TEEB for Cities and Urban-Rural Interactions with a Special Focus on Wetland Ecosystem Services Assessment and evaluation of economic effects of green urban infrastructure Volkmar Hartje Technische Universität Berlin 6th Sino-German Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation Germany | 15-18 July 2013
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Volkmar Hartje Technische Universität Berlin · 2020. 1. 29. · Volkmar Hartje Landscape economics 2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas Traditional view of urban green areas
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TEEB for Cities and Urban-Rural Interactions with a Special Focus on Wetland Ecosystem Services
Assessment and evaluation of economic effects of green urban
infrastructure
Volkmar Hartje
Technische Universität Berlin
6th Sino-German Workshop on Biodiversity Conservati onGermany | 15-18 July 2013
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
Topics
1. Definitions2. Multifunctionality of urban green3. Importance of net structures4. Example hedonic prices for recreation values of
green areas5. Example Substitution between green and grey
infrastructure: rain water management6. Summary
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
1. Introduction
1. Definition of the concept /Approach of the EU Commission
Constituting components:
Green character /Vegetation /degree of naturalness
Network character
Multifunctionality
Here restricted to urban areas
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Traditional view of urban green areas as areas used primarily for recreation : Parks, children‘s playgrounds, housing gardens
But also in combination with other purposescemeteries, allotment garden, urban forests
Environmental (abiotic) valuation because of lacking/ little soil sealing in Relation to built-up structures (� Objective of lowering soil sealing)
Newer views
• Because of importance for species and habitat protection
• Because of relevance for climate change(vegetation growth as a sink of GHG; cooling effect in adaptation)
• Because of the health effects of physical activities in green areas
• Cost saving for urban rainwater management
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Differentiation of the green area (types):
� Managed by special municipal agencies (Grünflächenämtern)
• Public green areas (public parks, cemeteries, playgrounds, green areas at schools, other public buildings)
• Green vegetation along transportation networks (trees along streets, on parking lots)
� Other managing organizations
• forests; urban agriculture ; gardening
• Green area in housing estates/ Private gardens
• Green rooftops/walls, courtyards
• Surface waters/wetlands/border strips
• Vegetating brownfields
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Categorization and identification of functions and ecosystem services 1. Recreation (and cultural services)2. Production services3. Noise and dust protection4. Retention of rainwater5. Filtering of water discharges6. Sequestration of greenhouse gases7. Cooling effect on urban heat islands8. Induced health effects9. Habitat provision for biodiversity
Categorization varies enormously by author,
by now standardization efforts (CICES by the EEA)
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Description and measurement of individual ecosystem services
source: Gomez-Baggethun2013
Here examples of positive ecosystem services
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of green areas
Description and measurement of individual ecosystem services
source: Gomez-Baggethun2013
Hier die positiven Ökosystemleistungen
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Assignment of ecosystem services to types of green areas
Area type recrea-tion
produc-tion
protecting biodiversity
noise/ dust retention
water retention /filtering
climate change effects
parks +++ o ++ ++ ++ ++
cemetaries + o ++ ++ ++ ++
forests +++ + ++ ++ +++ ++
Street green + o +/o ++ + +
rooftops, walls
+ o + ++ ++ +
green at surface waters
+++ o ++ ++ +++ ++
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Source: Bolund 1999
Assignment of ecosystem services to types of green areas
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Economic valuation of ecosystem services
Services are often public goods; Club goods, but also private goods; quite often non market allocation mechanism
Market prices only for private goods possible (urban green only for forests and gardening)
For the other goods separate economic valuation methods necessary; in the past was a problem; in the meantime development of specific methods and considerable empirical studies;
Today (nearly) all ecosystem services subject to an economic valuation; TEEB Project was start for global summary for practice
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Economic valuation of ecosystem services
Basic premise: the ecosystem services are separable and the estimates of the economic valuation can be added
The valuation of the ecosystem services of habitat/ region/ ecosystem is based on the concept of Total Economic Value
Basic premise of economics: the valuation takes place for a marginal change (deterioration or improvement)
Economic Assessment of ecosystem services focuses on flows
Distinction between flows and stocks implies the value of stocks (in economic terms assets (natural capital) is the result of all flows for a longer period
Raises the question of discounting (major debate in climate change economics , not in biodiversity policy yet)
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Total Economic Value
Source Pascual et al. 2011
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Economic valuation of urban ecosystem services
Quelle: Gomez-Baggethun2013
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Economic valuation of ecosystemservices
Quelle: Gomez-Baggethun2013
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
2. Multifunctionality of urban green areas
Economic valuation of ecosystem services
Not all problems solved
