volksvagon

SHRI SIDDHI VINAYAKINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBAREILLY (U.P.)

A PROJECT REPORT ONHYBRID CHIMENY

Department of Mechanical Engineering Shri Siddhi Vinayak Institute of Technology (UPTU-474),Bareilly

SUBMITTED BYPrateekSolanki(1147440071)Rahul Sagar(1147440075)Vishal Saxena(1147440118)Tarandeep Singh(1147440109)Tirmohan Singh(1147440111)

Guided by Anush agarwal Mechanical engg.Deppt.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that seminar Report which is submitted by this group in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of Mechanical Engineering of U.P Technical University Lucknow , is a record of the candidates own work carried out by them under my supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: Seminar Guide

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during B. Tech. 4th Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr.AnushAgarwal Department ofMechanical engineering, SSVIT ,bareilly for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day.We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Mr.Sudhakar Jain, Dean Academics ,SSVIT ,bareilly for his full support and assistance during the development of the Project.We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our report. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the Project.

CONTENTS

1. Abstract2. Introduction3. Need For Ncer4. History5. Principle6. Components7. Collector&Air enclosement chamber8. Chimney9. Turbine10. Turbine Coupling11. Energy Stored12. Advantages13. Disadvantages14. Financial Feasibility15. Design16. Data fabrication17. Dimensioning18. Equipments required19. Costs20. Conclusion21. Bibliography

ABSTRACT

Solar thermal hybrid chimney is a new method for producing electric power from a solar-wind hybrid system. It combines three old and proven technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and the wind turbine. Energy from sunlight is converted to heat by a large solar collector. The collector is a transparent membrane suspended several meters off the ground, which can be made of glass or a strong transparent polymer. Sunlight penetrates this membrane, and the solar radiation is converted to heat upon hitting the ground. The air underneath the membrane quickly increases in temperature due to the greenhouse effect and flows towards the chimney, which, through the stack effect, becomes the lowest point of pressure in the system. This continuous airflow spins a turbine located at the base of the chimney. Inside the chimney wind turbines convert the winds energy into electricity. This method can also be useful during night time. The project work requires a significant area of land. A small-scale solar updraft tower may be an attractive option for remote regions in developing countries. This project doesnt require much initial cost. This project can benefit areas like power generation, agriculture sector etc. The only disadvantage at night time is that the efficiency obtained is less than that during day time.

It is a technology of electric power generation using solar energy by employing basic physics that when air is heated it rises. The created updraft can be used to turn a turbine placed at an appropriate position within a tall chimney to generate electricity. The paper discusses the principles and characteristics of such a system, its requirements, its construction and its operation. It also focuses on actual research and development of solar chimney projects.

INTRODUCTION

At present, a number of energy sources are utilized on a large scale such as: coil, oil, gas and nuclear. Continuation of the use of fossil fuels is set to face multiple challenges namely: depletion of fossil fuels reserves, global warming and other environmental concerns and continuing fuel price rise. For these reasons, the existing sources of conventional energy may not be adequate to meet the ever increasing energy demands. Consequently sincere and untiring efforts shall have to be made by the scientists and engineers in exploring the possibilities of harnessing energy from several non-conventional energy sources (solar, biomass, tidal, hydrogen, wind and geothermal energy) which they are seen as possible solution to the growing energy challenges. According to energy experts, unconventional energy sources can be used for electric power generation which receives a great attention . Power generating technology based on green resources would help many countries improve their balance of payments. Being the most abundant and well distributed form of renewable energy, solar energy constitutes a big asset for arid and semi-arid regions. A range of solar technologies are used throughout the world to harvest the suns energy. In the last years, an exciting innovation has been introduced by researchers called solar chimney. It is a solar thermal driven electrical power generation plant which converts the solar thermal energy into electrical power in a complex heat transfer process. The implementation of this project is of great significance for the development of new energy resources and the commercialization of power generating systems of this type and will help developing countries to promote the rapid development of the solar hot air-flows power generation.The demand for electric power is increasing worldwide as economies develop and economies begin to prosper. In unregulated markets the price of electricity increases along with rising demand. That higher cost encourages entrepreneurs to develop methods of generating electric power from technologies that would otherwise be considered uncompetitive. Over time improvements are made to these technologies that reduce the cost at which they produce power.In its broadest sense, solar energy conversion has undergone and still is undergoing such development that began with waterwheels, windmills and water turbines. Wind energy and hydroelectric power are indirect forms of solar thermal energy. Solar chimneys, solar towers and the vortex engine are among the more recent proposals by which to generate electric power from solar thermal energy.

NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGYFuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020 fuel scarcity will be maximum. Country like India may not have the chance to use petroleum products. Keeping this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make use of nonpolluting natural resource of petrol energy. The creation of new source of perennial environmentally acceptable, low cost electrical energy as a replacement for energy from rapidly depleting resources of fossil fuels is the fundamental need for the survival of mankind. We have only about 25 years of oil reserves and 75 100 years of coal reserves.

Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the population would result in global elemental change in leading to worldwide drought and decertification.The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only to will. Now electric power beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power station (s.p.s) provide a cost-effective solution even though work on solar photo voltaic and solar thermo electric energy sources has been extensively pursued by many countries. Earth based solar stations suffer certain basic limitations.

It is not possible to consider such systems and meeting continuous uninterrupted concentrated base load electric power requirements. Energy plays an important role in the material, social and cultural life of man kind. The energy needs are increasing day by day. This is the result of population growth and increase in the standard of living which is directly proportional to energy. As we know that mankind will be never lacking in energy. Today, it is liquid fluid, tomorrow it may be uranium with an element of risk. Risk exists where ever there is human activity and production of energy. Just as the supplyof fossil fuel is finite thus there will be the supply of uranium. Perhaps, uranium would be exhausted quickly if it is used on a large scale.It is therefore, harnessing the gigantic inexhaustible solar energy source reduces the dependence on fossil fuels. For the environmental concerned, the solar energy harnessing system offers advantages in that, it emits no pollutants into the atmosphere as they are with the combustion of fossil fuels. Thus, as a long term option solar energy system can be considered as an alternate to all the finite fuel system. Therefore, there is no energy shortage today nor will there be in the near future.The lifting of water for drinking or irrigation purposes is of great importance in widely distributed villages with little or no rural electrification and where underground water is available. Solar energy is converted to mechanical energy to drive small water pumps it would be of great help to the rural inhibitions.

In our project we use solar photo voltaic cells for pumping water. The photo voltaic modules convert sunlight direct to electricity which is used to run a dc motor pump for bailing of water. It consists of solar photo voltaic modules, power conditioner to protect storage batteries from over charging during non-sun shine and a dc water pump.

The future of this earth and mankind substantially depends on our ability to slow down the population increase in the Third World by civilized means. The key is to increase the standard of living, to overcome the inhumane poverty and deprivation.

HISTORY

Many researchers around the world have introduced various projects of solar tower. Around 1500, Leonardo Da Vinci made sketches of a solar tower called a smoke jack . The idea of using a solar chimney to produce electricity was first proposed in 1903 by the Spanish engineer IsodoroCabanyes. Another earlier description was elaborated upon in 1931 by the German science writer Hans Gunther. He proposed a design in the 25 August 1903 issue of La EnergiaElctrica, entitled Projecto de motor solar. In this bizarre contraption, a collector resembling a large skirt heats air, and carries it upwards towards a pentagonal fan inside a rectangular brick structure vaguely resembling a fireplace (without a fire). The heated air makes the fan spin and generate electricity, before it escapes up a 63.87 m tall chimney, cools, and joins the atmosphere . In 1926, Prof Engineer Bernard Dubos proposed to the French Academy of Sciences the construction of a Solar Aero-Electric Power Plant in North Africa with its solar chimney on the slope of the high height mountain after observing several sand whirls in the southern Sahara. The author claims that an ascending air speed of 50 m/s can be reached in the chimney, whose enormous amount of energy can be extracted by wind turbines .

