounced level of sexual dimorphism (dif­ference in size and shape between males and females). This suggests a lifestyle in which the activities of men and women were more dissimilar than those of pre­sent times.

Another study estimated the minimum number of individuals (MNI) at Muzzy's Lake at 28 (Sciulli, Lozanoff, and Schneider 1984). Here also, a hunting-gathering economy was indicated by dental pathology. Scientists believed they discerned a biological similarity between Glacial Kame and Adena. Whether this was an ancestor-descendent relationship or evidence of co-existence was not ascertained.

In northern Ohio, near the Sandusky Bay region, the exended burial of an adult male was found in sand and silt (Stothers 1992). Two birdstones, diag­nostic of Glacial Kame, accompanied the burial. A radiocarbon date of 2710 B.P. placed the individual in approximately the same time period as those of the pre­vious studies. Carbon-4 testing of the bones revealed a diet low in plant mate­rial, indicating that this person was also pre-agricultural.

About Vertebrae in General The skull rests upon the first cervical

(C-1) vertebra, known as the atlas. The condyles (elongated nodes) of the skull allow a rocking motion on two oval depressions in the atlas, enabling us to nod our heads "yes."

Beneath the atlas fits the second cer­vical vertebra (C-2), known as the axis (Figure 1). The unique shape of the axis makes it the most easily identifiable of all vertebrae. It is distinguished by a tooth­like projection called the odontoid process. This projection provides the axis for our heads to rotate on, as when we shake our heads "no." The atlas and axis vertebrae thus work together to provide the range of movement for our heads.

Dr. John Winsch (1996) related that an individual with Down's Syndrome may have a poorly-developed odontoid process and must therefore be medically examined before performing certain physical activities, because sudden strenuous movement could injure the spinal cord. I found no study of Late Archaic aboriginal Americans that men­tioned characteristics indicative of Down's Syndrome.

Bothwell (1972) discusses sexing the vertebrae. The largest vertebrae, the lum-bars, located low in the spinal column near the sacrum, are more massive in males than in females and can thus some­times reveal the sex of a skeleton. The atlas and axis are also larger in males.

13

Vertebrae can be used to help estimate l iv ing s t a tu re . In s tud ies of 64 Late Archaic skeletons (Sciulli, Pacheco, and Jan in i 1990) , t he m a x i m u m an te r io r height of each vertebra was measured from C-2 to the sacrum, with sizes of missing vertebrae est imated. When 10 centimeters were added for soft tissue correction, it was found that the vertebral co lumn represents about one- th i rd of skeletal height. The study concluded that vertebral height, however, is the poorest of skeletal height estimators.

Vertebrae From Storms Creek Ver teb rae f r om S to rms Creek d i s ­

played corrosion and pitting. Part of this d a m a g e was due to the na tu ra l processes of bioturbation (disturbance by roots and animals) and soluf luct ion (freezing and thawing). Recent damage was ev idenced by the l ighter, a lmost white appearance of fresh fractures. Sev­eral centra (vertebral bodies) were black­ened , a da rken ing wh i ch cou ld be a residue of charcoal or carbonized plant roots (Figure 2). I do not believe this rep­resents even a partial cremation, as cre­mated bones show transverse fracture lines and irregular lengthwise spl i t t ing (Ubelaker 1978:36). Lines and splitt ing occur on fresh or f lesh-covered bones when they are burned. The darkened Storms Creek vertebrae d isp layed no characteristics which fit the description of cremated bones.

The vertebrae included only a fragment of one atlas vertebra (easily identi f ied because of the presence of a long oval articular facet). Four axis vertebrae were p resen t (F igure 1). The la rges t ax is a lmost cer ta in ly represents an adul t male. The size of this C-2 matches the size of the photograph of a C-2 in White (1991:136) of a male who stood five feet seven inches ta l l , a lmost exact ly the height estimated in the aforementioned studies for Glacial Kame males. This indi­cates the stature of one individual from Storms Creek. A smaller C-2 is probably that of a female, and the remaining two axis vertebrae, slightly smaller, could rep­resent either females or subadults.

The right and left transverse processes of several Storms Creek C-6 and C-7 ve r t eb rae each d i sp lay t w o se ts of foramina, which is not unusual as there is va r i a t i on a m o n g s k e l e t o n s . Severa l spinous processes deviated laterally, but this was probably not pathological, as na tu re s e l d o m c rea tes pe r fec t r ight angles. Four lumbar vertebrae were iden­t i f i ed by b o d y shape as wel l as the absence of costal pits and transverse foramina.

Estimate of Age Two thoracic and one lumbar vertebrae

provided evidence of the presence of a subadult (Figure 3). An illustration in Bass

(1987:97) depicts the bi l lowed appear­ance of subadult vertebrae. The radiating l ines on the super ior po r t i ons of the centra are related to epiphyseal plates that had not yet closed, indicating phys­ical immaturity. Ray Schuck of the Allen County, Ohio, Museum, examined pho­tographs of these vertebrae and pointed ou t , "The appea rance does ind ica te skeletal immaturity: but such immaturity while usually gone by age 24 or 25 can pers is t l onger . " K rogman and Iscan (1986:87) s ta te tha t b i l l owed cen t ra remain longest in the lumbar area. As this individual retained evidence of unclosed epiphyseal plates in the thoracic verte­brae, these vertebrae are probably those of a subadult.

Osteoarthritis, often considered patho­logical, is a degenerat ive disease, the resu l t of no rma l ag ing (Ube laker 1978:78). Arthritis results in osteophytic lipping, but this was not apparent on ver­teb rae f r om S to rms Creek . The f ine spicules of osteophytes, however, may not have been preserved on such trau­matized bones.

A c c o r d i n g to Or tner and Putschar (1981:430), almost all adult skeletons in archaeological context shown degenera­tive arthritis of the spine. Besides mar­ginal osteophytes, degeneration can be seen as coarseness in trabeculae (bone porosity) and ebumation (smoothness or polish, the result of cartilage destruction). Some ve r teb rae f r om S t o r m s Creek exhibited porosity (Figure 4) and ebuma­t i on , wh i ch ind ica te the p resence of adults. Ortner and Putschar (p.292) say bone loss was more severe in females than in males among prehistoric North American examples. They also tell us that inadequate nutrition and lack of physical activity were, even in prehistoric t imes, major factors in bone loss with age.

Evidence of Pathology Ortner and Putschar say, "We cannot

overemphasize the importance of careful descriptive analysis of all paleopathology specimens." With this advice in mind, here are described several examples of paleopathology from Storms Creek.

The body of one cervical vertebra, a C-3 to C-5, displayed compression and lat­eral wedging on the right side (Figures 5 and 6). This may have developed by 3 years of age, because the flared tip of the spinous process fuses to the vertebral arch between the ages of 1 and 3 years (Bass: 1978-96) . S ince the t ip of the spinous process is present, it had fused. Sometime during the early development of this individual, the spinous process deflected toward the compressed right side until it rested against the posterior surface of the vertebral body. The oppo­si te t ransverse p rocess increased in width and density, and under 10x magni­fication the trabeculae appear dense and

thick. This part of the bone had strength­ened itself on the side of the concavity, where strength was needed. As Guyton (1987:594) points out, "Bone adjusts its strength in proport ion to the degree of bone stress."

William Harlan, M.D., examined pho­tographs of th is ver tebra and s ta ted , "The compression of the vertebral body and a s y m m e t r y of t he t r a n s v e r s e processes could indicate the presence of scoliosis." (Scoliosis is an unnatural lat­eral curvature of the spine.) Dr. Harlan added that scoliosis in this populat ion could be congenital. Ray Schuck com­mented, "I believe congenital abnormali­ties in prehistoric populations to be the great exception and not the rule." Dr. Winsch mentioned that scoliosis is more f r e q u e n t l y seen in the t h o r a c i c and lumbar area, and that the disease verte­bral hemiatrophy could be considered in this individual.

One deficiency can be ruled out as a cause of scoliosis. The vitamin D def i ­ciency disease, rickets, a cause of scol­ios is , d id not o c c u r in A m e r i c a n ind igenous g roups s ince p reh is to r i c people had access to plenty of sunshine v i t am in D (Or tner and Pu tscha r 1981:283).

Guyton (1987:548) reports vitamin C deficiency as a cause of scurvy, a dis­ease which can bring about defect ive bone development. Ortner and Putschar (272) write, "Indian tribes treated the dis­ease (scurvy) w i t h a d r ink m a d e by boiling bark and leaves in water." Vitamin C d e f i c i e n c y , t h e r e f o r e , p r o b a b l y occurred among aboriginal people and c o u l d be s u g g e s t e d as a c a u s e of improper bone growth.

