Volcanism in the Solar Volcanism in the Solar System System Part 1: Inner Solar Part 1: Inner Solar System System Justin Filiberto Lunar and Planetary Institute
Volcanism in the Solar SystemVolcanism in the Solar SystemPart 1: Inner Solar SystemPart 1: Inner Solar System
Justin Filiberto
Lunar and Planetary Institute
Plan of TalkPlan of Talk1. Earth - review2. Inner Solar System
• Mercury • Venus• Moon• Mars
3. Outer Solar System• Io• Enceladus• Titan• Triton
4. Summarize Volcanoes in the Solar System
Earth’s Shield VolcanoesEarth’s Shield Volcanoes
Earth’s Composite/StratovolcanosEarth’s Composite/Stratovolcanos
Shield vs. CompositeShield vs. Composite
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-200000 -150000 -100000 -50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-80000 -60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Krafla
Hawaii
Etna
Mt Hood
Earth’s Earth’s VolcanoesVolcanoes
• Cinder Cone
• Caldera Complex
• Lava Flows
• Tuff Ring
• And many more…
MercuryMercury
Mercury
Earth• From Sun (AU)
0.39 1.0• Mean radius (km)
2434 6371• Mass (1024kg)
3.30 5.98
• Surface T (K) 340 295
• Gravity (m s-2) 3.7
9.8
Mercury
Volcanoes
Seen by
Messenger
Spacecraft
more to come…
MercuryMercury
VenusVenus
Venus Earth• From Sun (AU) 0.72 1.0• Mean radius (km) 6052 6371• Mass (1024kg) 4.87 5.98• Surface T (K) 735 295• Gravity (m s-2) 8.9 9.8
Venus Surface Landers: Venus Surface Landers: Venera & VEGAVenera & VEGA
Vener a 13 Surface
SiO2 45.1 TiO2 1.6 Al2O3 15.8 Fe2O3 -- FeO 9.3 MnO 0.3 MgO 11.4 CaO 7.1 Na2O -- K2O 4.00 SO3 1.6 Sum 96.1
Sapas MonsSapas Mons• 400 km
across, 1.5 km tall
• Slope ~ 0.5°
• Very long flows
• What type of Volcano?
Maat MonsMaat Mons• JPL Press Image 20x
Vertical Exaggeration• Unexaggerated …• What type of Volcano?
Pancake DomesPancake Domes
• Single Flows, Steep sides
• Height 1/2 - 1 km.
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
Pancake DomesPancake Domes
• Rhyolite?• Or merely cold,
crystal-rich basalt?
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
??
• Low cones in flat lava plains
• A few km diam. (5 km for inset)
• What type of lava?
• What kind of volcano?
Venus vs. EarthVenus vs. Earth
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Etna
Mt Hood
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
MoonMoon
• 1/3 diam of Earth
• 1/6 gravity
• Dark, low, mare plains.
Mare PlainsMare Plains
ChannelsChannels
DomesDomes
• Gruithuisen domes• 20 km across, 1.2 km
tall. Avg ~7° slope; steepest ~20°.
• Are these volcanic?• If so, what are they
most like on Earth?
Gruithuisen DomesGruithuisen Domes
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
Gruitheuisen Domes
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-80000 -60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Krafla
Hawaii
Etna
Mt Hood
Gruitheuisen Domes
MarsMars
Mars Earth• From Sun (AU) 1.5 1.0• Mean radius (km) 3386 6371• Mass (1024kg) 0.642 5.98• Surface T (K) 227 295• Gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8
Olympus MonsOlympus Mons
• 640 x 840 km across
• 21 km tall
• Avg slope 5°
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
Lava Flows on Lava Flows on O.M. 1O.M. 1
<-- - - - - 3 km - - - - -->
Tharsis TholusTharsis Tholus
• 150 km across
• 8 km tall
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
• Small Hill
• Steep Slope, ~30°
• Surrounded by thin lava flows
• What is it?
On Syrtis Major, a Shield On Syrtis Major, a Shield VolcanoVolcano
• Broken Cinder Cone?
On Syrtis Major, a Shield VolcanoOn Syrtis Major, a Shield Volcano
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Tharsis Tholus
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
Gruitheuisen Domes
Inner Solar System SummaryInner Solar System Summary• What features?
• Types of volcanoes? Lava compositions?
• Similarities? Differences? Generalities?
• What types of volcanoes are common to the Earth only? Why?
• What types of volcanoes are common in the inner solar system?
• What does this suggest about the cooling histories of the inner planets?
Some questions to ponderSome questions to ponder
• What types of volcanoes are common to the Earth only? Why?
• What types of volcanoes are common in the inner solar system but not the outer? Why?
• What does this suggest about the cooling histories of the inner planets? Outer planets?
Some questions to ponderSome questions to ponder
• From the volcanoes we have seen which ones would we expect on which planets?
• What do they suggest about other planets?
• Since most of us do not live near a volcano, how can students connect volcanoes on the Earth and other planets?