Fig.1.(a) The spit of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Library of Entertainment and Knowledge 1919). (b) Solar engine project proposed by IsodoroCabanyes.

Working principle

A Solar Updraft Tower converts solar radiation into electricity by combining three well-known principles: the greenhouse effect, the tower and wind turbines in a novel way. Hot air is produced by the sun under a large glass roof . Direct and diffuse solar radiation strikes the glass roof, where specific fractions of the energy are reflected, absorbed and transmitted. The quantities of these fractions depend on the solar incidence angle and optical characteristics of the glass, such as the refractive index, thickness and extinction coefficient. The transmitted solar radiation strikes the ground surface; a part of the energy is absorbed while another part is reflected back to the roof, where it is gain reflected to the ground. The multiple reflection of radiation continues, resulting in a higher fraction of energy absorbed by the ground, known as the transmittance-absorptance product of the ground. Through the mechanism of natural convection, the warm ground surface heats the adjacent air, causing it to rise. The buoyant air rises up into the chimney of the plant, thereby drawing in more air at the collector perimeter and thus initiating forced convection which heats the collector air more rapidly. Through mixed convection, the warm collector air heats the underside of the collector roof. Some of the energy absorbed by the ground surface is conducted to the cooler earth below, while radiation exchange also takes place between the warm ground surface and the cooler collector roof. In turn, via natural and forced convection, the collector roof transfers energy from its surface to the ambient air adjacent to it . As the air flows from the collector perimeter towards the chimney its temperature increases while the velocity of the air stays approximately constant because of the increasing collector height. The heated air travels up the chimney, where it cools through the chimney walls. The chimney converts heat into kinetic energy. The pressure difference between the chimney base and ambient pressure at the outlet can be estimated from the density difference. This in turn depends upon the temperatures of the air at the inlet and at the top of the chimney. The pressure difference available to drive the turbine can be reduced by the friction loss in the chimney, the losses at the entrance and the exit kinetic energy loss. As the collector air flows across the turbine(s), the kinetic energy of the air turns the turbine blades which in turn drive the generator(s).

The use of three old technologiesMan learned to make active use of solar energy at a very early stage: greenhouses helped to grow food, chimney suction ventilated and cooled buildings and windmills ground corn and pumped water. The solar chimney's three essential elements - glass roof collector, chimney, and windturbines - have thus been familiar from time immemorial.A solar-thermal chimney simply combines them in a new way. Air is heated by solar radiation under a low circular glass roof open at the periphery; this and the natural ground below it form a hot air collector. Continuous 24 hours-operation is guaranteed by placing tight water-filled tubes under the roof. The water heats up during the daytime and emits its heat at night. These tubes are filled only once, no further water is needed. In the middle of the roof is a vertical chimney with large air inlets at its base. The joint between the roof and the chimney base is airtight. As hot air is lighter then cold air it rises up the chimney. Suction from the chimney then draws in more hot air from the collector, and cold air comes in from the outer perimeter. Thus solar radiation causes a constant updraught in the chimney. The energy this contains is convertedinto mechanical energy by pressure-staged wind turbines at the base of the chimney, and into electrical energy by conventional generators.

FIG- Working of hybrid chimney

HYBRID CHIMNEY COMPONENTS: CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