Two other vertebrae, one thoracic and the other lumbar, exhibit lesions charac­teristic of Schmorl 's node or Schmorl 's disc herniation. The condition appears as a small corroded pit on the superior side of the centra (Figure 7). Also known as i n te r ve r teb ra l o s t e o c h o n d r o s i s , t he pathology is seen in hunter-gatherers, where it is related to high levels of phys­ica l s t ress (K rogman and Iscan 1986:412).

Because the ver tebra l bod ies and transverse processes articulate with ribs, it is probable that asymmetrical pairs of ribs would be present in the osteology of Storms Creek, but my investigation did not include ribs.

A Modified Tibia One t ib ia (shin bone) f rom S to rms

Creek had an unnatura l hole 8mm in diameter in its distal (lower) end (Figure 8.). The perimeter of this perforation was smoothed or worn . Because the t ib ia articulates with the talus (a foot bone), it could be speculated that this hole may have been drilled to accommodate a pin to force the tibia to stand upright for a

14

ceremony resembling the Feast of the Dead . The ho le rema ins a mys te r y , though, and could be the subject of end­less speculation.

Conclusions In our modern day, the ub iqu i tous

bui lding of h ighways, shopping malls, and housing developments, along with quarrying and farming operat ions, are responsible for the unearthing of most prehistoric burials. The importance of the s tudy of human osteo logy cannot be o v e r s t a t e d , and it w o u l d b e h o o v e researchers to educate the public about the significance of such material before it is discovered.

So, what did the bones from Storms Creek and the other sites reveal about Glacial Kame? The Glacial Kame people spent much of their time hunting, fishing, and gathering, an economy which implies a certain amount of time making the tools required to perform these activities, as well as tools used in processing. They must have made nets, traps, baskets and sti l l -unknown types of projectile points and knives. They did not raise crops, nor did they deform their skulls.

They were not tall. Men stood about five feet seven inches and women about five feet two inches. Individuals did not live long lives, and most seem to have per­ished around their mid-thirt ies. Men, it appears, performed more physically chal­lenging activities than women, and some Glacial Kame people led such strenuous lives that injury was permanently recorded on their bones. They had other physical

problems; examples of improper bone growth suggest that they occasionally suf­fered malnutrition and maybe even experi­enced hunger. Many had arthritis.

Glacial Kame people enjoyed exotic materials such as copper and fossil ivory and conch shell. They also appreciated the beauty of locally-available raw mate­rials, which included bone, antler, coal, slate, and fresh-water pearls.

The people who buried their dead in glacial kames thr ived for a thousand years. I hope future osteological studies, utilizing rapidly-expanding modern tech­no logy , w i l l a l low the G lac ia l Kame peop le to en l igh ten us much fu r ther about their culture.

References Cited Bass, William H. 1987 Human Osteology. Third edition. Missouri

Archaeological Society, Inc., Columbia Missouri.

Bothwell, Don R. 1972 Digging Up Bones. British Museum (Nat­

ural History), London. Converse, Robert N. 1980 Glacial Kame Indians. Archaeological

Society of Ohio, Columbus. 1997 The Storms Creek Site. Ohio Archaeolo­

gist 47(2):27-29. Cunningham, Wilbur M. 1948 A Study of the Glacial Kame Culture in

Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Guyton, Arthur C, M.D. 1987 Human Physiology and Mechanisms of

Disease. Fourth edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.

Harlan, William M.D. 1996 Communication at Wayne Hospital,

Greenville, Ohio, Nov. 13.

Krogman, Wilton M., and Iscan Mehemety 1986 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medi­

cine. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

Ortner, Donald J. and G.J. Putschar 1981 Identification of Pathological Conditions

in Human Skeletal Remains. Smith­sonian Institution Press, Washington.

Quimby, George I. 1960 Indian Life in the Upper Great Lakes. Uni­

versity of Chicago. Schuck, Ray 1996 Correspondence Nov. 13. Sciulli, Paul, Ray Schuck, and Myra Geison, 1993 Terminal Lake Archaic Mortuary Practices

at Kirian-Treglia (33 Al 139). Pennsyl­vania Archaeologist 63(2):53-63.

Sciulli, Paul, Paul Pacheco, and Charles Janini 1991 Variation in Limb Bones of Terminal Late

Archaic Populations of Ohio. Midconti-nental Journal of Archaeology 16(2):247-271

Sciulli, Paul, Kim Schneider and Michael Mahaney

1990 Stature Estimation in Prehistoric Native Americans of Ohio. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83:275-280.

Sciulli, Paul, Scott Lozanoff and Kim N. Schneider

1984 An Analysis of Diversity in Glacial Kame and Adena Skeletal Samples. Human B/o/ogy56(4):603-616.

Stothers, David 1992 The Baker II Site and Human Occupation

of the Southwestern Sandusky Bay Region. Ohio Archaeologist 42(2):7.

Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1978 Human Skeletal Remains. Aldine Pub­

lishing Co., Chicago. Winsch John M.D. 1996 Communication at meeting of Archaeo­

logical Society of Ohio on Nov. 17, Shrine Temple, Columbus.

Map 1 (Holzapfel) Location of Storms Creek site, on a glacial prominence overlooking the Mad River, in southern Champaign County, Ohio.

15

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Four axis (C-2) vertebrae, anterior up, showing the odontoid process at top. The first three could represent females or subadults, and the fourth is probably that of a male.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) The centrum (body) of this thoracic vertebra (T-4 or T-5) showed a dark stain, possibly a residue of charcoal or carbonized roots.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Two lower thoracic and one lumbar vertebrae which show the billowed centra characteristic of a subadult.

16

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Exposed trabeculae of this vertebral cen­trum were becoming coarse, interior evidence of bone porosity in osteoarthritis.

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) A C-3 to C-5 (vertebrae of the neck) shows pathology. It is compressed on its right side, and the spinous process rests against the side of the centrum. Pictured from the posterior, superior side up.

Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Same vertebra as Figure 5, seen from the anterior (front).

Figure 7 (Holzapfel) The corroded pit in this T-10 possibly indicates Schmorl's disc herniation, seen in hunter-gatherers as a result of physical stress.

Figure 8 (Holzapfel) Distal end of modified tibia. Size of perforation is 8 mm.

17

THE WILLIAM DAVIS MOUND REVISITED by

D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

Recently, the writer had the opportu­nity to study the materials recovered from the William Davis Mound, formerly located on the east side of Columbus, Ohio. Conducted as a salvage dig prior to the construction of a housing develop­ment, the Davis mound (FR-38) was excavated between June and September of 1959 by a team led by Dr. Raymond Baby of the Ohio Historical Society. For­merly known as the Cornell Mound it had once stood 18 feet high with a diameter of 80 feet.

Before the excavation could be started, a graveling operation had par­tially leveled this once prominent edifice located adjacent to Route 40, (East Main Street), next to Big Walnut Creek. The equipment operators had almost destroyed the mound, reducing it to 4.5 feet in height prior to its final excavation. Fortunately, when Dr. Baby began his work in the summer of 1959, most of the mound's significant features remained undisturbed. The significance of the Davis mound and site was its long period of occupation, beginning during the Archaic and continuing through the Adena period.

ADENA OCCUPATION: Salvage work in the remaining 4.5 feet

of the mound yielded 27 Adena burials, most associated with bark floors and coverings. A sampling of the diagnostic burial-associated artifacts recovered included several large Upper Mercer stemmed early Adena points, (Figure 1), numerous large pieces of Fayette Thick pottery and one complete re-worked pot­tery bowl, (Figure 2). Utilitarian artifacts included hardstone celts, flint reamers, drills, crude flint knives and a variety of bone tools. Three tubular blocked end Adena tubular pipes, one of Ohio pipe-stone and the other two ceramic, were

found in mortuary contexts as were two Adena cones. One cone was crafted from milky white quartz while the other was made of grey barite with dark inclusions.

It is interesting to note that both cones were apparently wrapped in leather; per­haps the remains of a shaman's bag. There were also remnants of leather in various locations, unassociated with other cultural materials in the mound.