For an economic valuation cooperation between ecologists and economists necessary
Considerable efforts has to be undertaken for empirical research (studies are expensive)
Data basis for broad application in applied policy situation difficult
Most evaluations focus on individual ecosystem service
Applied cases often are generous for multifunctional estimates
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
3. Importance of network character
View on the network character adds a new dimension;
some precedents
1. Networks in protected areas to overcome deficits of singular isolated sites
� Creation of ecological networks to improve survival conditions for biodiversity
2. Development of networks structure for recreation areas
hiking, bicycling pathways; Greenway planning USA
Often connected to abandoned railroad tracks, revitalized surface water structures
3. Regional park systems
Connecting park sites and green ways into a network structure
Examples in Germany, Great Britain, USA with separate management organizations
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
3. Importance of network character
View on the network character adds a new dimension;
some precedents
1. Networks in protected areas to overcome deficits of singular isolated sites
� Creation of ecological networks to improve survival conditions for biodiversity
2. Development of networks structure for recreation areas
hiking, bicycling pathways; Greenway planning USA
Often connected to abandoned railroad tracks, revitalized surface water structures
3. Regional park systems
Connecting park sites and green ways into a network structure
Examples in Germany, Great Britain, USA with separate management organizations
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
3. Importance of network character
Ecological networks (= for species and habitat protection)
Definition/Measurement requires species specific knowledge
Definition physically on land area simpler to reproduce
Difficult to apply, limited knowledge for planning purposes
Exception surface water morphological structures according to WFD
Networks for recreation
Definition /Measurement simpler; planning simpler
Little monitoring of use
Spatial interaction for other ecosystem services
Cold air corridors
Green rainwater systems
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
4. Examples for economic valuation for urban green
Urban park areasEcosystem service
Measurement of ess Valuation approach State of the ar t
RecreationIn the park
Number of visits Willingness to pay surveyHedonic pricing
Quite commonWell establishedQuite common
View on the park
Number of viewsheds, number of views
Hedonic pricing
Air quality Reduction of concentration of pollutants
Wtp surveyAbatement costs of filter
a.c. quite common, application to green less common
Noise reduction Reduction of noise Wtp surveyAbatement cost of alternative noiseprotection
tested
Carbon sequestration
Sequestered amount of GHG
Damage of GHG Broad range ofestimates
Cold air corridor Reduction of temperature
Wtp for comfortHealth costs for sickness
common
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
4. Examples for economic valuation for urban green
Willingness to pay for improved maintenance of a park in Berlin
source Klaphake 2003
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
4. Examples for economic valuation for urban green
Hedonic analysis of urban green looking at housing prices
House/apartment is a heterogeneous good;
Its market value is influenced by a number of factors
• Structural characteristics of the house
• Location in the city
• Neighborhood characteristics
• Green qualities
Effect of green qualities is estimated with a regression function; coefficient of the green variables constitutes the implicit price
Important is the way to specify the green variable
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
4. Examples for economic valuation for urban green
Hedonic analysis of urban green looking at housing prices
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey
� Traditional approach: Use of separate rainwater drains and separate storage facilities to discharge rainwater; Major objective priority of drainage
� A number of problems: Capacity of the facilities, high investment costs, Restriction for site selection;
� Cause of water quality problems; overflow pollutants into rivers
� Decentralized system as an alternative (rainwater management instead of drainage)
Reduced degree of soil sealing in settlement areas; + decentralized rainwater infiltration (hybrid technical -green systems for new building; linkage to existing green areas as retention areas)
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey
Decentralized green systems as alternative
Implies change of the management concept: less engineering oriented design; more search for change in land use in combination of design issues for land owners
Situation in Germany
� No federal standard for a change; instead a number of individual activities of the Bundesländer, municipalities
� Testing in number of cases
� For assessment focus on aspects of water engineering; evaluation based on costs comparison and multiple criteria anlysis(Nutzwertanalyse); Integration of ESS missing
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey
Cases USA: NYC
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
5. Example: Green rainwater management replacing grey
Cases USA: NYC
Chair in
Landscape economicsVolkmar Hartje
6. Summary
1. Definition and concept green infrastructure incre asing analytical importance
2. Green infrastructure useful concept to analyze ur ban green together with the concept of ecosystem services
3. Basic methods for economic valuation have been de veloped and tested
4. Empirical application longer history in Anglo and Scandinavian countries; Germany at the beginning
5. Economic valuation should be helpful as an inform ation in making land use allocation decisions
6. Stronger links beyond traditional urban green pla nning desirable; e.g. rainwater management; flood protec tion