1. COLLECTOR

2. CHIMNEY

3. TURBINES

4. TURBINE COUPLING

5. ENERGY STORAGE IN THE COLLECTOR

1) COLLECTOR-

The major component of a solar chimney power station is the solar collector. Solar energy collectors are special kind of heat exchangers that transform solar radiation energy to internal energy of the transport medium . The collector is the part of the chimney that produces hot air by the green house effect. It has a roof made up of plastic film or glass plastic film. The roof material is stretched horizontally two or six meter above the ground . The height of the roof increases adjacent to the chimney base, so that the air is diverted to the chimney base with minimum friction loss. This covering admits the short wave solar radiation component and retains long-wave radiation from the heated ground. Thus the ground under the roof heats up and transfers its heat to the air flowing radially above it from the outside to the chimney . The structure of the collector changes to the covering material we used to predict the maximum powers for a one year operational cycle . In Lombaard et al (2002) investigation, the temperatures of the insulated collector plate and glass cover of an horizontal solar collector were measured and compared to theoretically predicted values for different ambient conditions. By ernploying an appropriate equation for the prediction of the heat transfer between the cover and the natural environment, good agreement was obtained between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured values. M. O. Hamdan (2004) presented an analytical model to predict the performance of a solar chimney power plant. The turbine head have a very strong effect on the second-law efficiency and total harvested power .In 2005, Canadian E. Bilgen and J. Rheault proposed the construction of the solar collector in a sloppy and tapered (with high altitude) section. This idea is of course a brilliant and new idea because the angle of inclination would aid in providing sufficient and effective area of the collector to receive solar radiation, thereby improving the solar collector efficiency. And improving solar collector efficiency would increase the amount of useful heat needed to warm up the cold air.The solar collector must have low reflectivity.In other words , it must be a dark color, so that most of the sunlight that strikes it will be changed into heat, instead of being reflected. Carbon black is a common pigment used in industrial paints.

Fig- Collector design options.Air enclosement chamber

The material used for this is transparent polyethylene film. The chamber has a lot of capacity to hold & guide the flow of air which directly came from surrounding.

2- ChimneyChimney or tower tube; is the main characteristic of the solar chimney station. The tower, which acts like a large chimney, is located at the center of the greenhouse canopy and is the thermal engine for the technology. The tower creates a temperature differential between the cool air at the top and the heated air at the bottom. This creates the chimney effect, which sucks air from the bottom of the tower out of the top. The chimney of the plant is extremely high and will need a stable base while still allowing free flow of air through the turbine. It would also be advantageous to have the turbine as low as possible in the chimney to make its construction simpler . There are various different methods for constructing such a tower: free-standing reinforced concrete tubes, steel sheet tubes supported by guy wires, or cable-net construction with a cladding of sheet metal or membranes .The design procedures for such structures are all well established and have already been utilized for cooling towers; thus, no new developments are required. Detailed static and structural-mechanical investigations have shown that it is expedient to stiffen the tower in several stages, so that a relatively thin wall material will suffice. Our solution is to use bundles of strands in the form of flatspoked wheels which span the cross-sectional area of the tower. This is perhaps the only real structural novelty in these towers as compared to existing structures. Schlaich (1994) suggested the reinforced concrete as a building material structure towers high. Studies have shown that practically this method of construction is the alternative most sustainable and cost-effective Such towers can also be constructed using other technologies including: guyed steel towers which frame is covered with nets of steel cables, membranes or trapezoidal metal films (1994). The maximum height for solar chimney is 1000 m. To support high chimney structure and gigantic solar, compression ring stiffeners are installed with a vertical spacing.

FIG- A hybrid chimney

Fig-Chimney Constuction

3- TURBINES-

The turbine of the solar chimney is an important component of the plant as it extracts the energy from the air and transmits it to the generator. It has significant influence on the plant as the turbine pressure drop and plant mass flow rate are coupled. The specifications for solar chimney turbines are in many aspects similar to those ones for large wind turbines. They both convert large amounts of energy in the air flow to electrical energy and feed this into a grid. But there are also various important differences. The following characteristic are typical for solar chimney turbines in contrast to wind turbines . In solar chimneys power plant the turbines are ducted, and their maximum theoretically achievable total-to-total efficiency is therefore 100% the Betz-limit, which is applicable to ducted ones. The direction of the oncoming air flow is known and remains constant. The turbines are protected from harsh weather conditions but have to cope with higher temperatures. The large volumes of collector and chimney act as a buffer preventing large fluctuations in air flow speed, i.e. dynamic loads on the turbine blades and all the other rotating components are comparably low. Furthermore, the turbine pressure drop in SCCPs is about 10 times bigger than in wind turbines .