ARCHAIC OCCUPATION: Beneath the Adena mound base a

number of Archaic elliptical pits were located, several containing multiple flexed human burials. The pits were roughly two to four feet deep. It can be speculated that the elevated site loca­tion, a dominent part of the local land­scape, being highly recognizable, served as a desirable cemetery site for these Central Ohio Archaic people. Subse­quently, as indicated, the Adena people found the same location, adjacent to a major prehistoric waterway (Big Walnut Creek), suitable for their mortuary needs. Found in the Archaic pits were diagnostic artifacts such as; mussel shell containers, a mussel shell pendant, shell beads, bun­dled digging sticks, worked beaver teeth, a drilled dog tooth, bone awls, bone beads, hammerstones, bell pestles, disc­shaped blades, corner notch points and two limestone tubular pipes. The pipes had a unique feature, both containing sandstone pellets, which were used as plugs to control heat and smoke flow and enhance smoking comfort. Both pellets were found as originally placed just inside the stem end of each pipe. Also note­worthy was the recovery of three polished claystone grooved plummets, found together in association with one of the burials. Two of the plummets are shown. (See Figure 3) What is highly unusual in the writer's study experience, is the

selection of claystone as the raw material for the plummets. Claystone is lightweight and a fairly soft material, normally unsuit­able for plummets, assumed to be used as net sinkers in the fishing activities of the local population. It is proposed that both the unusual material and a lack of use-wear on the surface of the plummets indicates an entirely different application for these plummets. Ceremonial use and/or use in some form of symbolic replication activity is suggested for these examples. In this instance they may have also represented special totems or lucky charms rather than utility tools.

A curiosity about artifacts recovered in the William Davis mound, came with the discovery of an Archaic bundle burial containing worked antler tools which included one of the tubular pipes previ­ously mentioned. Included in the deposit was one-half of a banded slate quadri-concave two hole gorget, which we usu­ally associate with the later Adena people. Perhaps, this was a rodent initiated "arti­fact relocation", subsequent to the Archaic occupation. Several deposits of charred fabric material, (Figure 4), referred to earlier, were found in this burial.

Unfortunately, fieldwork at the William Davis mound ended on September 17, 1959, when, by agreement with the prop­erty owners, the salvage dig was con­cluded. Like several other sites in Central Ohio, this mound was doomed for destruction due to the impact of sub­urban sprawl stimulated by the booming building industry in the ten year period following World War II. Artifact conserva­tion efforts pursued vigorously in this case and in several similar Central Ohio salvage projects, resulted in preservation of only the remnant artifacts of these sig­nificant early Woodland period sites.

18

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Adena stemmed points.

Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Re-worked Adena pottery bowl.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Grooved plummets from Archaic occupation. Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Charred fabric, Archaic occupation.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Other artifacts from the Davis Mound.

19

AN INDENTED GORGET by

Ron Helman 1993 Dingman-Slagle Road

Sidney, Ohio 45365

Indented gorgets are rare. Quite often they are broken and many exhibit signs of extensive wear and use. Many of them are engraved or have undecipherable incised lines. A number of them are made of red slate or banded slate with con­trasting lines.

This indented gorget was first col­lected by Raymond Vietzen and was later in the Dr. Stanley Copeland collec­tion. It was found five miles south of Celina in Mercer County near the Darke County line. It is 5% inches long and is made of dark maroon/red slate. As can be seen in the color plate, it shows evi­dence of heavy use.

Fig. 1 (Helman) Indented gorget from Mercer County, Ohio.

20

- PUBLICATION ORDER FORM -

WHERE THE FROLICS AND

WAR DANCES ARE HELD

The Indian Wars and the Early European Exploration and Settlement

of Muskingum County and the Central Muskingum Valley

A newly released book by Jeff Carskadden and James Morton, written to commemorate the 1997 Zanesville and Muskingum County bicentennial. Published by the Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey in cooperation with the Zanesville Bicentennial Commission. Hardback, 543 pages including introduction and index, 59 portraits and 19th-century engravings, 42 maps, 17 photographs of prehistoric and historic Indian artifacts, and 14 miscellaneous illustrations. Printed on acid free paper. ISBN 0-9626931-5-4, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-68466. Price $30 per copy plus $3 postage and handling per book. Please make checks payable to THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY and send orders to:

The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey 24 South 6th Street

Zanesville. Ohio 43701

Please send copies of WHERE THE FROLICS AND WAR DANCES ARE HELD at $30 per copy plus

$3 postage and handling per book to the name and address below. Enclosed is a check for .

NAME:

STREET:

CITY: STATE: ZIP:

DR. MEUSER'S SPINEBACK GORGET by

Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive

Plain City, Ohio

Although we had known each other for two or three years, I first visited Dr. Meuser in the spring of 1959. We became good friends and I went to his home many times to look at his collec­tion, photograph many of the pieces and just talk about artifacts. We spent many hours examining different specimens and discussing their attributes. His relic rooms were upstairs and his health was such that he did not like to climb the stairs, so often I would go up and get

certain pieces and bring them down to his office and we would talk about them. He knew precisely where each artifact was in each display case - the row, the number from the left or right. His knowl­edge and experience were immeasur­able and he imparted a wealth of information to me. Dr. Meuser was not just a collector who desired fine pieces -he studied them intensely and knew more about prehistoric artifacts than anyone I knew.

One of my favorite pieces in his exten­sive collection was a gray-green slate spineback gorget - he called it "that old thing", but with a smile of obvious pride and was pleased that I too appreciated one of his most pleasing artifacts. Two views of it are shown in the accompa­nying color photographs.

This fine spineback was found three miles south of Jeromesville, Ashland County, Ohio, and has Dr. Meuser's cata­logue number 891/5.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Two views of Dr. Meuser's spineback gorget from Ashland County, Ohio. Shown full size.

21

A "BELLY-RIPPER" TOMAHAWK FROM FRAZEYSBURG, OHIO

by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

Introduction Illustrated in the accompanying pho­

tographs (Figures 1 and 2) is an 18th cen­tury iron trade tomahawk recently purchased at an estate auction held in Frazeysburg, Ohio. Frazeysburg is a small village located along State Route 16 between Newark and Dresden in the northwestern corner of Muskingum County. The auction consisted of items from the estate of the late Herb Riley of Frazeysburg, and the tomahawk was the only Indian-related item sold. The toma­hawk was described in an advertisement for the auction as "an early iron Indian ax."

Although Mr. Riley was living in Frazeysburg at the time of his death, he had once farmed a 280 acre tract of land two miles northeast of Frazeysburg in section 10, Jackson Township, and sec­tion 6 in adjoining Cass Township. Although the tomahawk is known to have been found somewhere on this farm, the date and circumstances surrounding the discovery are not known.

The Riley farm artifact can be described as a "spiked tomahawk." Although other examples of spiked toma­hawks have been found in Ohio, they seem to be more common on Iroquois sites in New York (Kuck 1977). Raymond Vietzen described them as "belly rippers" and stated that they were a favorite of the Mohawks (Vietzen 1984). Most date to the middle of the 18th century; few were made after 1800 (Peterson 1965). Figure 3 shows a 19th-century engraving por­traying an Ottawa warrior of the 1760s brandishing a spiked tomahawk.

The Riley tomahawk was forged from a single piece of iron. It is relatively small, measuring only 14.8 centimeters in overall length. The maximum width of the blade is 5.0 centimeters, and the length of the spike is 3.6 centimeters. The eye is oval, and the spike is round in cross section. Both sides of the blade below the spike are decorated along the edges with a chain-like motif formed using a crescent-shaped punch. Down the center on each side of the blade is a row of circles formed using the same punch. On each side of the tomahawk at the base of the spike is a heart-shaped touch mark or cartouche containing a crescent and a V-shaped mark (see Figure 2). These marks may be simply decorative, although they could possibly represent the stylized ini­tials "LC." The decorations on this toma­hawk suggests that it may have been a presentation piece. Mr. Riley or some

member of his family appears to have tried to resharpen the blade of the toma­hawk, although little damage was done. A new wooden handle was also added and the blade and part of the handle appear to have been covered at one time with gold spray paint.

Raymond Vietzen (1984) illustrated four trade tomahawks with heart touch marks or cartouches, two of which were found in Huron County, Ohio. A New York example illustrated by Vietzen had the initials "JF" inside the heart. These were not the spiked type, however. A spiked tomahawk with the initials "IS" inside a heart is described in Peterson's American Indian Tomahawks (1965:49). This example was also stamped with the word "Rutland," presumably Rut­land, Vermont, and also the date 1775. I could not find any examples of trade tom­ahawks in the literature which had heart-shaped touch marks surrounding the crescent and V-shaped motifs as seen in the Frazeysburg example.

