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Voltage control in distribution
Olof Samuelsson
Div. of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation
Lund University
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Contents
1. Local and system level impact of windpower. s r u on ee er vo age pro e
3. Voltage control actuators
. o age con ro sensors5. Control scheme
. .
7. Conclusions
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Wind turbine generator technologies
Induction generator
Doubly-fed induction generator
Full-scale converter
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Local level impact of windpower
Risk of island operation at distribution level n - s an pro ec on
Power quality
armon cs, vo age ps New fault current situation
New power flow situation (Ingmar Leie)
Losses
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System level impact of windpower
Balancing
-
Load
Reduced inertia
-
o an rns e
50
49
49.5
f[Hz]
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0 10 20 30 40 5048.5
time [s]
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Fault behavior of windpower
SG instability related to critical clearing angle n uc on genera or ns a y re a e o cr ca c ear ng spee
Notion of Rotor speed stability proposed
Calculation of fault currents from DFIG
Francesco Sulla
4
6
8
pu
)
Phase current for DFIG at three-phase short-circuit
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250
2Ia
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. . . ,
Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp 1179-1180, 2005)
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Voltage: Generic network with tap changer
130/10 kV substation
with OLTC
16 nodes
Load: 5 MW
.
Length: 28 km
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Voltage profile along a feeder
Voltage limitsoa on y
Generation only
Load and generation
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Voltage-constrained windpower capacity
Worst cases with tap changer control ax mum genera on a m n mum oa
Minimum generation at maximum load
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Change in voltage magnitude along line
VIXIRV rlinerlineqlineplineline
At transmission level reactive power controls voltage
At distribution level Q normally required to be zero
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Draw Q should be possible with power electronics
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Medium Voltage lines
Line type R[/km]
L
[mH/km]
C
[F/km]
X/R
Cable AXCEL 95mm2 0.320 0.35 0.21 0.34
Cable AXCEL 150mm2 0.206 0.32 0.24 0.49
OHL FeAl 99 0.336 1.085 0.0061 1.01
e . . . .
AXCEL 95mm2
8km FeAl 99mm2 8km
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Network losses
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How frequent is maximum generation?
Some curtailment of active power is reasonable
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Use all actuators in a coordinated way
On-load Tap Changer s eps . eac n en re ne wor
Reactive Power
But increases line currents and thus losses
= .
Active Power Curtailment
But reduces income to generator owner
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Voltage requirements
EN 50160 o age qua y a cus omer s e
+/- 10 % for 95 % of a week with 10 min RMS values
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New electricity meters can report voltage
Remote reading of energy once a month since July 2009 r an: , g ee
Rural: GPRS
ona ea ures
Voltage limit violation alarms
Control output
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Proposed control structure
130 kV line
20 kV line. ne
Control and communication
Distributed Generation
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Heuristic al orithm uses incremental controlDelay until
next stepStart
V limit
violation
?
no
no
Priority
scheduler
Done?
Priority
on
OLTC?
OLTCcontroller
yes yes
Done?Priority
on Q?
Q controlleryes yes
no
Done?Priority
P controller
no
yes yes
no
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no
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Result indicators
Installed MW windpower e vere an cur a e w n power
Tap operations
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E.ON test case
Feeder Load
[MW]
Existing WT
[MW]
New WT
[MW]
1 5.8 0.7 0.0
2 0.0 9.0 0.0
3 5.1 0.0 0.0
4 1.7 0.9 6.0
5 4.0 0 0.0
. .
7 5.3 1.4 13.0
8 4.2 0.8 3.0
28.0 12.8 25.0
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E.ON test case
130/20 kV E.ON substation ee ers
3 substations 20/10 kV
~170 substations 20/0.4 kV
Windpower 13 MW installed and 25 MW to be added
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E.ON load and generation profiles
Total active power load (measured)
Total active power generation (measured values upscaled)
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E.ON test case voltages with only tap changer
Voltage at substation busbar with normal setpoint
Voltage at node with lowest voltage
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E.ON test case voltages with new control
Voltage at substation busbar
Voltage at node with lowest voltage
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E.ON test case resultsMWh MWh
6000
8000
10000
100
150
0
2000
Transferred ener
0
50
250
300
MWh
150
50
100
15050
Curtailed Energy Tap changer operations
Local OLTC, existing windpowerOLTC with EM, PF=1
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Local OLTC, PF=1
Local OLTC, PF var
OLTC with EM, PF=0.89
OLTC with EM, PF var
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E.ON test case economic analysis
Costs for tap operations
a n enance cos s
Costs for network losses
pr ce a or oo
Costs for active power curtailment
Electricity certificates
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E.ON test case economic results30000
20000
25000
10000
15000
0
5000
Curtailment Losses Tap changer operations
Total
oca , = oca , var
Coordinated OLTC, PF = 1 Coordinated OLTC, PF = 0.89
Coordinated OLTC, var PF
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Conclusions
Increase of windpower capacity without reinforcement
. + . = . .
increase of windpower 75 % additional, 40 % total
conom ca ene s rom coor na e an var a e
Energy values critically depends on profiles
Use of electricity meters feasible
Voltage magnitude and some continuous control better
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