Various turbine layouts and configurations have been proposed for solar chimneys power conversion unit (PCU).A single vertical axis turbine without inlet guide vanes was used in the pilot plant in Manzanares . Configurations with multiple vertical axis turbines has been proposed as well, and so have turbine layouts consisting of one pair of counter-rotating rotors, either with or without inlet guide vanes . The air circulation inside the plant, the pressure drop and the flow rate can be adjusted by varying the pitch angle of the blades of the turbine. In order to predict solar chimney conversion unit performance various mathematical models have been developed. The following literature survey focuses on the solar chimney turbines. Many studies were conducted to evaluate the pressure drop across the turbine as a part of the total available pressure difference in the system.

Fig. .Hybrid chimney turbine layout

4- TURBINE COUPLING& STEEPER MOTORA stepper motor is a brushless motor whose rotor rotate in discrete angular movements when its stator windings are energized in a programmed manner. Rotation occur because of magnetic interaction between rotor poles and poles of sequentially energized stator windings. The rotor has no electrical winding, but has salient and magnetized poles.5- Energy storage in the collector

The ground under the collector roof behaves as a storage medium, and can even heat up the air for a significant time after sunset. The efficiency of the solar chimney power plant is below 2% and depends mainly on the height of the tower. As a result, these power plants can only be constructed on land that is very cheap or free. Such areas are usually situated in desert regions. However, this approach is not without other uses, as the outer area under the collector roof can also be utilized as a greenhouse for agricultural purposes . Water filled black tubes are laid down side by side on the black sheeted or sprayed soil under the glass roof collector . They are filled with water once and remain closed thereafter, so that no evaporation can take place. The volume of water in the tubes is selected to correspond to a water layer with a depth of 5 to 20 cm depending on the desired power output. Since the heat transfer between black tubes and water is much larger than that between the black sheet and the soil, even at low water flow speed in the tubes, and since the heat capacity of water (4.2 kJ/kg) is much higher than that of soil (0.75 - 0.85 kJ/kg) the water inside the tubes stores a part of the solar heat and releases it during the night, when the air in the collector cools down.

Fig- Energy consumption

Advantages1. Solar chimney power stations are particularly suitable for generating electricity in deserts and sun-rich wasteland.2. It provides electricity 24 hour a day from solar energy alone.3. No fuel is needed. It needs no cooling water and is suitable in extreme drying regions.4. It is particularly reliable and a little trouble-prone compared with other power plants.5. The materials concrete, glass and steel necessary for the building of solar chimney power stations are everywhere in sufficient quantities.6. No ecological harm and no consumption of resources.7. The collector can use all solar radiation, both direct and diffused. This is a crucial for tropical countries where the sky is frequently overcast.8. Hybrid cimneys are particularly reliable and not liable to break down, in comparison with other solar generating plants.9. The simple and robust structure guarantees operation that need little maintenances.

Disadvantages

1. Some estimates say that the cost of generating electricity from a solar chimney is 5x more than from a gas turbine.

2. Although fuel is not required, solar chimneys have a very high capital cost .

3. The structure itself is massive and requires a lot of engineering expertise and materials to construct.

EfficiencyThe solar updraft tower has a power conversion rate considerably lower than many other designs in the (high temperature) solar thermal group of collectors. The low conversion rate is balanced to some extent by the lower cost per square metre of solar collection Model calculations estimate that a 100 MW plant would require a 1,000 m tower and a greenhouse of 20 square kilometres (7.7sqmi). A 200MW tower with the same tower would require a collector 7 kilometres in diameter (total area of about 38km). One 200MW power station will provide enough electricity for around 200,000 typical households and will abate over 900,000 tons of greenhouse producing gases from entering the environment annually. The collector area is expected to extract about 0.5 percent, or 5W/m of 1kW/m, of the solar energy that falls upon it. Concentrating thermal (CSP) or photovoltaic (CPV) solar power plants range between 20% to 31.25% efficiency (dish Stirling). Overall CSP/CPV efficiency is reduced because collectors do not cover the entire footprint. Without further tests, the accuracy of these calculations is uncertain. Most of the projections of efficiency, costs and yields are calculated theoretically, rather than empirically derived from demonstrations, and are seen in comparison with other collector or solar heat transducing technologies. The performance of an updraft tower may be degraded by factors such as atmospheric winds, by drag induced by the bracings used for supporting the chimney, and by reflection off the top of the greenhouse canopy.