The spiked tomahawk was not the first historic Indian trade item to be found on the Riley farm. In 1882 George W. Riley, grandfather (?) of Herb Riley, found what is believed to be a pewter trade pipe in one of the cultivated fields on the farm. Mention of this discovery appeared in the Zanesville Daily Courier (Anonymous 1884). The present whereabouts of this artifact is not known:

George W. Riley, of Cass Town­ship, while plowing in one of his fields two years ago, discovered a metal pipe which once, prob­ably, belonged to an Indian brave. The metal in color resem­bles lead, but it is much stronger and not so pliable [pewter ?]. The pipe with a stem was evi­dently cast in a mold, and in form is symmetrical and work­manlike. Just when and where it was manufactured, are questions which cannot easily be deter­mined. If it is an Indian product then the Aborigines evidently had a thorough knowledge of the art of casting. The pipe can be seen at the Courier Counting Room.

Traders' Road There are no 18th-century records or

maps which indicate the presence of an historic Indian town or encampment on the Riley farm. However, the farm was located along an Indian trail known as

Traders' Road, and there was quite a lot of traffic on this trail during the period that spiked tomahawks (and pewter pipes) were manufactured for the Indian trade. As early as the 1740s Traders' Road was a well-traveled path that connected var­ious English trading posts in the Ohio country. Christopher Gist, who toured the Ohio country in 1750-1751, was the first traveler over this path to leave a written record of his adventures (Mulkearn 1954). Maps published soon after Gist's tour clearly show the route of Traders' Road through Ohio. On John Mitchell's 1755 map, for example, this path is actually labeled "Traders' Road," although later historians have referred to this path as the Southern Trail (Hill 1881), the Scioto Beaver Trail (Hulbert 1900), and the Coshocton Trail (Wilcox 1933). The route of Traders' Road and its various branches can be seen on the accompanying map (Figure 4).

When Christopher Gist followed Traders' Road over the winter of 1750-1751, he encountered a large Wyandot Indian town just east of present-day Coshocton. This Indian town consisted of about 100 fami­lies and was known to the English as "Muskingum" and to the French as "Con-chake." (Most of the inhabitants of this town died from a smallpox epidemic in the summer of 1751 or 1752.) Fording the Wal-honding River at its mouth, Gist and other travelers in the 1740s and 1750s pro­ceeded down the west side of the Musk­ingum River to present-day Dresden in northern Muskingum County.

From Dresden, Traders' Road left the Muskingum River proper and proceeded in a westerly and southwesterly direction up the valley of Wakatomika Creek to pre­sent-day Frazeysburg, crossing the southeastern comer of the Riley farm (see Figure 5). Just west of Frazeysburg trav­elers forded Wakatomika Creek and con­tinued in a southwesterly direction up Black Run, eventually reaching the Licking River near the mouth of Rocky Fork. From this point the path continued up the Licking valley to Newark, crossing the North Fork of the Licking near its mouth and then proceeding south and southwest down the valley of the South Fork to the Great Swamp, now Buckeye Lake. From here the trail continued in a southwesterly direction to the Hocking Valley, where Gist encountered a small Delaware village known as Hockhockin.

Although there were no Indian towns along Traders' Road in present-day

22

Muskingum or Licking counties in 1750-1751, by 1758 a large Shawnee Indian town had been established along Traders' Road on the bank of the Muskingum River just upstream from the mouth of Wakatomika Creek, near present-day Dresden. This location was only five miles east of the Riley Farm. In 1762 the popula­tion of Wakatomika consisted of 40 war­riors and 90 women and children, mostly members of the Mequachake (or Mekoche) division. This town was destroyed by an army of Virginians in 1774.

In the early 1770s a few families from Wakatomika settled along Traders' Road about a mile and a half down the Licking valley from Newark, about where Dayton Road intersects State Route 16. This loca­tion was 15 miles southwest of the Riley farm. This new settlement was known as Dan Elleott's Wife's Town, named after the Indian wife of a white trader, and was first described by missionary David Jones in February 1773. This town was probably abandoned shortly before Wakatomika was destroyed in 1774. In 1870 a road crew working on a bridge abutment at the site of this town found six Indian burials. The bones were about two feet below the ground surface and were accompanied by a "belt of brass wire, some beads and rings" (Zanesville Weekly Signal February 10, 1870).

After the destruction of Wakatomika in 1774 and the abandonment of Dan Elleott's Wife's Town there were no more permanent Indian towns located along Traders' Road in Muskingum or Licking counties. However, there were numerous individuals, both Indian and white, who followed Traders' Road between the

Delaware Indian towns around Coshocton and the Indian towns along the Hocking and Scioto rivers up until 1781, when the Delaware town at Coshocton was destroyed. Even as late as 1798 there are accounts of white adventurers following a well-beaten trail, probably the old Traders' Road, up the Wakatomika Creek valley west of Dresden. Early 19th-century roads along Wakatomika Creek are believed to also follow segments of this trail.

Concluding Remarks The period of greatest traffic on

Traders' Road through northwestern Muskingum County was from the late 1740s until around 1781. Most of the spiked tomahawks manufactured for the Indian trade date to this period. It is quite possible that the tomahawk, as well as the pewter pipe, were left behind by Indians or white traders who were passing through the Riley farm on Traders' Road. The only other historic Indian period tom­ahawk that has been previously reported from Muskingum County is one shown in Robert Kuck's Tomahawks Illustrated (1977:41). It is described as a "Badly pitted French style [tomahawk] found near Zanesville." Kuck provides no additional information on this artifact.

References Anonymous 1884 An Ancient Relic. Daily Courier, July 5,

Zanesville, Ohio.

Hill, N.W., Jr. 1881 History of Coshocton County, Ohio. A. A.

Graham and Company, Newark, Ohio.

Hulbert, Archer Butler 1900 Indian Thoroughfares of Ohio. Ohio

Archaeological and Historical Publica­tions 8:264-295, Columbus, Ohio.

Kuck, Robert 1977 Tomahawks Illustrated. Aldine Printing

Company, Xenia, Ohio.

Mulkearn, Lois 1954 George Mercer Papers Relating to the

Ohio Company of Virginia. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Peterson, Harold L. 1965 American Indian Tomahawks. Museum of

the American Indian, Heye Foundation, The Gun Room Press, Highland Park, New Jersey.

Shetrone, H.C. 1919 The Indian in Ohio. Ohio Archaeological

and Historical Publications 27:274-510. Columbus, Ohio.

Vietzen, Raymond C. 1984 Their Fires Are Cold. White Horse Pub­

lishers.

Warner, Beers, and Company 1884 The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

Warner, Beers and Company, Chicago.

Wilcox, Frank N. 1933 Ohio Indian Trails. Reprinted 1970 by the

Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.

23

0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 1 (Carskadden) Eighteenth-century spiked tomahawk found near Frazeysburg, Ohio. The handle is modern.

Figure 2 (Carskadden) Close-up view of the spiked tomahawk found near Frazeysburg showing the heart-shaped cartouche.

24

Fir ry MILES

EIGHTY KILOMETERS

Figure 3 (Carskadden) This engraving, sometimes captioned "Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain" (Warner, Beers, and Company 1884), or "Type of Indian War­rior of Pontiac's Conspiracy" (Shetrone 1919), depicts an Indian warrior of the 1760s brandishing a spiked tomahawk.

Figure 4 (Carskadden) Map of the Ohio country showing Traders' Road and the locations of English trading posts at the time of Christopher Gist's tour in 1750-1751. The black circle southwest of Conchake is the location of the Riley farm in northwestern Muskingum County.

Figure 5 (Carskadden) Map of Muskingum County showing the route of Traders' Road, the location of the Shawnee town of Wakatomika (ca. 1758-1774), and the Icoation of the Riley farm where the spiked tomahawk and pewter pipe were found.

MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO

MAJOR DRAINAGE BASINS, TOWNSHIP DOUNDARIES

AND TOWNS

25

FLUTED POINT FOUND IN CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, OHIO

by Dan Bartlett

6044 E. Rt. 36 Cable, Ohio 43009

This 3% inch fluted point was found in Champaign County, Ohio, along Little Darby Creek on June 14, 1997. The point is made of Carter Cave flint. My father and I have been hunting the site for 10 years and have found other fine artifacts, which include a deep notch Dovetail (reported in Ohio Archaeologist Fall 1990, p. 17), Lanceolates, and 3 large Bevels.

Figure 1 (Bartlett) Fluted point 3% inches long, found in Champaign County, Ohio.