Financial feasibility

A solar updraft power station would require a large initial capital outlay, but would have relatively low operating cost.Capital outlays would be roughly the same as next-generation nuclear plants such as the AP-1000 at roughly $5 per Watt of capacity. As with other renewable power sources, towers have no need for fuel. Overall costs are largely determined by interest rates and years of operation, varying from 5 eurocent per kWh for 4% and 20 years to 15 eurocent per kWh for 12% and 40 years. Estimates of total costs range from 7 (for a 200 MW plant) and 21 (for a 5 MW plant) euro cents per kWh to 2535 cents per kWh. Levelizedcost are approximately 3 Euro cents per KWh for a 100 MW wind or natural gas plant. No actual data are available for a utility scale power plant.As with other solar technologies, some mechanism is required to mix its varying power output with other power sources. Heat can be stored in heat-absorbing material or saltwater ponds. Electricity can be cached in batteries or other technologies

DesignPower output depends primarily on two factors: collector area and chimney height. A larger area collects and warms a greater volume of air to flow up the chimney; collector areas as large as 7 kilometres (4.3mi) in diameter have been discussed. A larger chimney height increases the pressure difference via the stack effect; chimneys as tall as 1,000 metres (3,281ft) have been discussed Heat can be stored inside the collector area. The ground beneath the solar collector, water in bags or tubes, or a saltwater thermal sink in the collector could add thermal capacity and inertia to the collector. Humidity of the updraft and condensation in the chimney could increase the energy flux of the system..Turbines with a horizontal axis can be installed in a ring around the base of the tower, as once planned for an Australian project and seen in the diagram above; oras in the prototype in Spaina single vertical axis turbine can be installed inside the chimney.Carbon dioxide is emitted only negligiblyas part of operations. Manufacturing and construction require substantial power, particularly to produce cement. Net energy payback is estimated to be 23 years. Since solar collectors occupy significant amounts of land, deserts and other low-value sites are most likely.A small-scale solar updraft tower may be an attractive option for remote regions in developing countries. The relatively low-tech approach could allow local resources and labour to be used for construction and maintenance.Locating a tower at high latitudes could produce up to 85 per cent of the output of a similar plant located closer to the equator, if the collection area is sloped significantly toward the equator. The sloped collector field, which also functions as a chimney, is built on suitable mountainsides, with a short vertical chimney on the mountaintop to accommodate the vertical axis air turbine. The results showed that solar chimney power plants at high latitudes may have satisfactory thermal performance. Solar updraft towers can be combined with other technologies to increase output. Solar thermal collectors or photovoltaics can be arranged inside the collector greenhouse. This could further be combined with agriculture.

Data Fabrication

The. air velocity during that period is 5-9m per sec.Acc.to formula ,Total Pressure difference= (V)2.D.1.5where V= velocity in metre per seconds D= density in Kg per metre =1.2545 Kg per metre Also we can use the formula Pressure =D.g.H Where g=acceleration due to gravity in metre per sec2 Power= voltage current

Dimensioning & apparatus required

Height 30cmBottom width 22cmTop width 18.5cmHoles dia. 1.7 cmCardboard 45 *36 cmTop Hole dia. 15 cmSwitch Board 8.5*3.8 cmSheet For Chimney 500*500 Cm Glass Sheetfibre Sheet150*200 cmStepper Motor6 volt,D.CMetal Wire 10 inchesTransformer 12 voltsPv Cells 10 cells

Estimation and costing of hybrid chimneyPrime cost of hybrid chimney:-1-material cost*cost of sheet for chimney(500*500) cm =2000Rs*cost of Glass sheetfibresheet(150*200 cm) =350Rs*Cost of air fan =450Rs*cost of stepper motor(6 volt,D.C) =600Rs*Cost of metal wire (200 inches) =150RsCost of transformer (12 volts) =250RsCost of PV Cells =150Rs*Cost of rope, tape ,plasticwire=Rs.300*Cost of Battery =Rs.200 Cost of LeDs = Rs.100 Cost of Switches = Rs.150Total direct material cost =Rs6500*Carpenting Cost =Rs700Total cost =7000Rs(Approximate)Other expenses like transportation cost, installation cost , miscellaneous cost=500 RsSo the total cost of Hybrid chimney is 6800 Rs.