TRANSITIONAL POINT FOUND IN UNION COUNTY

by Jim Bartlett

6044 E. U.S. Hwy. 36 Cable, Ohio 43009

This 3-inch Transitional point was found June 8, 1997 on a site in Union County, Ohio. This site was reported in the Ohio Archae­ologist (Vol. 46, No. 3, 1996). The point is made of patinated Flint Ridge flint and has a diagonal reddish-purple streak near the base. It is longer than most Transitional points, and the undamaged ear displays a sharper tip than most Transitional points do. In this way it is similar to a Dalton or Holland point from midwestem states.

Figure 1 (Bartlett) Three-inch long transitional point found in Union County.

26

OLD SURVEY OF OHIO DUAL-TIPPED POINTS RENEWED by

Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131

Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131

More than 20 years ago I published three short articles in the Ohio Archaeolo­gist concerning a very scarce and unusual type called "Dual-Tipped Points" (Britt, 1974; 1975; 1976).

Converse (1994:161) in his Ohio Flint Types book states that the type is scarce and probably less than 50 specimens have been reported for Ohio. In my old survey back in the 70's, nine specimens from Ohio were reported. I also conducted a survey in other states. That survey turned up an additional 16 specimens from eleven other states. Hence, the type is extremely rare in all states, but more were reported for Ohio than the other states.

The functional significance of this type is unknown, as are age or cultural affilia­tion. Most known Ohio examples are

corner-notched, although one stemmed Dual-Tipped Point was reported previ­ously (Britt, 1976:12, Fig 2). I agree with Converse that these points may be Archaic in age, but we have no way of knowing for sure because (as far as I know) all reported examples are from sur­face sites. Most reported specimens in Ohio are from the northern and eastern parts of the state.

Representative examples of previously-reported specimens are shown (Fig. 1). Now, more than 20 years after my first inquiry, I am asking members of the society to send me information as to un­reported Dual-Tipped Points from Ohio. If you have any specimens in your collection that have not been reported, please let me know. I am especially interested in

knowing what counties they are from. Thank you.

References Britt, Claude Jr. 1974 Dual-Tipped Points: A Very Rare Ohio

Flint Type. Ohio Archaeologist 24(3): 18.

1975 Regional Collaborator News: More Ohio Dual-Tipped Points. Ohio Archaeologist 25(2): 14.

1976 Recent discoveries of Dual-Tipped Points. Ohio Archaeologist 26(3): 12.

Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society

of Ohio. p. 161.

Fig. 1 (Britt) Two Dual-Tipped Points from Ohio. Point on left is from Wayne County. The other point is from Jefferson County.

27

REMEMBRANCE OF JOHN HOGUE by

Dr. Norman Wright 1966 Meadowbrook Way Coshocton, Ohio 43812

We can bring you no photograph to show his face.

Twenty-five years after his death we can find no relatives to discuss his attitudes.

John Hogue was a friend, a patient of mine, a fellow collector of artifacts and searcher of the fields. He was a slight, s o f t - s p o k e n man w h o w o r k e d as a b o o k k e e p e r in t he Fo rd g a r a g e in Coshocton, and in addit ion to hunting artifacts in a wide range over the local area, was a pack rat who had all sorts of projects in progress.

I used to visit him at his bachelor home on S e c o n d S t ree t , a sma l l , s ing le dwelling and a weather-beaten barn with a hay loft in the back. When I visited, he would often go to his secret closet, filled with cigar and shoe boxes full of trea­sures he had found in field-searching in Coshocton and surrounding count ies, and bring out artifacts to show me.

At one time he took me up into the barn loft and there spread out were some 800 lanceolate Paleo-Plano bases and an equal number of broken-off distal tips. He was never able to make a match. Shortly after, the barn loft was ransacked and the bases and tips were gone. He was embit­tered and shaken by th is . Some t ime later, the material was returned to him -found by a road crew at the side of a road where the art i facts had been dumped; many of them were tar -s ta ined but in large part not broken. They were recog­nized by his budd ies , and brought to John as a gift. He offered to sell me the lot and I paid his price and better than doubled my collection of broken lanceo­late bases . He d id not o f fer me the stemmed lanceolates that he must have been finding, whole and broken.

John would never tell where he found his art i facts. He would allude to w o n ­derful spots that he had found, and tell of t imes that he had gone over to Flint Ridge and dug up a good number of fine p ieces of j ewe l f l i n t . He p r i nc ipa l l y brought back f rom Flint Ridge, Adena leaf -shaped, beaut i fu l spec imens. He also had a number of chunks of nice, col­orful, Flint Ridge flint which interested me because I was also doing lapidary work. I would occasional ly buy pieces of that flint from him. But he would never part with any of the large number of excellent Indian artifacts that he had found.

John Hogue was an avid field-searcher and as a regular member of the Wal-tusgum Chapter of the Archaeological Society which met every month at the Johnson Humr i ckhouse M u s e u m , he could be counted on to bring in a fresh trophy - just washed off.

One of his prize specimens was the large Ashtabula measuring &A inches long by 2V2 inches wide, he had found in 1942 under unusual circumstances. A Dresden area farmer told him of having plowed up a large artifact several times, but not being interested in artifacts, left it there but told John it was by a distinctive oak tree. John dug the area and s i f ted t h rough 600 square feet of p lowed ground until he finally found the prize uninjured. In 1964 he was persuaded to loan it to the museum as a distinctive exhibit.

I had just dismissed him from the hos­pital recovering from pneumonia and he seemed normal and chipper. Then, with my family, I left on vacation. Upon return, I was dismayed to hear that John Hogue was dead. After a day or so of his not returning to work, a friend had gone to check on him and found him hung in the barn . Records are spare - the sheriff deputies and the deputy coroner assumed suicide and his death was so registered on the death certificate on June 28, 1972, as apparent suicide by strangulation.

However, upon further research, we find that Mary Shaw, then director of the J o h n s o n H u m r i c k h o u s e M u s e u m , repor ted that John Hogue had come requesting the return of his exhibited arti­facts on an evening shortly before the discovery of his body. John Hogue said he was going to show off his huge collec­t ion to a "coup le of guys. " Ms. Shaw reluctantly released his museum-based material. None of that material has since been found.

In looking into the c i rcumstances of John's death, I met with his brother as he was cleaning out the house. We could find no flint of any sort. All the specimens I had seen were gone. We looked into the closet where he had frequently gone to pluck out a cigar box full of beautiful material and found that the closet was empty, all of the boxes that were there and occasionally lying around the quar­ters were gone. Way up on the top of the shelf in the back of the closet was one lone ly c iga r box h o l d i n g a few scraps of Flint Ridge flint, with a couple of oval leaf p ieces approx imate ly an inch and a half in width and an inch in length that had been overlooked. There was also, as far as the brother could say, no evidence of any money and no obvious evidence of violence.

Mary Shaw knew nothing of the enor­mity of John 's col lect ion - nor did the deputy coroner. Having been in his house often I knew he had boxes and boxes of artifacts under his bed and his closet was full of relics. It was only after his death that

his brother came to know of the extent of the artifact loss and the reason for his, to my mind, murder. The house had been cleaned out of all artifacts, the "couple of guys" were gone and so was John.

The suspicion of foul play was strong in my mind and I sought counsel with the sheriff, thinking the suspicious c i rcum­stances would justify looking into. It was at least 10 days or two weeks beyond his death that I actually heard about it and looked into it. The sheriff agreed that the situation sounded suspicious, but stated that he had absolutely nothing to go on beyond the suspicion, that the coroner had ruled that it was suicide, that the "trail was cold," and that his hands were tied.

Mary Shaw spoke of John Hogue as a "litt le" man who frequently came to the museum to revel in the display of flint and as he looked he would often speak to other visitors and proudly show his artifacts that were displayed, particularly the large "Ashtabula" and a couple of f luted points that were pictured in the Ohio Archaeologist in 1964.

Ms. Shaw remembers the afternoon he came in to reclaim and take out his prizes to show to a "couple of guys", but that John was somehow uneasy and in no hurry to take the prizes out. She offered to open the museum that evening and permit the strangers to view the material, bu t tha t was not a c c e p t a b l e . She pressed John about returning the points to the museum, and he assured her, sev­eral times, that he would do so.

So when the report came of John 's suicide, Mary was very surpr ised. She had a conversation with a local collector about the circumstances; the collector ventured the thought that John might have thrown the points into the river, and then in depression, taken his life. Mrs. Shaw, knowing John's love of his points, thought this highly unlikely.

Mary Shaw agrees that John Hogue's death and the disappearance of his arti­facts remain a suspicious mystery, and believes that the circumstances indicate foul play. Her knowledge of John is that his clinging pride and love of the collec­tion was such that he would have been most unlikely to have sold it.