Planning of workSelection of topic 27 sep 2014

Study of project27 oct 2014

Designing25 nov 2014

Procurement of components01 dec 2014

Assembling 4 april2015

Testing8 april2015

Final project 25 april 2015

ConclusionSolar chimney power plants are an interesting alternative to centralized electricity generation power plants. It is an ideally adapted technology for countries that lack a sophisticated technical infrastructure, where simplicity and uncritical operation of the installation is of crucial importance. A detailed literature survey of this system was performed. The review discusses the principles and characteristics of such a system, its requirements, its construction and its operation. It gives also a brief overview of the present state of research at the solar chimney power plant and future prospects for large-scale plants.At this point in time, two conclusions are clear. First, this type of system will produce some power. The sun will heat the collector, which will heat the air. The higher air temperature will expand the air, reducing air pressure. Air must move from higher to low pressure , through the chimney and past the wind turbines, producing power. A sea breeze works much the same and significant wind. some power can certainly be produced in this way will be less than is theoretically possible.

REFERENCES1. R. K. Rajput, Power System Engineering. Firewall Media, 2006,pp.1982. Williams,J.R.(1977).Technology a3. 4. nd applications;Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 5. A brief history of solar chimney.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from;http://www.visionengineer.com/env/solar_flue.shtml6. Taylor,R.H.(1983).Alternative energy Sources;Adam Hilger Ltd,p.292.7. Solar Chimney-Technology.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from;8. http://www.sbp.de./de/html/projects/solar/aufwind/pages_auf/techno.htm9. Schlaich,J.(1995).The Solar Chimney;Edition Axel Menges10. Solar Chimney-Principle.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from;11. http://www.sbp.de./de/html/projects/solar/aufwind/pages_auf/principl.htm.12. Solar Chimney Power Plant versus Wind from the Sun Power Plant.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from;13. http://www.windfromthesun.com/questions.htm14. Solar Chimney-Energy cost.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from;http://www.sbp.de/de/html/projects/solar/aufwind/pages_auf/enprocos.htm

ACTUAL IMAGES OF PROJECT

Project similar in real platforms1. Mildura Solar Chimney

The 1000m Solar hybrid plant in Mildura, Australia, will be the highest man-made structure on Earth, and can produce 100MW of electricity, providing power to 200,000 homes.

2-The prototype in Manzanares

Detailed theoretical preliminary research and a wide range of wind tunnel experiments led to the establishment of an experimental plant with a peak output of 50 kW on a site made available by the Spanish utility Union ElectricaFenosa in Manzanares (about 150 km south of Madrid) in 1981/82, with funds provided by the German Ministry of Researchand Technology (BMFT). The aim of this research project was to verify, through field measurements, the performanceprojected from calculations based on theory, and to examine the influence of individual components on the plant's output and efficiency under realistic engineering and meteorological conditions. To this end a chimney 195 m high and 10 m in diameter was built, surrounded by a collector 240 m in diameter. The plant was equipped with extensive measurement dataacquisition facilities. The performance of the plant was registered second by second by 180 sensors.Since the type of collector roof primarily determines a solar chimney's performance costs, different building methods and materials for the collector roof were also to be tested in Manzanares. A realistic collector roof for large-scale plants has to be built 2 to 6 metres above ground level. For this reason the lowest realistic height for a collector roof for large-scale technical use, 2 metres, was selected for the small Manzanares plant (For output, a roof height of 50 cm only would in fact have been ideal.) Thus only 50 kW could be achieved in Manzanares, but this realistic roof height also permitted convenientaccess to the turbine at the base of the chimney. This also meant that experimental planting could be carried out under the roof to investigate additional use of the collectoras a greenhouse.