I will always wonder about the circum­stances of that fatal evening. It seems to me that John proudly displayed his col­l ec t i on of all manner of f l in t to t he "coup le of guys , " was ove rpowered , taken to the barn, hung to simulate sui­cide, and the material stolen away.

Some of the missing material is well documented. Accompanying this article are drawings and/or photographs of 12

28

or 13 fluted points: A) The distinctive Ashtabula specimen was photographed and submitted to the Ohio Archaeologist, published in Vol. 14, October, 1964, on page 111, along with three other distinc­tive artifacts found by Mr. Hogue; B) Dr. Olaf Prufer, then on the staff of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, in the 1960's was assembling the materials for his definitive analysis and reporting of fluted points throughout Ohio. John Hogue submitted several of the points he had found, and one of these was pic­tured with Dr. Prufer's lucid drawing and published in the "Survey of Ohio Fluted Points" of the Cleveland Museum of Nat­ural History, No. 9 (July 1963) as number

524; this point is probably the same as one of those featured in the aforemen­tioned Ohio Archaeologist; C) Other arti­facts pictured in illustrations accom­panying this article, were to be included in the presently unpublished "No. 11" of the "Survey of Ohio Fluted Points;" D) Marion Haight, an artist of some skill, drew two sides of three points that might be helpful in the recognition of the lost artifacts.

The fluted points and the large Ashtabula are the grave stones of John Hogue. The publications in the Ohio Archaeologist and records and drawings by Dr. Prufer are his memorial in the National History museum library. They also might be clues to what actually hap­

pened if the points turn up in collections and are identified by comparison with these publications.

If there is any lesson to be learned from this unhappy incident it might be this: artifact collectors - know with whom you are dealing and share your informa­tion with reliable people only. Be on your guard. Trust can be dangerous and expensive.

Editor's note. This article was submitted by Dr.

Norman Wright just prior to his death. Our Society and your Editor have lost a good friend.

Fig. 1 (Wright) Flint artifacts in the John Hogue collection, as shown in the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 14, #4, October, 1964, p. 111.

Fig. 2 (Wright) Fluted point illustrated in "Survey of Ohio Fluted Points" No. 9 (July, 1963); Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

29

5 8 4 5 7 3 5 7 8 5B1 5 7 J

5 8 2 566 5 70 5 8 0 590

6 0 1

Fig. I (Prufer) Fluted points from the Walhonding Valley. Nos. 600 and 601 are unfinished points. The numbers refer to the consecutive specimen count of the Palaco-lndian Survey of Ohio.

Fig. 3 (Wright) Paleo-lndian Points from the Hogue collection. As illustrated by Prufer.

30

A BIRDSTONE FROM KNOX CO., OHIO by

Tony Putty 6911 E. Soon

Shelbyville, IN 46176

The b i rdstone in the accompany ing photos was found in Knox County, Ohio. It is 2.75" long and made of a greenish-gray, banded Huronian slate. This type of b i rdstone is typical ly c lassi f ied as an "an imal " b i rdstone. The shape of this animal birdstone (squared body and long thin neck) is similar to a number of other documented examples.

This birdstone was collected by L.C. Snyder in the 1930's (Snyder #3030). After Snyder passed away, this piece

was acqu i red by Wi l l iam Warder, the Mayor of Genevea , New York . B.W. Stephens purchased the Warder collec­t ion, including this birdstone, in 1955. Several years later, Stephens pictured this piece in Earl Townsend's book, Bird-stones of the North American Indian (page 653, fig. 1). This bird's outstretched neck and chunky body can also be seen on the shelf next to Stephens' shoulder in Who's Who in Indian Relics #1 (page 96).

References Baldwin, John. Editor, Prehistoric Art. Tunica, MS. Volume 17-4. 1980. Miller, Bill. Personal Communication with Tony Putty. January, 1997. Stephens, Beverly Williams. Stephens Catalogue. Bi-17. February 4, 1955. Townsend, Earl Jr. Birdstones of the North American Indian. Privately Pub­lished. Indianapolis, IN 1959.

Figure 1 (Putty) Obverse and reverse of birdstone made of banded slate found in Knox County, measures 23A inches long.

31

HOPEWELL/INTRUSIVE MOUND EXCAVATION IN SCIOTO COUNTY

David W. Kuhn 2130 Grandview Avenue Portsmouth, Ohio 45662

by Mark E. Kuhn

2399 Grandview Avenue Portsmouth, Ohio 45662

From March, 1995, to September, 1996, the authors conducted a preliminary exca­vation of a prehistoric site in northern Scioto County near the Pike County line. The surface of the site has been hunted for many years, but it has never been pre­viously reported. The artifacts found on the surface revealed occupation by the Hopewell Culture and the Intrusive Mound Culture. The recent excavation confirmed the same occupation cultures.

The excavation was conducted on an uncultivated bank between the third ter­race and the second terrace along the east side of the Scioto River. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the cultivated portion of the third terrace, and the excavation area is at the white dot near the left center of both photos. It is located at the edge of an elevated area which was inhabited by the aforesaid prehistoric cultures.

The areas excavated along the sloping bank, which was originally a river bank in prehistoric times, consisted of three dis­t inct soils: r ich, dark topsoi l , sand and gravel. Figure 3 shows an area of pure sand. At the seven foot deep base were several large rounded rocks, with black burned areas on them, and small bits of charcoal around them. In the sand above

these rocks , the a r t i fac ts in the t w o bottom rows of Figure 4 were found. They are all of the Hopewell Culture. At the right in the bottom row is a small Hopewell Cul­ture bladelet made of Flint Ridge flint.

In the two top rows of Figure 4 are arti­facts from the Intrusive Mound Culture. They were most ly f ound in re lat ively shallow areas of the dark topsoil; how­ever, occasionally an Intrusive Mound Cul­ture artifact would be found deeper than the Hopewe l l Cu l tu re a r t i f ac ts . This apparent incongruity (the Intrusive Mound Culture is not as old as the Hopewell Cul­ture) was explained by Robert N. Con­verse, who visited the site. It was felt that the p rac t i ce of the In t rus ive M o u n d people, i.e., inserting the relics of their cul­ture into the living areas of prior cultures, would explain why artifacts from a more recent culture could be found at deeper levels than art i facts f rom a previously existing culture. The Intrusive Mound Cul­ture artifacts in Figure 4 are all typically very thin, and are all made of Delaware chert.

Figure 5 shows 28 shards of grit-tem­pered pottery, all of which were found in the dark topsoil areas where the Intrusive Mound Culture artifacts were found. A

few f ragments of animal bones were found in both the sandy areas and in the dark topsoil areas, and these are shown in Figure 6. Most f ragments are spl in­tered bones of large mammals , sup ­port ing the anthropological conclusion that prehistoric people ate the marrow in these animal bones. Figure 7 shows 9 fl int hammerstones which were exca­vated from both the sandy areas and the dark topsoil areas at the site. All, except the one at the right and of the top row, show the extensive and typical pitting all around the hammerstone.

The numerous chips of flint found at the site are largely Delaware chert. To a lesser degree, chips of Carter Cave flint were found, and to an even lesser degree, Flint Ridge flint chips were found. Occasionally a chip or a worked piece of glacial flint was f o u n d in the p o c k e t s of grave l deposits which were excavated at the site.

The project was terminated because the nature and extent of the features found at this site did not justify the time and energy spent in excavating them.

Figure 1 (Kuhn) Cultivated portion of third terrace, looking west toward excavation area.

32

Fig. 2 (Kuhn) Closer view of excavation area, located at slightly elevated area near white dot at left center in photo.

Fig. 3 (Kuhn) Excavated area of pure sand, with evidence of habitation to a depth of 7 feet.

* A

i * i t

Fig. 4 (Kuhn) Intrusive Mound Culture artifacts (top 2 rows) and Hopewell Culture artifacts (bottom 2 rows).

f • •

• f f« 4|

* * I Fig. 5 (Kuhn) Grit-tempered pottery shards exca­vated in association with Intrusive Mound Culture artifacts.

0 • m» Fig. 7 (Kuhn) Flint hammerstones excavated with Hopewell and Intrusive Mound Culture artifacts.

Fig. 6 (Kuhn) Animal bone fragments excavated with Intru­sive Mound Culture artifacts.

33

PERSONALLY FOUND ARTIFACTS by

Robert M.Evans 305 W. Anthony

Delina, Ohio

Shown here are two personally found artifacts. The slate piece has 67 lines on the obverse side and on the reverse side a series of uncountable incisings. It was

found near the Stillwater River in July of 1993.

The second p iece appears to be a handmade button. It portrays by pecking

or carving a face adorned with earrings, and a headdress. It was found in sand near Grand Lake St. Marys in 1995.

Fig. 1 (Evans) Photographs of obverse and reverse of engraved pieces and illustration of lines on obverse.

Fig. 2 (Evans) Front and back of metal button with carved face. And illustrated detail of carving.

34

WHOSE BONES? THE ETHICS OF AUTHENTICITY AND CURATING by

Richard J. McGowan Ray Schuck Philosophy/Religion Dept. The Allen County Museum

Butler University 620 W. Market Street Indianapolis, IN 46208 Lima, OH 45801

Recent visitors to museums, large and small , may encounter signs instead of exhibits reading: "The contents of this dis­play case have been removed due to their sensitive nature." From the Field Museum in Chicago to the Allen County Museum in Lima, Ohio, museum professionals have had to grapple with ethical questions sur­rounding the display of human skeletal remains and native American cultural arti­facts. In this paper, we investigate the physical and metaphysical issues con­cerned with repatriation: the returning or giving back to a culture's representative(s) the human remains and relics associated with or directly connected to that culture's history. As a general framework, we use the exper ience of the Al len Coun ty Museum as a case study.

Reliquary repatriation is, of course, less sensitive [the authors recognize that this posit ion is subject to debate] than the repatriation of human remains. Nonethe­less, both sorts of repatriation present similar problems. Both present problems that are scientific, legal, and philosophical in nature.

The science involved with archaeology, especially with regard to the unearthing of human skeletal remains, creates identity quest ions. That is, if we look at such remains, it is often not clear from a scien­t i f ic point of view whose bones these unearthed bones may be; and whether they are related physiologically or culturally to contemporary populations or unique and separate from these populations.

Legally, human skeletal remains identi­fied as indigenous to early native Ameri­cans wh ich have been unear thed are subject to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act passed by Congress in 1990. This legislation spells out the legal cri teria for agencies and o rgan iza t ions d i rec t l y or ind i rec t ly receiving federal funding in the repatriation of native-American/American Indian items with on-going religious value, and human remains and associated funerary objects.

While NAGPRA went far to protect the heritage and culture — both past and pre­sent — of indigenous peoples; it, also, raised numerous questions and points of controversy among the people the Act was to protect and the people who, for many years, protected the material culture and human skeletal remains manifestly and latently associated with the newly-enacted legislation. When a discussion of skeletal material whose identity, according to the Act is "culturally unidentif iable", deeper questions and more contentious

issues arise. The solution is still being debated. The law confounds the situation by specifically delineating who, among the native American peoples and groups, can lay c la im to mater ia l — cu l tu ra l and skeletal — deemed repatriable.

The case of the Allen County Museum illustrates many of the larger questions sur­rounding repatriation and curating prac­tices. In those questions there seems to be imbedded a view that there is a preferred moral point of view, that there is an ethics of authenticity. For instance, certain argu­ments advance the view that only authentic native American spokespersons have an epistemological advantage over other per­sons. Some, like Dr. Andrew Gull i ford, applaud native Americans for "reasserting hegemony over their own cultural values and insisting on curatorial change in the nation's museum."(24) He believes "that the first objective of any museum pos­sessing native American collections should be to contact tribal leaders affiliated with artifacts in the collection and have Indian elders identify objects of a sacred or sensi­tive nature."(25) Gulliford praises efforts of tr ibes to "seek expert conservators to teach young Indians proper conservation techniques to conserve and curate sacred objects, relics, and cultural material from other tribes."(37) Such programs as these, and as repatriation, according to Gulliford, represent "only the beginning of a height­ened awareness toward the rights of tribal peop les to their own cul tura l hege­mony. "(38)

Gulliford's argument, representative of one posit ion on repatr iat ion, is a two -pronged attack. On the one hand, the argument suggests first, that there is such a thing as an epistemologically preferred point of view based in cultural identity and second, a right of those authentic individ­uals to their cultural identity. The two sug­gestions produce an ethics of authenticity, and concomitantly, control over any and all cultural material by the culture's members.

Gulliford's position has serious prob­lems, however. His position is a variation of the feminist's "standpoint theory." That theory holds that all knowledge is situated and constructed, and, consequently, par­tial and subjective. In the case of repatria­tion, people who are not native Americans cannot possibly be appropriate curators for material artifacts outside their own cul­ture. However, the position leads to two unacceptable conclusions: 1) there is a generic native American mentality, and 2) since all knowledge is imbedded in indi­vidual experience, only solipsism is episte­

mologically possible. Further, as a matter of emp i r i ca l obse rva t i on , there is no single, native American point of view on repatriation.

On the matter of rights, Gulliford's posi­tion rests on more secure grounds, even if those grounds undermine his apparent commitment to an epistemologically pre­ferred viewpoint. In order for rights to be asserted by native Americans, the material in question has to be shown to be linked to the native American(s) in question. If the link can be demonstrated, then epistemo­logical so l ips ism has been broken by demonstrative knowledge in science. At that point, a new concern arises: how was the cultural material acquired? If it can be shown that acquisition occurred in an ethi­cally dubious manner, then it seems the material should be returned. However, if no one 's r ights were t ramp led in the acquisition and if justice was served, then we do not see how cons iderat ions of rights demand repatriation. If native Amer­icans cannot in good faith give or allow non-nat ive Americans to have cultural material, then native Americans are not capable of good judgment or indepen­dence. Then they need help from non-native American people. Of course, such a view demeans native Americans.

We believe that the question of repatria­tion is ultimately a question of knowledge and good will. Inaccurate representation and display of native American cultures is p la in ly bad a rchaeo logy and poor museum practice. By themselves, they do not demand repatriation so much as cor­rective curating.

Selected Bibliography Andrew Gulliford, "Curation and Repatriation of

Sacred and Tribal Objects," Pub//c His­torian, Vol. 14, No. 3(1992).

Ivan Karp and Steven D. Lavine, Exhibiting Cul­tures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press 1991)

Clement W. Meighan, "Another View on Repa­triation: Lost to the Public, Lost to His­tory," Public Historian, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1992).

Dean Peerman, "Bare-Bones Imbroglio: Repa­triating Indian Remains and Sacred Arti­facts," The Christian Century, October 17, 1990.

"Special Report: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act," Fed­eral Archaeology, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1995).

35

AN ANCHOR PENDANT

This pendant was found by Jimmy Frey April 30, 1993, in Auglaize County, Ohio, just before the landowner p lowed the

by Robert M. Evans 305 W. Anthony

Celina, Ohio 45822

field. Discovered less than one half mile from the St. Marys River, this pendant was judged "Best Find of the Year" at the

January meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio.

36

REPRESENTATIVE JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR. MADE HONORARY MEMBER OF THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO AND MAHONING VALLEY CHAPTER

JAMES A. TRAFICANT, JR.

TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

AHD ECONOMIC MVUOM«NT

SCIENCE

Congress of tfje Urtiteo States ftouBc o( SepreScntatitJCg

•talMgggt g c ^ \ s -3517

Rocky Falleti Mahoning Valley Archeological Society 176 Clarencedale Avenue Youngstown, OH 44512

Dear Rocky,

Thank advisor and It is truly permission

I want is anything hesitate to

JATJ/jb

MM HAVBUKK HOUSE Off ICE BUILDING WASHINGTON OC !IMII

U H J i n - t n i

'ou for asking me to become a lifetime honorary co-founder of the Mahoning Valley Archeological a pleasure to be asked and yes, you do have my o include me in this capacity.

to wish you the very best in your endeavor that you think I might be able to help with contact me.

Respectfully, /

James h/Araficant, Jr. Membeoyof Congress

THIS STATIONERY PRINTED ON PAPER MADE OF RECYCLED FIBERS

and do

NILE*. O H U u e

EAST UWBPOQL OH 43*10

member. Society.

if there not

BOOK REVIEW WHERE THE FROLICS AND WAR DANCES ARE HELD

by Jeff Carskadden and Jim Morton

Jeff Carskadden and Jim Morton have written one of the most entertaining and informative books published in Ohio in years. It deals primarily with the archaeo-log ica l l y /h is to r i ca l l y r ich Musk ingum Val ley area of east cent ra l Ohio and details the importance and influence of that part of the state in Ohio's early his­tory. The reader will see many pictures,

maps, photographs and other i l lustra­tions of artifacts, indians, pioneers, sol­d ie rs , t r a d e r s and f r o n t i e r s m e n not available elsewhere in one book. (It was of interest to me to see the captivity story of one of my ancestors in it).

If you are at all interested in the part played by the upper Muskingum Valley in the early history of the Northwest Terri­

tory you should order this limited edition book immediately. It is a large book -hardback - 543 pages - and well worth the modest $30 pr ice. For those who enjoy early Ohio history they will have trouble laying the book down.

Robert N. Converse

37

1997 Annual Review of Archaeological Research: The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program,

University of Toledo

Sociology Anthropology Building

Tuesday, November 18, 1 9 9 7

Room 3 4 , 7:30 P.M.

The program will reflect upon current research findings and discoveries in the lands surrounding the west end of Lake Erie. Learn about the forgotten cultural heritage of ancient people in northern Ohio and southeast Michigan.

The program will include slide-Illustrated presentations by professional archaeologists affiliated with the Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program, based at the University of Toledo. Come and enjoy an evening of discovery and educational enrichment. Awareness Is the first step to know­ing and unders tanding our rich and varied past .

Free Admission—Public Welcome Co-sponsored by Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program. Black Swamp Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, and Dept. Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work

Book News Ohio Hopewell

Community Organization Edited by

William S. Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco

The great earthen mounds of southern Ohio have attracted archaeological attention since the first half of the nineteenth century. Until now, little has been known of the social organization of the Native Americans who constructed these spectacular ceremonial monuments.

In the early 1960s, Olaf Prufer argued that the Ohio Hopewell societies who built the mounds that characterize the Middle Woodland Period (200 B.C. to A.D. 400) lived in small, scattered hamlets. Prufer's thesis was evaluated at the symposium "Testing the Prufer Model of Ohio Hopewell Settlement Pattern" at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Pittsburgh, April 10, 1992. Several of those essays and others, including two by Professor Prufer, are included in Ohio Hopewell Community Organization.

Within the last decade, more than 100 instances of Middle Woodland domestic sites have been documented. The authors examine plant and animal remains, ceramic and stone fragments, and traces of structures and facilities recovered through survey and excavation. The essays illustrate many of the controversies revolving around scientific studies of the Hopewellian lifeway.

While the volume holds obvious interest for professional archaeologists, it will also appeal to amateur archaeologists and visitors to prehistoric sites and museums.

William S. Dancey is an associate professor of anthropology at The Ohio State University. He is the author of Archaeological Field Methods: An Introduction and editor of The First Discovery of America: Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area.

Paul J . Pacheco is an instructor of Anthropology at Kent State University. He is the editor of A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology.

Publication Date: September 19, 1997 368 pages, 2 halftones, 75 line drawings, notes, biblio., index ISBN 0-8733B-56l-6/Cloth $45.00

™ T H E K E N T STATE U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S J 5 J HO. Box 5190 • Kent O H 44242-0001 • (330) 672-7913 • Fax (330) 672-3104

38

Ohio s Last Frontiersman Connecticut Mariner

CAPTAIN JAMES RILEY

Passport to History Series, Book I V

By: Joyce L. Alig

First Edition! Signed by Author

"The Most Comprehensive Study of Captain James Riley ever printed!"

YOUR SHIP HAS COME IN! » You may order this book at the low pre-printing cost of $ 2 9 . 9 5 p e r c o p y .

Beginning February 2 8 , 1997, the cost of this unique history book will be $ 3 9 . 9 5 per copy.

• • • • • • • • • < • • • • < '

T h e book will be available at the

Mercer Co. Museum late summer of 1997.

Yes, I want to order copy (copies)

O H I O ' S L A S T F R O N T I E R S M A N :

C O N N E C T I C U T M A R I N E R

C A P T A I N J A M E S R I L E Y , a t $ 2 9 . 9 5

(If 1 want the book mailed, I will add $4.00.)

I am including a check for $ _ m a d e out to Merce r Co. M u i e u m .

Mail form & check to; Mercer Co. M u i e u m Box 512 Cel .na. O H 45822

OBITUARIES Norman Wright

COSHOCTON - Norman L. Wright, M.D., 74, of 1966 Meadowbrook Way, Coshocton, died at 12:40 p.m., Tuesday, Aug. 26, 1997, at Coshocton County Memorial Hospital from congestive failure.

Born in 1923 in Portsmouth, Wright was the son of the late Rev. Dr. Leigh O. and Gladys (McKinney) Wright. He was raised in St. Louis and Kansas City, Mo.

He married Helen Agricola in 1948. She survives.

Dr. Wright graduated from the College of Wooster in 1947, and in 1951 received his medical degree from Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

In 1952, Dr. Wright and Dr. Robert R. Johnson founded a medical practice at 646 Chestnut St. Originally known as Drs. Johnson and Wright, the partner­ship was later renamed Family Physi­cians of Coshocton.

Through the years, Dr. Wright held var­ious positions on the staff of Coshocton County Memorial Hospital and in the Coshocton County Medical Society. In 1973, he became a Diplomate and a charter member of the American Board of Family Practice.

Dr. Wright retired from the practice of medicine and surgery in 1990. From 1993 to 1996, he served as Coshocton County health commissioner.

He was a member of the Coshocton Presbyterian Church, where he served as a deacon, an elder and a member of the Chancel Choir.

During World War II, Dr. Wright served as a navigator with the 452nd Bomb Group of the Army Air Corps, based in England. He completed 31 combat missions over Europe. He was one of a very few Amer­ican officers to be assigned to detached duty with England's Royal Air Force.

The Flint Ridge Shelter House project will soon be under way. The cost esti­mate is $21,683. Grants, pledges and cash on hand totals $14,240. Also donated, but not accounted for is the backhoe service and a waste container. The following chapters have come for­ward with contributions:

Cuyahoga Valley Chippewa Valley

After the war he remained in the Air Force Reserve, and retired from that organization as a lieutenant colonel.

Though be believed the Second World War was a necessary evil, in later life Wright became active in the search for means of resolving conflict peacefully.

An advocate for children and young people, Dr. Wright was a member of the Coshocton City board of education from 1964 until 1984. He also served as an adviser to the Coshocton High School Medical Interest Club. An environmen­talist, Dr. Wright donated thousands of board feet of prime hardwood, salvaged from downed trees, to school shop departments throughout the area. He also was active in the Boy Scouts of America, serving for many years on the Muskingum Valley Boy Scout Council, and personally leading a number of wilderness canoe trips.

He was also an accomplished amateur archaeologist. In 1989, he was elected to the Honor Roll of the University of Maine's Center for the Study of the First Americans. He was a widely published author of articles about archaeology in Coshocton County.

He donated his own extensive collec­tion of Coshocton County Indian artifacts to the Johnson Humrickhouse Museum.

A Rotary Club member since 1954, Dr. Wright served as president of that organi­zation, and was the recipient of its highest award of honor.

He is survived by his wife, Helen, and by his children: A son, Steven Wright and wife Ann, of Santa Fe, N.M.; two daugh­ters, Susan Wright of Flagstaff, Ariz., and Janet Kay Alford of Coshocton.

Sugarcreek JOHNNY APPLESEED Six Rivers Standing Stone We have roughly $7500 yet to raise

and don't intend to stop till we get there. The support from the chapters around the state has been fantastic. Groups like these are what makes the A.S.O. what it is today. Contributors of $1000 and over

Dorothy Good Dorothy Good, 79, died Aug. 21 at

Franklin Woods Care Center. Mrs. Good was a member of the Grove

City Community Club and Ohio Archeo-logical Society.

Preceded in death by her husband, Ernest, she is survived by daughter, Jean Tennihill of Texas and Lane Hollingshead of Grove City; sister, Mabel Robinson; grandchildren and their spouses, Vicki and Thomas Williams, Randy and Lisa Tennihill; great-grandchildren, Mollee and Brad Williams, Joel, Grant and Jared Ten­nihill.

Funeral arrangements were handled by Schoedinger-Norris Chapel.

Editor's note. My good friend Dorothy Good, widow

of the late Ernie Good, was a former Society Trustee. Her passing is a great loss to all her friends and the Society.

will be acknowledged on a bronze plaque on site. Perhaps a group or individual would like to honor somebody with a memorial? Thanks, Bob. Your help in every way is really appreciated. The last article was fantastic and really helped add a lot of clout to our cause.

Project Coordinator Bobby Williams

FLINT RIDGE SHELTER HOUSE PROJECT

39

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

This fine fluted point was found in Knox County, Ohio, by Carl Harruff. It is made of Upper Mercer Coshocton flint with a quartz "lightning streak" inclusion.